eChapters

ABSTRACT

Basic understanding of plant cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for applying modern techniques of genetic transformation. The lack of understanding about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying in vitro morphogenesis, together with the non-availability of reliable morphogenetic markers, is one of the most serious constraints for application of gene transfer technology to plant improvement. Plant tissue culture has therefore remained an empirical science. In recent years, concerted efforts are being made to understand the molecular control of cell differentiation. In light of this, present work was carried out to study the role of CKI1 (cytokinin independent 1) gene, one of the genes implicated in shoot regeneration, by transforming the tomato cotyledons through Agrobacterium mediated transformation with two different gene constructs one with CKI 1 gene and another without CKI1 gene. In both the constructs, nptII gene was used as a selectable marker. Transformation of tomato cotyledon explants with CKI 1 gene resulted in higher regeneration of putative transformant s (8.0%) as compared to transformation of explants without CKI1 gene (2.1%). The results show that CKI1 gene has a role in increasing the regeneration frequency in tomato.

Introduction

In the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the Indian society, not only in the terms of economics following the post 1991 reforms but also in the dietary and health sectors. There is an increasing demand for livestock products, as a result the farming systems are becoming more and more intensive. With the high input intensive agricultural practices on the one hand, the limitations in terms of environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, health hazards to consumers, etc. are also on the rise which are acting as limiting factors to continue on the same path of intensification. To achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture, mixed crop-livestock systems, combining livestock and cash crops at farm level, are considered to be a good alternative (Russelle et al, 2007; Wilkins, 2008; Ryschawy et al., 2012). These practices benefit the environment by improving nutrient cycling (Hendrickson et al., 2008). In the agriculture based states of India, about 50% of the income is from the crop-livestock systems (Deshingkar et al., 2008). Mixed crop-livestock systems also generate higher economic efficiency in saving production costs through complementaries between crop and livestock (Wilkins, 2008). Apart from direct income by diversifying production, there is an added advantage of reducing risks with regard to market fluctuations (Russelle et al., 2007).

Theories of Population

The theory of population is studied because the supply of labour depends upon population and its growth. Observing the abnormal growth of population and consequent fall in the standard of living, Thomas Malthus (1760-1834) an English Clergyman frst studied population growth in various countries of Europe. Later he wrote a book entitled “An Essay on the Principles of Population” in 1798. His his theory is popularly known as Malthusian theory of population. To quote the theory in his own words “By nature human food increases in a slow arithmetic ratio, man himself increases in a quick geometric ratio unless want and vice stop him”

"Unseasonal thundershowers," remarked Mr. Ritesh Prasad, as he peered out of the windows at the overcast sky and the storm raging outside - the landscape outside was no different than the one raging inside AXYZ ltd, a family-owned, logistics firm. Mr. Ritesh Prasad, or RP as he was popularly known, had been the CHRO at AXYZ for a decade now. He was a personal favourite of Mr. Pulkit Sahni, the founder-owner of AXYZ, and was quite popular with all levels of hierarchy, because of his genial disposition and general sense of empathy towards the firm's workforce.

Physical properties of wood

The versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide variety of products. This variety is a result of a spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or proper ties among the many species of wood. In many cases, more than one property of wood is important to the end product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain pattern and color, may be evaluated against the influence of characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability and decay resistance.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy animals (cows and buffaloes) caused by a wide variety of pathogens (bacteria, some viruses, fungi).Major pathogens are Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, Str. Dysagalactiae, Campylobactor, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Klebsiella spp. Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Enterobactor, Trichosporon spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida spp., Leptospira spp. and many more. Mastitis is also seen in lactating goats and sheep. As compared to ruminants mastitis is less common in bitches. Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the udder parenchyma irrespective of its etiology. The disease occurs in clinical and subclinical forms. Clinical mastitis is of two types viz. acute mastitis and chronic mastitis. Subclinical mastitis is characterized by an increased number of somatic cells (>100,000 cells/ml) and/or pathogens in the milk with no apparent clinical change in the udder and milk. While clinical mastitis is associated with local (hot, pain full swelling of the udder) and general symptoms along with change in milk (increased cell count, increased pathogens, physical and chemical changes in the milk).

Agricultural extension services are critical for the dissemination of knowledge, technologies and innovations among farmers, leading to improved agricultural productivity, sustainability and livelihoods. Different countries have adopted varied approaches to extension policies, reflecting their unique socioeconomic, political and agro-ecological contexts. Here’s an overview of
extension policies in different regions:
1. United States: In the United States, the Cooperative Extension Service, established under the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, is a nationwide, publicly funded network that connects land-grant universities with local communities. It provides educational programs, resources and advisory services to farmers, ranchers and rural residents. The U.S. model emphasizes partnerships between federal, state and local governments, as well as with the private sector, to deliver extension services.
2. India: India has a diverse and decentralized extension system comprising public, private and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) is the central government’s flagship program that focuses on agricultural extension, including farmer capacity building, technology disseminationand knowledge management. Despite this, challenges such as inadequate funding, limited reach and poor coordination across agencies persist, leading to calls for reform and more innovative approaches like Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration.

Pollution is continuously increasing in India. To control ambient air pollution CPCB has prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Introduction

Agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, accounting for a significant share of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Agriculture is not just about food production alone, since it is a complex multi-dimensional and multi-faceted sector which concerns the efficient use of the natural resources, productivity enhancement, and preservation of the ecosystems in a manner that can sustain the needs and improvements of human livelihoods (Devendra, 2012). It is also a most vulnerable sector to climate change which has been recognized as one of the most serious challenge for the world- its people, the environment and its economies. Increased incidence of abiotic stresses (drought, high & low temperature, salinity, submergence and oxidative stress) and biotic stresses (pest and diseases) have became major cause for stagnation of productivity in major crops (Grover et al., 2011). Abiotic stresses are directly correlated with the change in climate while biotic stresses are indirectly correlated as the pattern and incidence of disease varies with the variation in climatic condition. Also, crop productivity rely on extent and type of stress in the particular area.

The aim of any good zoo should be to recreate the habitat from which the animal came as accurately as possible, with enough space to move around and enough stimulation so that they can behave naturally. Monkey cages should have plenty of branches for them to swing from and bird cages should have enough room so that they can fly. Some zoos hide the lionís or tigerís food so that they have to use their senses to explore and find it.

Money

Money has made rapid economic progress possible in this modern age. In the early stages, exchange took the form of barter The direct exchange of one good for another is known as barter. For instance, the potter received paddy from the farmer in exchange for cooking pots. Barter became more challenging as there were more items to trade. Silver and other precious metals were thus utilised as currency. Then the paper currencies were used as legal money, i.e., an instrument of exchange, by the governments.

Definition of Money

Anything that the general public readily accepts as payment for products, services, other assets, and the discharge of debt is referred to as money. Robertson defned money, “as anything that is acceptable in discharge of obligations”.

According to Crowther, “Money is anything that is generally acceptable as a means

Introduction Soil ecosystems are the foundation of human life support systems. Soil erosion, loss of soil organic matter and nutrient depletion are among the leading contributors to impaired soil health, reduced crop yields and poverty. Realizing the significant role that soils play in food and environmental security and in abating climate change, the United Nations declared 2015 as the Year of Soils. The International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), in 2002, proposed to observe the 5th December as “World Soil Day” [WSD] to create awareness among all stakeholders on the importance of soil as a critical component of the natural system and as a vital contributor to human commonwealth through its contribution to food, water and energy security and as a mitigation of biodiversity loss and climate change. These occasions remind all stakeholders associated with agriculture all over the world to put in all efforts to promote scientific management of soil resources for soil protection, conservation and sustainable productivity.

Data Collection: An Academic Perspective

Data collection constitutes the systematic gathering and measurement of information pertinent to variables of interest. This process facilitates the answering of research inquiries, hypothesis testing, and outcome evaluation. It is a fundamental component across all academic disciplines, encompassing physical and social sciences, humanities, business studies, and more. While methodologies may diverge among fields, the fundamental objective remains constant: ensuring the precise and ethical acquisition of data. The overarching aim of data collection is to acquire high-quality evidence that underpins robust data analysis, thereby enabling the construction of compelling and credible research outcomes.

A family of approximately 29 genera and 600 species, Oleaceae are cosmopolitan but occur in great diversity in temperature and tropical Asia. Some of the largely represented genera of olive family and their approximately
reported species are Jasminum (300), Chionanthus (125), Linociera (80), Fraxinus (70), Ligustrum (40), Syringa (30) and Olea (20).
Genus Jasminum contains 90 species to be true in existence and use, range from landscape to hair adornments, and perfumes. It is native to Indo-Malayan region. Morphological variants from different species have been developed in different regions in India. Jasmines are one of the most important ornamental flowering plants, widely cultivated for their attractive and fragrant flowers. Jasmine has multiple uses like in the making of bouquets, garlands, decorating women’s hair as veni, beautifying pandals and marriage halls and the like, besides preparation of perfumes and cosmetics. Jasminum grandiflorum is highly priced for high grade perfumes throughout the world. Jasmine oil has a significant place as an ingredient in cosmetics, confectionary, ointments, disinfectants and detergents and in pharmaceutical beverages. The word ‘jasmine’ has been derived from a Persian name ‘Yasmun’ meaning fragrance.

13.1 Introduction
Since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was founded in 1992, efforts have been undertaken to address climate change, which is today a serious problem for the entire globe. These programmes made an effort to lessen GHG emissions and lessen the effects of climate change. There have been a number of significant accords made, including the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the Copenhagen Accord in 2009, and the Paris Agreement in 2015. Despite these accords, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s most recent assessment contends that current decarbonization efforts fall short of the goal of keeping global temperature increases to 1.5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2050. Instead, it is anticipated that the temperature will have increased to 2.7°C by 2050 (Anonymous 2021). Analysing how climate change is affecting this sector of the economy is crucial. Fruit production is significantly hampered by changing precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events. The growth, development, and production of fruit crops may be impacted by these changes, which could lead to financial losses and problems with food security. Improved methods and technologies for fruit production must be used to address these problems and comply with the objective of limiting the increase in global temperature. Adopting sustainable farming methods, bolstering water management systems, investing in crop varieties resistant to climate change, and improving postharvest storage and transportation technology may all be necessary to achieve this. Additionally, strengthening agroforestry systems and safeguarding biodiversity can support the fruit industry’s attempts to adapt to and mitigate climate change. Additionally, in order to lessen the effects of climate change on fruit agriculture, international collaboration and cooperation are essential for the adoption of suitable policies as well as the exchange of knowledge and resources. One example is encouraging collaborations between governments, agricultural organisations, researchers, and farmers to create and implement climate-smart practises and technologies. It is important to support various carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology that can remove CO2 from the atmosphere or prevent its release in order to fulfil the Sustainable Development

This chapter examines the principles, preparation and application of vaccines and biological products. It compares live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, recombinant, vector, DNA and mRNA vaccines. Vaccine development phases, immunogenicity, safety, efficacy and post-marketing surveillance are introduced. The chapter discusses adjuvants, including alum, Freund’s adjuvants, liposomes, ISCOMs and delivery systems. Important veterinary vaccines for brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, goat pox, sheep pox and peste des petits ruminants are covered. Questions also address bacterins, toxoids, attenuation, booster requirements and reversion to virulence, providing practical knowledge of immunoprophylaxis in animal-health management.

Abstract

The groundwater behaviour in hard rock aquifer systems has always remained enigmatic owing to the heterogeneity of the aquifer systems. This is the reason why there are a lot of failures in groundwater targeting and management in hard rock aquifer systems even after the employment of many modern technologies. For precise groundwater targeting in hard rock aquifer systems various parameters like lithology, the type and the degree of structural deformation, the degree of weathering, geomorphology, etc., will have to be analysed which involves spatial analysis of voluminous data. In the sphere of spatial modelling, GIS plays an important role. Hence, a newer study has been carried out in parts of Madurai, Dindigul and Theni districts, Tamil Nadu, to identify the groundwater provinces and their functions using GIS. In the said study, GIS images were generated on the groundwater targets through GIS integration of transmissivity, permeability, storage co-efficient and water level. Such GIS image showing groundwater maxima was overlaid with GIS image of fracture maxima, subsurface geology maxima and the geomorphology maxima and thus by various GIS based spatial manipulations, aquifers controlled by structure, geomorphology, subsurface geology, and combinations of the above various variables were brought out. This has provided potential method for precise targeting of groundwater.

Genus : Malus  
Species : domestica (Borkh.)
Family : Rosaceae 
Chromosome No. : 2n = 34, 51, 68

Like many other fruit crops, apple too is a very old crop in cultivation. Theophratus as early as third century B.C. has indicated that the Greeks and Romans knew apple culture and among the temperate fruit crops, apple is the most ubiquitous of all fruits and is extensively grown all over the world. Huge genetic variability present has permitted the better adapted types to be selected for plantation under different agro climatic conditions.  Through continuous selection both from wild population and also from hybrid seedlings, varied types or varieties have been selected, some are suitable for cultivation in warm temperate regions and others for extreme cold conditions.  This has resulted/added to the gene pool of desired types of apples enormously. At present cultivars are available destined for specific purposes like dessert, cooking, juice, cider and for large number of other uses.

1    Ruminants
2    Canines