eChapters

Introduction

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the major starchy tuber vegetable crops of the world. It is a unique crop which can supplement the food needs of the country in a substantial manner. Today, potato is the need of life or poor man’s food in many countries including India. Potato production in India has made tremendous progress only with the development of new technologies in different fields of agriculture. It has been observed that the farmers are not adopting recommended practices and consequently not realizing the potential yield of potato. To understand the problems of farmers in the adoption of complete recommended farm practices, researchers as well as extension workers should come out with some concrete findings and suggestions, which can solve these problems. It has been seen that a large number of techniques and practices do not reach the farmer’s fields and those carried to the farmers get considerably distorted or often adopted partially with the result that farmers do not get the potential yield.

10.1 Introduction

The primary purpose of egg packaging is to keep the egg safe from damage, such as cracking, while in transit. By limiting gas exchange via the shell and shell membrane, the egg package may help safeguard the egg’s internal quality. Once an egg has been deposited, it is immediately exposed to the conditions of the henhouse. In this environment, it is exposed to many different microorganisms. Almost often, there are no negative effects on health. However, there are microbes that can ruin eggs and others that can cause food poisoning. Salmonella bacteria are found in the digestive tract of all animals and can contaminate the poultry houses.

Introduction

Resources are used unscientifically commonly. For example applying feed somewhere in the pond results in loss, but by using technology, we can know when to apply where to apply, and how to apply which leads to efficient management of resources. Monitoring should be continuous which is not possible and very difficult for humans, but with technology, it could be monitored and the status could be known even from home which is communicated through mobile, which is sent by sensors installed. The data are also easily maintained. When technology is used, resources are efficiently utilized, since everything has a demand and that can be satisfied. So resources can easily be maintained which reduces wastage. Field management is a very skilled activity and it needs years of experience and onsite exposure which needs skilled labour, in such cases technologies aids with better methodologies. When the resources are applied at the right time, at the right amount, the growth becomes normal which increases the produce quality. After a product is produced, it has to be sent to a series of channels such as transport, market etc. and a technology should backup and monitor everything. The produce after being produced should be sold and many apps can be downloaded to improve the marketing. The whole world is changing within a period of time. So one should stay updated to impress the livelihood and the wide knowledge on technology helps to lead a better life with easy management practices. Thus data driven technology interventions are needed for efficient management of resources, monitoring of things anytime & anywhere, reduction of wastage of resources, reduction of dependence on trained and skilled manpower, enhanced product quality, better integration, better marketability, to stay updated with latest knowledge and access to other knowledge source for better upgrades.

Magnolia champaca, formerly known as Michelia champaca, is a highly fragrant flowering tree valued for loose flowers, religious offerings, garlands, landscaping and perfumery. Its strongly scented cream to yellow-orange flowers are an important source of fragrance and essential oil. This chapter discusses the origin, distribution, genetics and botanical characteristics of the crop, including important varieties. It explains climatic and soil requirements, propagation, land preparation, planting, nutrient management and irrigation. Cultural practices for maintaining growth and flowering are also described. The chapter further covers major insect pests and diseases, harvesting, postharvest handling and yield, highlighting the importance of Champak as both a traditional flower crop and a valuable raw material for perfumery.

Abstract

Cultivation of cash crops of good quality potent to give good economic returns depends largely upon adoption of modern practices in agriculture. The region under test consideration is completely irrigated and cultivates mostly the crops of grapes and sugarcane. A field testing that was carried out for the pumps used by local farmers, revealed glaring inefficiency in pump operation. This is attributed to numerous reasons, the standout of them-being improper pump selection and deviation from operating point. Survey of the farming pattern helped to establish nexus between the energy usages per acre for the two crops. Carbon Footprint was determined for the electricity utilized in these farms. Adoption of selection methodologies and efficient practices would lead to considerable saving in electrical power consumption. The impact of adoption of efficient practices was therefore quantified.

Keywords: Agriculture, Carbon Footprint, Pumps

Hybrid technology is one of the options to boost crop productivity. Hybrids give more yield than improved varieties under optimum crop production conditions. Further, uniform size, earliness, better adaptability to adverse environments, better transportability due to better keeping quality and resistance to stresses are certain additional advantages of growing hybrids with better monetary return to the growers. Hence in coming years, hybrid technology has to go a long way in our country to meet the future challenges (Kalloo et al., 2000). Thus, it is pertinent to have an overview of the methods of the hybrid seed production technology. Various methods are as follows:

A. Answer the following.

Q.1.     How many types of polio virus are there ?
Ans.    There are 3 serotypes of polio virus namely polio virus type 1, 2 and 3.

Q.2.     Who first developed inactivated polio vaccine ?
Ans.    Jonas Salk.

Q.3.     Who first developed attenuated oral polio vaccine ?
Ans.     Sabin.

Q.4.     What are the different inactivating agents used to inactivate viruses in preparing vaccines ?
Ans.    Formaldehyde, b-propiolactone and ethylenimines.

ABSTRACT

Genetic relationships were estimated among twenty five ashgourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) landraces of different types using PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The molecular survey of the ashgourd germplasm by RAPD using three random primers resulted in twenty scorable bands (average of 6.66 bands per primer) of which two were monomorphic and rest, 18 were polymorphic (90.0%). Pair-wise genetic similarities among the landraces determined using Jaccard’s coefficient ranged from 0.14 to 1.00. The dendrogram based on clustering matrix separated the landraces with morphologically distinct smooth textured fruits from waxy textured fruits and the former group showed less divergence than the latter. With in the group of waxy textured fruits, limited variation was detected among landraces with small and medium sized fruits. Further, morphologically similar landraces with large fruits form distinct clusters with in the major clusters. The study demonstrated the usefulness of the RAPD marker analysis in effectively assessing the genetic relationship present among the ashgourd landraces examined.

Commercial Advertising

In today’s highly competitive market, businesses rely on advertising as a vital tool to promote their products and services. Commercial advertising plays a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions, driving sales, and building brand identity. It is a strategic communication process designed to inform, persuade, and remind potential customers about a company’s offerings. This chapter explores the definition, objectives, types, strategies, and impact of commercial advertising in modern business environments.

Definition of Commercial Advertising

Commercial advertising refers to paid marketing communications that aim to promote a product, service, or brand to consumers. It is executed through various media channels, including television, radio, print, online platforms, and social media. The primary goal of commercial advertising is to increase awareness and influence consumer purchasing decisions.

Introduction
Fish raised in cold water fisheries are species that flourish in temperatures usually below 20°C. To increase fish production and provide jobs for the local population, cold water fisheries have been established throughout India. One important region in India where cold-water fisheries have been effectively Exclusively Distributed by NIPA GENX Electronic Resources and Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi established is Himachal Pradesh. There are plenty of cold-water rivers and streams in this area that are perfect for fish farming. To encourage cold water fisheries, the state government has launched several programmes, including financing for the construction of fish farms and the purchase of supplies and equipment. The most often farmed fish species in Himachal Pradesh's cold water fisheries are brown trout, rainbow trout, and mahseer (Bhat et al., 2023). India is well known for its cold-water fish, which are highly prized for their flavour. In addition to Himachal Pradesh, other states that have embraced cold-water fisheries include Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. However, obstacles to their growth include restricted market access, a lack of technological know-how, and inadequate infrastructure. The many cold-water fisheries in northern and northeastern India demonstrate the region's enormous potential despite these obstacles (Pandey et al., 2021).
These fisheries support a variety of fish species that have evolved to live in colder waters. With an approximate length of 2,500 km, the Himalayas stretch from Nanga Parbat (8,126 m) in the west to Namcha Barwa (7,756 m) in the east, encompassing an area of 594,400 km². Its western boundary is the high plateau of Tibet; its northern boundary is the Karakoram Mountains; the range's southern and northern limits are separated by 200–400 km. The Siwaliks, the lesser and Greater Himalayas, and the Trans-Himalaya run parallel to each other from south to north and are identified by their physiographic features and geological histories. With a combined catchment area of around 160,000 km², the Indus and Brahmaputra are the longest of the nineteen major rivers that meander through the Himalayas. When these rivers emerge from the mountains; many of them pass through wide valleys. According to Shinn et al. (2015), the distribution of fish species in Himalayan streams is influenced by variables such as flow velocity, substratum type, water temperature, and the availability of food. The intensification of aquaculture systems has resulted in the appearance of new pathogens and a greater dependence on antibiotics and other supplements, which threaten the health of fish, humans, and the environment (Watts et al., 2017). Aquaculture faces a great deal of difficulty due to diseases, which result in large production losses that surpass six billion USD annually (Bhat et al., 2023). According to estimates, 10–50% of aquaculture production expenses are related to disease management (Sahoo et al., 2017). This book chapter provides a brief overview of some prevalent parasite, viral, and bacterial diseases that have been linked to temperate and cold-water aquaculture, along with information on potential remedies and preventative measures. Commonly disease found in fish are presented in (Table 1, 2 and 3).

Abstract

This paper is intended to focus on importance of Agro-diversity, seed conservation practices, impact of monoculture on biodiversity and connected formal and informal institutions and governance mechanisms. Furthermore this paper explores to discuss the innovation processes, technologies which help in conserving existing diversity, process of evolving newer lines that eventually meet the needs of the farems. Open Source Seed Network (OSSN) would be an organisational platform which consists people engaged in conservation, farmers that can develop Value for Cultivation and Use data for the existing crop varieties in different agro- climatic growing conditions using participatory varietal selection. Farmer breeders engaged in selection and development of newer varieties and Farmers institutions involved in production and marketing of seed to other farmers. Further to elaborate the process the stakeholders will perform the responsibility of conservation and revival of the existing varieties, PVS for generating VCU data, PPB, perform Maintenance Breeding, maintain community seed banks, seed production and marketing. In addition we attempts to focus on mechanisms while making public sector as partners in participatory plant breeding which enable development of locally suitable varieties. An access and benefit sharing mechanism based on an open source model rather than on exclusive rights based is planned for free exchange of germplam within the purview of General Public License for plant Germplasm (GPLGP). This paper emphasise advantages of GPL that prevents exclusive rights, bio piracy, safeguarding farmer derived genetic resources, develop legal/institutional framework that eventually allows farmers to freely exchange, save, improve and sell seeds. In the end this could trigger the emergence of an institutional framework in which farmers and plant scientists work together in plant improvement that contribute to a sustainable food system.

Naïve panel : It refers to the sensory evaluation panel that has not been trained specifically regarding the product evaluation being undertaken in the study.
Nano technology : It is the art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale to build microscopic devices. The word “nano’ meaning ‘dwarf” in Greek language refers to dimension / magnitude of the material / particle in the order of 10^-9. Nanotechnology is nothing but manipulating of particles into very small particles called nano-particles. These particles have dimensions in the scale of nano-meter and used to design / build materials and devices. Nanotechnology has been provisionally defined as relating to materials, systems and processes which operate at a scale of 100 nanometers (nm) or less. Nanotechnology is an anticipated manufacturing technology that allows through and inexpensive control of the structure of matter by working with atom. It will allow many things to be manufactured at low cost and with no pollution. The concept of nanotechnology was first given by Nobel Laureate physicist Richard P. Feynman in Southern California in 1959. Nanotechnology is sometimes termed as Molecular Manufacturing based nanotechnology “MNT”.

A new analytical technique called inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy has been used for simultaneous multi element analysis of biological materials and soils (Hou and Jones 2000; Wikipedia, 2010; Bradford and Cook, 1997). This technique offers advantages over AAS and other multi-element methods because matrix problems are eliminated or minimized through use of the high temperature argon plasma. Apart from multi- element capability at all concentration levels, plasmas are noted for relative freedom from chemical and ionization interferences that are common with AAS, and detection limits are equal to or better than AAS, depending on the element to be analyzed. Elements such as Al, P, S and B, which are either poorly measured at low concentrations or not possible by AAS, are readily determined with higher sensitivity by ICP.

Trees rise towards the sky, beautiful symbol of Nature’s aspiration for light. Sri Aurobindo writes “When the sun sets and all become silent, sit down under a tree for a moment and put yourself into communication with Nature: you will feel rising from the earth, from below roots of the trees and mounting upwards and coursing through their fibres upto the highest outstretching branches, the aspiration of an intense love and longing, - a longing for something that brings light and gives happiness. There is a yearning so pure and intense that if you can feel the movement in the trees, your own being too will go up in an ardent prayer for the peace and light and love that are unmanifested here”.

Abstract
 
The definition of quality is described from a very simpler one “fitness for purpose or use” to a comprehensive “the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs”. The concept of total quality management in food industry is adopted recently and it is the “integrated organization approach in delighting customer (both external and internal) by meeting their expectations on a continuous basis through everyone involved with the organization working on continuous improvement in all products/processes along with proper problem solving methodology”. TQM is concerned with the integration of all the efforts in organization towards quality improvement, quality development and quality maintenance to meet full customer satisfaction at economic levels. TQM enhances the work culture and employee’s satisfaction through participation and involvement and consequently the image of the organization.

Introduction

Genetic markers have assisted in genomic characterization of various crops species (Rafalski and Tingey, 1993). Most of the genetic marker systems rely upon DNA sequence polymorphisms (Staub et al., 1996). Each system has unique advantages and disadvantages based on cost, experimental objectives and type of information desired. Regardless of its inherent methodology, the effective use of any marker system for genetic analysis requires reliability and consistency.

The random amplified polymorphic DNA i.e. RAPD (Williams et al., 1990) or arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (Welsh and McClelland, 1990) marker identifies DNA sequence polymorphisms. In this technique, segments of genomic DNA are amplified in a polymerase chain reaction i.e. PCR (Mullis et al., 1986) with random primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. This is simple, relatively inexpensive and is amenable to high throughput investigation. RAPD markers are usually dominant and polymorphisms are observed as the presence or the absence of DNA bands of a particular size. RAPDs are common molecular approaches employed in plant breeding, genotypic differentiation, gene linkage analysis, assigning evolutionary and taxonomic affinities and relatedness and DNA fingerprinting analysis (Lin et al., 1996).

Abstract

This chapter explores farm management, a subfield of economics that addresses decision-making on the organization and operation of a farm. The goal is to secure maximum continuous net income while ensuring the welfare of the farm family.

Introduction Hokersar wetland (34°06’ N latitude, 74°05’ E longitude), a Ramsar site and a protected wildlife reserve is located in the northwest Himalayan bio geographic province of Kashmir, back of the snow-draped Pir Panchal. The wetland shelters about two million migratory water-fowl during winter that migrate from Siberia and the Central Asian region. The wetland is fed by two inlet streams Doodhganga (from east) and Sukhnag Nalla (from west). It is the only site in Kashmir with remaining reed beds and serves as a migration route for specifically 68 waterfowl species from Siberia, China, Central Asia,and Northern Europe, including the Large Egret, Great Crested Grebe, Little Cormorant, Common Shelduck, Tufted Duck, and endangered White-eyed Pochard (Ramsar, 2021).

12.1 Introduction

The eggs represent very good basis that can be enriched with useful and beneficial substances and become functional food, since certain beneficial substances which layers consume in their daily diets transfer relatively easily into their products. However, enrichment of poultry meat and eggs can have adverse consequences in regard to their quality. Functional food is interesting also from the economical aspect, because it opens for poultry producers the possibility to introduce new products into their product range. Of course, main assumption is that consumers of enriched products are willing to pay premium price for these products, which is by 15-20% higher than average product price. On a global basis, eggs are one of the most recognized and accepted foods by consumers.

Forests are valuable renewable resources for humanity on Earth. The country’s forest cover has been estimated to comprise 19.39% of its entire geographical area. Forests consist primarily of trees that offer wood that can be transformed into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Forests play a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s temperature by serving as carbon dioxide filters. They provide habitats and shelters for numerous species and also contribute to the visual beauty of the environment. Forests supply the necessary resources for a range of wood related industries, including pulp and paper, composite wood, rayon and other synthetic fibers, sporting goods, furniture, boat
construction, and matches. Timber plays a crucial role in the construction of buildings.Various products, such as bamboos, resins, gums, oils, fibers, medicines, katha, lac, shellac, etc., are derived from forests.
The country’s forest cover has been calculated to be 637,293 square kilometers, accounting for 19.39% of the country’s total geographic area. This falls short of the stipulated requirement, which is 30% of the entire land area. The geographic region is comprised of 11.48% dense forest, 7.76% open forest, and 0.15% mangrove. World Forest Day is observed on March 21st, while National Forest Day is celebrated on September 11th.