eChapters

Abstract

Wild plants have a great role in the lives of tribal peoples living in and around the world by way of providing products for both food and medicine. Such herbal plants are the core of research, which can solve several health issues as well as nutritional supplements. Keeping on the view we have presented a summary of medicinal plants used as nutraceuticals collected from various regions of India. This communication describes 35 herbal plants used as a medicine against different diseases as well as their nutritional applicability.

Introduction

Insect pests cause enormous loss to horticultural crops through direct and indirect invasion on various plant parts. It is estimated from the available information in the literature that there are about 1000 insect pests species on about 100 major and minor horticultural crops in India (Sharma et al., 2011).  The yield and quality of produce are central system point to the sustainable horticultural production. If not properly managed, pests can dramatically reduce crop yield, quality and subsequent returns. We invest a lot of time, money and natural resources into growing horticultural crops. Good pest management could protect this investment from avoidable losses.

Abstract
This chapter describes how modern quantum mechanical methods can be applied in a systematic manner to understand pharmacophore and mechanistic aspects of drugs. This chapter also explains why accurate computation of drug-receptor interactions is important for in silico drug designing and testing.

WHY in silico DESIGNING?
Drug designing is the inventive art of finding a new lead compound based on knowledge of its biological target and then its slow conversion to a compound of therapeutic benefit to patient termed as “drug”. This whole process comprises of long sequels of synthesizing compounds followed by their testing and activity evaluation procedures; often a seemingly endless task until desired potency level is achieved.

5.1 Descriptive Analysis for Marketing Decisions

Measures of Location

In the previous chapters it was discussed how to understand and reach customer. Now lets explore the numerical data through their properties to understand customers and markets. Descriptive statistics is analysis of data that helps describe, summarize data in a meaningful so that the business people get new and deeper insights into the problems and situations. For example a buying pattern for your products might emerge and there could be difference based on gender. This will help the business people to come out various strategies separately for each gender. Data can be easily handled with spreadsheets. One of the very widely used spreadsheets by many business organisations is Microsoft - Excel. MS-Excel is used for various purposes from just maintaining records to finding out relationships between databases. Some organisation use this spreadsheet software for generating memos, track sales trends and other business data. Lets in this chapter explore how excel sheet can be used to perform basic data analysis that can help us to get greater insights.

Poultry, encompassing a wide range of domesticated birds, plays a crucial role in agriculture, providing meat and eggs to populations worldwide. The health and well-being of poultry are of paramount importance for sustainable and efficient production. One aspect that significantly influences poultry health is the condition of their wings. Wings serve various purposes for birds, including flight, balance, and protection. Disorders affecting poultry wings can arise from a multitude of factors, ranging from nutritional imbalances to infectious agents and environmental stressors.

Understanding and addressing poultry wing disorders require a comprehensive approach that encompasses both preventive measures and therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive understanding involves recognizing the various disorders that can afflict poultry wings, their causes, symptoms, and potential treatments. In this exploration, we delve into 50 multiple-choice questions and answers covering a diverse array of poultry wing disorders, providing insights into the complexity of avian health management.

The Significance of Poultry Wing Health

Maintaining the health of poultry wings is not merely a matter of ensuring their ability to f ly; it is intrinsically linked to the overall well-being of the bird. Poultry wings are vital for performing a myriad of daily activities, including foraging, preening, and maintaining social hierarchies within flocks. Additionally, the condition of the wings often reflects the bird’s general health status, making them an essential diagnostic indicator for avian health professionals.

Production- Function- The technical law relating inputs to outputs has beengiven the name of production function. Production function expresses the relationship between physical input and physical output of a firm for a given state of technology.
Law of Variable Proportion or Law of Diminishing Returns (Short Run Production Function)
This law explains the relationship between inputs and outputs in the short period. According to this law, output can be changed by altering variable factors (such as labour and feed) while keeping other factors (such as land and infrastructure) constant. The law states that with an increase in variable factors, keeping other factors constant, total product initially increases at an increasing rate, then increases at a diminishing rate, and finally starts decreasing.
1. Total Product (TP) - Refers to the total output of the firm per period of time.
1. Example: Total litres of milk produced by a dairy farm per day.

1    Introduction to Patent Laws    540

2.    An Overview of the Patenting Process    541

    2.1.    Inventor’s disclosure, 542
    2.2.    Patentability search, 542
    2.3.    Patent application preparation, 542
    2.4.    Patent application amendment, 542
    2.5.    Patent application examination, 543
    2.6    Main parts of a patent, 543
    2.7.    Granting of patent, 544
    2.8.    Date and term of patent, 544
    2.9.    Provisional specification, 544
    2.10.    Complete specification, 545
    2.11.      Cost of patenting, 545

Abstract

Meta analysis quantitatively summarizes the findings of a large collection of individual experiments. It is a powerful statistical tool since it integrates a vast literature and thus includes large sample size. It leads to a stronger conclusion than traditional literary review as studies are analyzed applying statistical methods. Meta- analysis is increasingly being applied in different fields of biological sciences. It has been emerged as an independent subfield of modern health science researches as in this field very few studies achieve statistical power in isolation. Meta- analysis has also become an integral part of plant science research, e.g., agricultural research, ethnobotanical research, tea and health science research etc. Meta-analysis has few limitations although rigorously conducted meta- analyses are considered more valuable than any single study contributing to the analysis.

ABSTRACT

Contour hedgerow technology has different names in different regions. Sloping Agriculture Land Technology (SALT) has alley farming with hedgerow barrier technology. It is basically an agroforestry system in which nitrogen - fixing trees or shrubs are planted very closely in rows and cash crops grown in between the alleys. The SALT has been considered as an alernative to shifting cultivation. Forest dwellers are mostly tribals and shifting cultivation have been their practice for food production. The slash and burn has caused enormous damage to the forest composition. The forests on the hills and on the mountains have suffered a lot due to “Podhu” cultivation. The similar situations have been observed also in most of the Asian country. The hilly area has been considered under the hedgerow system for soil and water conservation. The introduction of the agroforestry systems in the farmers fields and in the wastelands have brought potential forest farming. The young leaves of some hedge row plants provide good fodder for livestock. Hedgerows can also be managed to provide fuelwood, if necessary. The hedgerows and their trimming provide mechanical and biological barriers and help minimise soil erosion by reducing surface runoff velocities, leading to higher deposition of soil sediments and living source of nutrient cycling. The food and cash production has been observed to be the most essential components in four types of SALT models.

Introduction

On 26^th December 2004, the Indian coastline experienced the most devastating tsunami in recorded history. The tsunami was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude Mw 9.3 at 3.316ºN, 95.854°E off the coast of Sumatra in the Indonesian Archipelago at 06:29 hrs making it the most powerful in the world in the last 40 years. In recent years increasing the vulnerability to natural disasters of developing countries is a major reason for concern. The potential loss of human lives and property due to natural hazards is very high in the urban areas of these countries. The Information obtained from conventional tsunami hazard maps does not always provide sufficient data for users .needs. The difficulty in presenting more significant information on tsunami hazard maps in conventional paper format is due to the limited available physical space of that format. Printing more information on such paper maps tends to confuse rather than provide more needed information to users. Furthermore, these kinds of maps provide little opportunity for users to ask for additional information, to determine the relationships between different kinds of information and important quantitative analyses. Furthermore, Tsunami hazards have important temporal attributes. Presenting these attributes on the map; e.g. the sequence of volcanic eruptions in a region or the frequency of tsumani in a particular area during a particular period of time is very difficult.

Airports are important place and points for mass transportation. Lot of public movement, especially higher class, takes place on way to their journey to different destinations. Usually all airports have good architectural structure and utilitarian facilities. As a general practice, good gardens are also maintained around the airport and approach roads besides interior plantscape.

Purpose

The main purpose of developing gardens around airport is to create scenic beauty by using different kinds of ornamentals besides attractive features. In addition, plantation around the airport premises helps in temperature reduction, minimizes dust load, and above all, provides a soothing atmosphere.

Categorization of Areas

Airports are generally laid out in huge areas having many entry and exit points. There are several main roads, connecting roads, parking lots, bus stop, metro rail station etc. Additionally, airports usually have huge indoor areas under cover. Therefore, a broad categorization of the areas is needed for proper planning of landscape and interior plantscaping, as follows.

In the Indian sub-continent, monsoon is one of the oldest weather observations, an economically important weather pattern over June through September every year. Due to its effects on agriculture, flora and fauna, and other economic, social, and environmental effects, a monsoon is one of the most anticipated, followed and studied weather phenomena of the Indian subcontinent. The word 'monsoon' is derived from the Arabic word mawsim meaning season.

The term 'monsoon' is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. India Meteorological Department defines it as the seasonal reversals of the wind direction along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, that blow from the south-west during one half of the year and from the north-east during the other half. The definitions include major wind systems that change direction seasonally. The cyclic change of wind and rain can be separated into the summer monsoon period characterised by warm and humid south-west winds, and the winter monsoon period characterised by dry and cool north-east winds. In fact, monsoon systems are a major feature of the general circulation of the atmosphere in subtropical latitudes of most regions of the world.

Predominantly, an agrarian society is mostly dependent on the farm sector. Agriculture plays an important role in Indian economy notwithstanding its shrinkage in share in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country being 55.4% in 1950-’51 and 17.4% in 2018-’19 (Tripathy, 2019). Still the agriculture and allied sector is providing employment to 54 percent of the Indian population.

All living organisms need to reproduce in order to maintain their species and improve the economics of animal husbandry. Since the beginning of time, different methods of successful reproduction have been created, including artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. To shield sperm from damaging elements like freezing, osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and cell damage by ice crystals, semen extenders were developed. Semen extenders maintain sperm’s characteristics, such as its morphology, motility, and viability as well as its membrane, acrosomal, and DNA integrity. To improve semen quality for fertilization, semen extenders must offer a suitable pH, adenosine triphosphate, anti-cooling and anti-freeze shock, and antioxidant activity. As a result, this compilation of research offers exact information on various semen extenders, preservation mechanisms, and crucial semen extender additions in goats. By incorporating various types of additives in semen extenders for cryopreservation, significant improvement is reported in post thaw sperm quality in terms of increased % motility, viability, PMAI, MMP and reduced DNA fragmentation, capacitation like changes reflected by less CTC pattern B and AR, Tyrosine Phosphorylated pattern A, E and AE.

Tea as a Beverage

Tea is the most popular beverage consumed in the world after water. All types of teas including black. green, oolong, white and pu-erh tea are mainly made from the buds and young leaves of tea plants, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze belongs to the family Theaceae [1]. Depending on the different processing techniques of tea leaves, tea types are categorized as “Green Tea” (unfermented), “Black Tea” (fully fermented), “Oolong Tea” (partially fermented), “Pu-ErhTea” (post fermented) and white tea (unfermented) [2]. The manufacturing process for these different types of teas mainly differ in the degree of enzymatic oxidation (fermentation) process [1].

Introduction
The food that has been damaged or has undergone changes so as to render it undesirable/unacceptable/unfit for human consumption is termed as spoiled. Spoilage of processed products is mainly caused by the action of micro-organisms and due to the physical or chemical changes. The reasons for microbial spoilage include under processing, inadequate cooling, contamination from leakage through can seams and pre-process spoilage. In under-processed cans (receiving low heat treatment), large number of different types of micro-organisms are expected to be involved in spoilage.
Causes of Food Spoilage
Food spoilage or deterioration may be described as loss of weight, softening, souring, rotting, wilting, moulding or a combination of one or more forms. The major causes of food deterioration are: biotic and abiotic factors.
A. Biotic Factors
1) Microbial spoilage (yeast, mould, bacteria)
2) Enzyme action (activities of enzymes present in foods)
3) Insect and rodent damage (attack of insects, rodents and parasites)

Parasite- The word parasite is derived from the Greek. Para- beside and sitos- food. Parasites are those living organism which reside on or inside the body of some other species of living organism.

Host- Those organisms which provide food shelter and conducive environment to parasite for their growth, development and reproduction. e.g. Tape worm in small intestine of man and animals.

Disease = dis + aise (see + ease) old French word

Transmission- Movement of biological agents (Virus, Bacteria, Rickettsial, Fungi & Parasites) from one place to another place via vector or vehicle/ tools

Vector- Latin word- bearer

Vector is a living organism (usually an arthropod) which transfers infective forms of a parasite from one host to the other.

Abstract

Recently there has been increasing interest in plants and plant-derived compounds as medicinal agents. In Ayurveda, a wide range of medicinal uses of Pterocarpus santalinus is described. Many important bioactive phytocompounds have been extracted and identified from the heartwood of P. santalinus. The major bioactive compounds present in the heartwood of P. santalinus are santalin A and B, savinin, calocedrin, pterolinus (K,L) and pterostilbenes. These phyto-compounds present only in small amounts and have more effect than nutrients. The heartwood of the plant is used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, diabetes, headache, skin diseases, jaundice, and in wound-healing. A wide range of pharmacological activities and health benefits of P. santalinus have been reported, including antioxidative, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, and protective effects on liver, gastric mucosa and nervous system. All these protective effects were attributed to bioactive compounds present in P. santalinus. Most of the secondary metabolites reported from this plant are terpenes, phenolics, flavones and sterols. The present communication gives the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of P. santalinus on health with up-to-date information.

Aeration is the addition of oxygen or air containing oxygen to water. Any aquatic species important for commercial purpose requires oxygen. Even photosynthetic plants need oxygen when it is dark.

2.1 Need of aeration

Rise in atmospheric temperature causes increased rate of biological degradation of organic matters and subsequent depletion in dissolved O₂ concentration in water.

Points to Ponder

Collect cytological samples (FNAB) only from enlarged lymph nodes

Do not make attempt to collect samples from normal lymph nodes unless to study normal picture (Academic interest).

Care to be taken to hold the lymph node while collecting FNAB

Otherwise needle may go into perinodal fat yielding fat tissue so also in obesity

Submandibular salivary gland enlargement mimic submandibular lymph node enlargement

Salivary tissue will show epithelial cells, acinar formation and no lymphocytes

Cytological diagnosis of lymphadenopathies can be comfortably and confidently made.

Peripheral Lymph Nodes