eChapters

True/False

Q.1.    The most fundamental assumption for “Parametric inference” is that the random sample drawn is from “Normal” population.
Q.2.    The most fundamental assumption of “Non-parametric” test is that the random sample drawn is from “Continuous distribution”
Q.3.    The standard parametric methods are applicable for “Estimating the parameter” as well as for “Testing the hypothesis” about the parameters.
Q.4.    Non-parametric methods, are applicable only for testing the hypothesis about  distribution but not applicable for estimation purpose of parameter.

Q.1 The most fundamental assumption to be followed by random variable for using the standard method (parametric statistic) or parametric inference is that the random variable follows normal distribution.

Q.2 The standard parametric techniques are not useful for estimating parameters and testing hypothesis about them.

1.    UV irradiation is considered better than other irradiation methods in terms of

(a) Physical structure maintenance

(b) Chemical structure

(c) Sensory quality

(d) Microbial quality

2.    Irradiation with UV light is considered as

(a) Sterilization method

(b) Disinfection method

(c) Pasteurization method

(d) Cooking method

3.    UV treatment kills bacteria, viruses, fungi due to its effect on

(a) Metabolic pathway

(b) DNA

(c) Signaling pathway

(d) ATP generation

4.    Effectiveness of UV radiation on micro organisms depends on

(a) Species and strain

(b) Spore formation

(c) Culture and growth

(d) Both (a) and (c)

Abstract

Ghee means the pure clarified fat derived solely from milk or curd or from desi (cooking) butter or from cream to which no coloring matter or preservative has been added. It is the second largest dairy product prepared from milk and it is almost 35% of total milk production. Unfortunately, the producers or the middle- men involved in the ghee trade, tend to adulterate ghee with cheaper oils and fats like vegetable oils, animal body fats, hydrogenated fats and sometimes even the non-edible mineral oils, especially during lean season to earn more money. Recently, the problem of adulteration has assumed a very serious dimension. Such a situation has tarnished the image of dairy industry. Methods presently adopted by food law enforcing agencies to ensure the quality of ghee are mainly based on the physico- chemical constants, but all these methods have some limitations. So researchers are always in search of different innovative methods to check the quality of ghee.

Definition and meaning – Proxemics, Chronemics, Movement and body position, Posture, Facial Expression, Gestures and Eye Contact – importance of non verbal communication

Meaning

A message can be sometimes expressed without the help of words. Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating without the use of words.

Definition

It is defined as non-word human responses like facial expressions and gestures and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which the human verbal and nonverbal messages are transmitted. Nonverbal communication is also known as “silent language.” It involves the use of cues, gestures, vocal characteristics, facial expressions, and spatial relationship between the sender and the receiver to convey a message. For example, a smile, glance, stare or a frown convey different meanings.

Food technologies now have more sweeteners from which to choose than ever before. With the obesity epidemic and the public attention it currently receives, plus the increasing interest in foods with added benefits sweeteners that allow for consumer appealing labeling are of particular interest. These sweeteners fall into basic categories, those that are essentially calories free, often referred to as low-calories or intense sweeteners, and those, which are significantly reduced in calories, which may be referred to as reduced calories-sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or sugar replaces. These sweeteners when used alone or in combination may permit such labeling as ‘low-calories’, ‘reduced-calories’, ‘light’ ‘sugar-free’ and ‘dose not promote tooth decay’.

The ideal sweeteners does not exist, it would be at least as sweet as sucrose and provide the same properties to a product as sucrose, with processing parameters similar to those of sucrose so that existing equipment can be used. It would be colourless, odourless and noncariogenic, with a clean, pleasant taste and have immediate onset and not much lingering. Solubility and stability are important. The ideal sweetener must be compatible with a wide range of food ingredients because sweetness is but one element of a complex food flavour system. Even sucrose is not perfect, being unsuitable for some applications.

Introduction

Soil is a vital, complex, and firm layer of the land surface that provides a source of minerals and organic matter interacting with air and water to harbor life forms. (Lobmann et al., 2022). Versatile micro and macro living organisms, i.e., bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, inhabit soil and contribute to its quality, health, and inevitable role in serving the environment (Elsakhawy et al., 2022). Soil roots for a variety of crucial functions which involve ecosystem services or socioeconomic activities, e.g., biomass production, climate gas fluxes of CO2 , N2 O, and CH4 , water cleaning, storage and supply, foundation of construction and provision of construction materials, or provision of habitats etc. The responsibility of soil in sustaining life on earth by providing and conserving resources is not negotiable.

Natural farming systems aim to reduce dependence on expensive commercial feeds by integrating locally available, non-conventional feed
resources and crop residues. These materials are not only cost-effective and environmentally friendly but also help bridge fodder shortages during lean seasons while recycling agricultural waste.
Non-conventional feeds encompass a wide array of agricultural byproducts, including oilseed cakes from neem, mahua, and karanja; legume
haulms; discarded fruits and vegetables; kitchen waste; and various agroindustrial residues. These resources are often rich in proteins, fibers, and minerals, and when used judiciously, can effectively supplement conventional fodder.
Crop residues such as wheat straw, paddy straw, maize stalks, sugarcane tops, and groundnut haulms are commonly used as dry roughage for ruminants in India. While these are generally low in protein, their fiber content is significant and can be enhanced through simple treatments like chopping, soaking, or fermenting with natural inputs such as Jeevamrit or urea to improve digestibility.
Integrating these alternative feed resources supports the principles of circular agriculture by reducing environmental waste, cutting down on feed expenses, and improving the sustainability of livestock systems. Nonetheless, appropriate care must be taken to avoid incorporating harmful or poorly digestible substances, and nutritional supplementation may be required to ensure optimal animal health.

Abstract

Probiosis has emerged in the early 20^th century after Ellie Metchnikoff proposed his hypothesis that organisms were reponsible for longivity of ethnic people of Balkan region of Russia and ever since it has grow into a major scientific field which has its applications extending into farming, aquaculture and prophylactics in humans. Vast research was carried out on this topic and Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp, are the two important genus that are highly studied and widely recognized universally as conventional probiotics. Apart from these two genus there exists many other bacterial species which have shown promising probiotic potential. Such non conventional probiotics are widely used in some parts of world as commercial food products with health beneficial effects, pharmaceutical products or being tested for their safe utilization in human beings. The present chapter tries to covers some genera and their potential and application in prophylactics.

1. Introduction

Vegetables and fruits are the next in demand for human consumption after rice and wheat, in all parts of the globe. Fresh fruits & vegetables and their value added products are increasing in popularity day by day almost in all the countries, because of their richness in dietary fibre, minerals & vitamin contents and for their medicinal properties. Maintaining agricultural produce quality and its evaluation are thus naturally important. Decisions concerning maturity and ripeness of fruits and vegetables are based mostly on visual inspections, which are subjective in nature. The quality of fruits and vegetables is mostly decided on the basis of size, shape, colour, gloss, flavour, firmness, texture, taste and freedom from external as well as internal defects. Internal quality factors such as maturity, sugar content, acidity, oil content and internal defects, however, are difficult to evaluate non-destructively. Methods are needed to better predict the internal quality of fruits and vegetables without their destruction. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in non-destructive methods of quality evaluation, and a considerable amount of effort is being made in this direction. But the real problem is how these methods are to be exploited practically on commercial scales and what are the constraints faced in implementing them.

1. INTRODUCTION

Fruits and vegetables are increasing in popularity in the daily diet of people of both the developed and developing countries. Product quality and quality evaluation methods are extremely important. The decisions concerning harvesting, maturity, ripeness and quality are based mostly on subjective and visual inspection of the external appearance of the fruits. The quality of fruits and vegetable is mostly based on size, shape, colour, gloss, flavour, firmness, texture, taste and freedom from external and internal defect. Many techniques for evaluating the external quality parameters are now available commercially. Internal quality parameters such as sugar content, acidity, oil content and internal defects however, are difficult to evaluate. Methods are needed to predict the internal quality of fruits and vegetable better without destroying them. Recently, there have been an increasing interest in non-destructive method of quality evaluation and a considerable amount of efforts has been made in this direction. The development of science and technology, especially of information technology has made available many non-destructive methods of analysis of materials which can also be applied to fruits and vegetables. The fruit industry needs non-destructive techniques for online sorting and certifying high quality fruit.

Non-destructive method can be classified according to the principle used to detect fruit properties; mechanical, acoustic, optical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MRI) Techniques.

Any kind of developmental programme needs a proper integration of different parts of the society i.e. stakeholders of that programme. Apart from the nodal body, many implementing agencies take part in the implementation, monitoring of those programmes. Non-Government Organizations are one of those who actively participated in developmental activities not only as an implementing agency but also in mobilizing the resources, proper utilizing that and also effectively utilizing the resource towards development. NonGovernment Organization is an organization that is independent in nature, politically, socially unbiased and has a proper legal stand with developmental orientation.

Introduction

Of the five human sensory perceptions, the feelings of sight, hearing and touch have been simulated by artificial sensors quite successfully. Electronic eyes (digital cameras), electronic ears (microphones) and touch sensitive electronic devices are quite common nowadays. In comparison to these devices, the perception of smell and taste are relatively unexplored. Sensing of smell and taste is full of uncertainty and the prevalent technology is at its infancy. Electronic noses for smell and electronic tongues for taste or a combination of both have vast prospects in the field of standardization of quality of food and agro products. In India, proper use of these instruments can revolutionize the quality of the food and agro products, thereby increase the export worthiness of these products. In this article, we have tried to discuss applicability various electronic olfaction technologies like electronic nose and electronic tongue for fish freshness determination. A report on an experiment with electronic nose on fish samples has been presented.

Objectives
• Understand what non-linguistic barriers to communication are and how they affect the communication process.
• Identify different types of non-linguistic barriers and provide examples of each.
• Recognize the impact of non-linguistic barriers on personal and professional communication.
• Learn strategies to overcome non-linguistic barriers to enhance effective communication.
• Develop skills to create a more inclusive and understanding communication environment.
Introduction to Non-Linguistic Barriers
Non-linguistic barriers to communication refer to obstacles that hinder the effective exchange of information and ideas but do not stem from language itself. These barriers can arise from a variety of sources, including emotional, physical, social, and environmental factors. Unlike linguistic barriers, which involve issues related to language, vocabulary, or grammar, non- linguistic barriers affect how messages are received and interpreted.

Nitrate - Nitrite Poisoning
Sources
Accidental ingestion/grazing of Plants which are Nitrate accumulators 

Introduction

“Non-monetary inputs are defined as those cultural operations which help to achieve high yield at no extra cost and whose cost does not change with the level of output”.
 
After the advent of green revolution, nutrient management has received the significant attention by farmer as well as researchers; as a result of which and coupled with the requirement for high yielding varieties, consumption of plant nutrient (N, P and K) increased tremendously. Variability was observed in fertilizer consumption between the states. 

Parametric and Non-parametric tests

Parametric and Non-parametric tests are used for comparing differences between groups (e.g. Difference in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of two types of Codends) and to test the relationship between two or more variables (e.g. Gender differences in awareness levels of fish farming (High, medium and low). As there seen differences in types of data, Non-parametric statistics are used when

• Data is non-normal

• Small sample size

• The variables are categorical

• Short response categories (<5 ) in scales

15. 1 Introduction

Data collected in social sciences and economic study, are usually based on answers provided by the respondents. These answers are aften based on re-collection of past memories and often suffer from memory lapses, intentional erros etc. As such they provide only a crude informations which are never exact. The analysis of such data on the pattern of other biological data will not yield much information because many times they will not fulfil the underlying assumptions. For such data, the non-parametric (N.P.) methods are most appropriate.

15.2 Parametric Tests

The tests which deal with the parameters of the populations, are known as parametric test e.g. Z, t & F tests are the parametric tests.

A non parametric test (sometimes called a distribution free test) is a statistical analysis method that does not assume the population data belongs to some prescribed distribution which is determined by some parameters. That means, a non-parametric test can be defined as a test that is used in statistical analysis when the data under consideration does not belong to a parameterized family of distributions. When the data does not meet the requirements to perform a parametric test, a non-parametric test is used to analyze it. The non-parametric test compared to parametric test, which makes assumptions about a population’s parameters (for example, the mean or standard deviation); When the word “non parametric” is used in stats, it means that population data does not have a normal distribution.

If at all possible, we should us parametric tests, as they tend to be more accurate. Parametric tests have greater statistical power, which means they are likely to find a true significant effect. Nonparametric tests can perform well with non-normal continuous data if the data of the sample are sufficiently large. Non parametric do not assume that the data is normally distributed. The only non parametric test we are likely to come across in elementary stats is the Chi-square test. In nonparametric tests have several advantages as compared to parametric tests. It includes:

• More statistical power when assumptions for the parametric tests have been violated.

• Fewer assumptions, i.e. the assumption of normality don’t apply.

• Small sample sizes are acceptable.

• It is used for all data types, including nominal data, rank data or ordinal data

• Knowledge of the population is not required to conduct this test.

• Nonparametric tests are valid when our sample size is small and our data are potentially non-normal.