eChapters

1. Formal garden has a ———— layout.

   a) Odd

   b) Natural

   c) Symmetric

   d) Irregular

2. Foutain is located in —— of building.

   a) Backside

   b) Front

   c) Lateral side

   d) None of these

1. Introduction

Nursery is a place, where seedlings and saplings of different ornamental plants (trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, potted plants etc.) are propagated and maintained until they are out-planted in a prepared bed or in pots. Establishment of an ornamental nursery is emerging as a profitable venture, especially around cities. Rapid urbanization has led to the development of community parks and various sites for people to engage in active and passive recreation. This has led to surge in demand for quality planting material, which ensures rapid establishment and beautification of the landscape site. The following chapter deals with the basic principles and practices of establishment of ornamental plant nursery, with reference to its effective management to enhance the income and reap better profit.

Ornamental Plants are a real attraction to the aquarium tank. While some plants are both ornamental and functional, people usually use the term “ornamental plants” to refer to plants which have no value beyond being attractive, although many people feel that the attractive value itself is quite enough. They provide optimal habitat for the fishes especially for the fry (baby fishes). It maintains the ecosystem of the aquarium tanks by providing good oxygen, food and also acts as a good hiding place for the baby fish. Mostly all aquatic plants are very easy to grow and care. They are always good for gold fish and other similar fishes. There is a huge variety of plants. Ornamental plants are grown for decoration, rather than food or raw materials. They are most often intentionally planted for aesthetic appeal. However, ornamental plants also serve some less obvious uses such as for the purpose of fragrance, for attracting wildlife and for cleaning the air. Ornamentals encompass a wide array of plants. Commonly, ornamental plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features including: flowers, leaves, scent, overall foliage texture, fruit, stem and bark, and aesthetic form. The concept of ornamental plants is used for decorative purposes in aquariums, gardens, home gardens, landscape design projects, squares, parks etc.

Aquatic plants predominantly grow in water. They vary greatly in type, with some being quite similar to common land plants while others are quite different. Aquatic plants can be commonly classified into four types: algae, floating plants, submerged plants and emerged plants. Aquatic plants live in water. This means that they require being submersed to survive or that they can only grow and thrive in water. Many aquatic plants can tolerate being emerged, meaning they’re out of the water for short periods of time, but require immersion in water for long-term survival.

There are some plants that simply can’t tolerate being emerged at all, but this is rare. These plants can only live when fully immersed in water. Most macro- algae require total submersion in water for the span of its entire life. Most aquatic plants, however, have roots underwater but can only grow or flower in a partially emerged state. All plants, aquatic and otherwise, require sunlight, soil, gases and water to survive. Plants make their own food via the process of photosynthesis; this means that they need a source of energy to drive this biochemical process, and the sun provides a perfect one. Plants can carry on for periods without sunlight, just as animals can live on stored fuel for a while in times of need. The soil offers a place for the plant’s roots to take hold.

Air contains large amounts of the carbon dioxide gas (CO2), plants need to power photosynthesis, but aquatic plants have evolved to draw in CO₂ that is dissolved in water in relatively small amounts. Finally, plants need water to combine with the CO2 to complete photosynthesis by generating oxygen and glucose.

Shrubs are defined as woody, semi woody or herbaceous perennial plants, branches arises from the base of the plants and grow up to height of about 0.5 to 4.0 meters. These plants are commonly erect and bushy. Most of the shrubs are very hardy, require little attention and grow in all types of soils. Although some plants flower almost throughout the year, in most cases it is seasonal and selection can be made in such a way that some plants in the shrubbery will be in bloom in different seasion of the year. Shrub flowers regularly every year and produce flowers of almost all the important colors white, light yellow, golden pink, scarlet, crimson, violet, blue, and some are sweet scented.

In gardens, shrubs are usually planted in three ways:

(1) In the form of shrubbery, on the long strip of land where taller shrubs are grown at the back with medium height in middle and dwarf once at the fronts. Colors of flowers and time of flowering are also considered so that shrubbery remains colorful throughout year with bloom and foliage.

(2) In small garden or to break monotony of open space shrubs are often grown in groups and in this case few plants of the same variety or of different species are selected.

(3) Shrubs are also grown as a specimen plant or in only one row along the border of the garden or a wall.

Shrubs are used in gardens for decorative purposes as these shrubs are found more in ornamental and provide a variety of interests. They are evergreen and best against noise and dust. Any perennial woody, perpetual and thick plant of relatively low height that branches into a few stems or trunks arising from the ground base is known as shrub. They are littler than a tree but taller than herbaceous plants. They are also called as bushes when they are much-branched and dense. They grow upwards up to 0.5-4.0meter and may be flowering and ornamental. Shrubs play important role in permanent landscaping i.e. formal decoration which contributes pattern, colour, fragrance and utility. They may be either evergreen or deciduous in nature. Some shrubs have attractive foliage, flowers and attractive berries. Shrubs are planted as borders on the sides of paths and at the corners of lawn in a curving line. Shrubs are used for back ground, boundary wall, screen, shade, wind breaks and foundation planting. Hence, knowledge on the form, growth habit and habitat is essential to select the shrubs for planting. Shrubs are important part of landscaping or landscape designing is an art of modifying the overall appearance of a given piece of land using different ornamental plants. It is an artificial process. A garden or national and international playgrounds are the example of artificially landscaped area. Ornamental plants are a group of different flowering, foliage and stylish plants. These plants are used for the beautification of selected part of a site or other places.

Shrubs are main filler plants of the gardens and have wide range of variation with regard to growth, leaf texture and flower (shape, size and colour). They continue to bloom all most round the year and help to keep the gardens presentable. These are the reasons for selecting shrubs for plantation in every type of garden. The way shrubs influence general landscape with their exquisite shape, size, foliage, flower and fragrance are incredible. In residential and small gardens, there may be limited room for planting trees but accommodating shrubs is never a problem as they occupy small space. Similarly, large parks and gardens are also ideal place where the shrubs can be fully utilized in various ways.

Classification

Availability of shrubs is large in numbers. Selection of right type as per design of the garden, is an important task as these are main filler plants of the gardens. Basic knowledge on growth habit and flowering is necessary for their judicious use. Therefore, shrubs have been classified on the basis of height, growth habit, foliage, flower colour, fragrance etc. for facilitating proper selection.

Ornamental plants that are adapted to an aquatic environment are commonly grown in water gardens and pools. They include those that are entirely submerged or floaters that are free living in the surface water or having roots anchored firmly in the ground beneath and marginal plants that thrive along the edges of water bodies and in shallow water. Spectacular flowering plants like the lotuses and water lilies to plants like the tape grass that are entirely submerged and grass like are grown in natural or structured fresh water habitats throughout the world. Many of these are also inhabitants of aquaria.

Some of the popularly grown water garden plants are listed below:

Acorus calamus

Araceae

Sweet Flag, Vayambu

Plants are rhizomatous herbs adapted to low lying and wet situations. The leaves are closely spaced, distichously arranged and resembling a fan, leathery, dark green, smooth and shiny. The inflorescence is a spadix that emerges from the middle of the terminal leaf. Plants are valued medicinally for their aromatic rhizomes and are also commonly grown as marginals of water gardens.

Jasmine

Jasmine oil and its synthetic substitutes are extensively used in high grade perfumes in the western countries, the main buyers being USA, France, UK, Japan, Holland and Russia. Essential oil production is an export oriented agro industry in Egypt, France, Morocco, Belgium, Germany, Tunisia, Italy, Algeria, China and India. It is also used for perfuming expensive soaps and cosmetics, mouthwashes and dentifrices. 

Jasmine oil is unique and the odour of jasmine cannot be imitated by any known synthetic chemicals. There is hardly any perfume of floral origin which does not contain at least a small quantity of jasmine concrete or absolute. The world production of jasmine concrete is approximately 20 tones/year and India’s production is 2 tones.

Etiology

Ornithobacteriun rhinotracheale, bacteria, under phylum Cytophaga- Flavobacterium-Bacteroids. It is Gram negative non-motile, non-sporulating pleomorphic rod shaped bacteria. 18 serotypes Athrough R have been identified. Serotype A is prevalent in chicken and turkeys.

Disease occurrence

The disease is worldwide in distribution.

Orthogonal designs provide an efficient framework for arranging treatments and sources of variation so that their effects can be estimated independently. This chapter introduces contrasts, orthogonal contrasts, and the concept of orthogonality in experimental design. Orthogonality helps prevent the effects of different factors from becoming entangled and facilitates systematic statistical analysis. The chapter discusses three basic experimental designs: Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Complete Block Design, and Latin Square Design. Their principles, applications, and suitability for forestry and agricultural experiments are explained. Examples involving seedlings, tree species, fertilizers, chemicals, wood pieces, and seeds demonstrate how appropriate design selection can reduce heterogeneity and improve experimental precision.

24.1 Introduction

Water is a universal biological solvent and the medium in which most of the cellular reactions of metabolism occur. Fish contain a large amount of water in their cells and extracellular fluids. It is important to a fish that its water content be nearly constant. This more or less steady state of water content in the body can only be maintained when there is a quality difference between the amount of water entering and leaving the body. The process of regulating the movement of water and its volume in the body is known as osmoregulation.

Abstract

Osmotic dehydration is gaining popularity due to several energy and product quality related advantages it offers. It has huge potential as a complementary process step prior to operations such as air-drying, microwave drying, freezing, frying etc, if not an alternative one, in the food process chain. It can be easily integrated with other processing steps in order to improve the overall efficiency of a given food process. Application of additional driving force either prior to or during osmotic dehydration can enhance the mass transfer rates in the osmotic dehydration. Role of mathematical modelling both in osmotic dehydration and rehydration have been discussed. Current limitations for the adaptation of osmotic dehydration in the food processing industry and possible solutions are also discussed in detail.

Introduction

The drying of fruits and vegetables during the season of abundance in order to preserve them for consumption during season of shortage is an ancient practice. Thus, drying is one of the oldest methods of preservation of the food commodities. It is practiced from ancient times and is a very common method of preservation in the tropical countries like India where conditions are much more favorable for sun drying. All micro-organisms need moisture to grow. So the removal of water in the food is brought down below a certain level at which they are unable to grow. Moisture content from food can be removed by different methods like sun drying (very oldest method and most popular), solar drying, cabinet drying, mechanical drying, tunnel drying, poly tunnel drying, adiabatic drying, spray drying, osmotic drying, fluidized bed drying etc. Grains are mostly dried in the sun. The moisture content of the grains can be reduced to a limit that is safer for their storage by sun drying. Many fruits and vegetables can also be dried by using sun energy. Some coastal areas of the countries fishes are also dried by exposing to the sun. After drying, sometimes the dried products are converted into powder. However, these powders are very hygroscopic and should be packed in airtight. Mango powder is prepared by this technique, but expensive and not popular in India. Nowadays many artificial methods have been developed for removal of the moisture. The relationship between the moisture content and temperature of air during process is referred as Psychrometric relation. An instrument used to measure the humidity (Relative humidity) of the atmosphere is known as Psychrometer (Hygrometer). The residual moisture in vegetable should not be more than 6-8% and in fruits it should be in the range of 10-20%. The dried fruit can be used as such or after soaking while dried vegetable are usually soaked in water overnight and then cooked. Vegetable are considered to be dry when they become brittle. There are generally two drying methods for foods like 1) Natural drying and 2) Artificial drying. The preservation / stability of the dehydrated products is conferred by the abstraction of water, so that the product is unable to support the microbial growth, its chemical forms of deterioration is inhibited and the drastic reduction in the weight / volume facilitate easier handling and marketing. Among dehydrated products, dehydrated onions have largest share of 45%. India is the third largest exporter of the onions in the world next to the Netherland and Spain. Besides this, India exports dehydrated bell pepper, garlic and mushrooms.

A metabolic cell contains about 75-95% water by weight. It is important for plants for proper growth and development. Any significant reduction in availability will affects metabolic activity and thus growth parameters which determine yield. The uptake of water by the plant (roots) from the soil is an osmotic phenomenon. The water potential represents the free energy per moles of water. It can be reduced by:

1. Decreasing temperature
2. Adding soluble pressure or
3. Decreasing pressure or
4. Providing additional absorptive surface

Introduction

The demand of diversified food has increasing due to health consciousness in the modern civilization. The European communities have gone in search of new foods which contributed mainly to the health diet of population. In this process, animal and avian species have contributed to a large extent in providing the required health foods like milk, meat and eggs. The tendency to go for low calories foods has resulted in increased demand for new species for meat purpose. At present, the ostrich meat ranks highest among health food in Europe. Ostrich meat in terms of health value is credited to less percentage of fat, low cholesterol, less calories, rich in protein and iron. The demand of ostrich meat has been increasing especially after the threat of mad cow diseases. The unique taste of ostrich meat has been added into different meat dishes. This meat has a great demand in restaurant in Europe, Japan, Australia and China in a big way. The popularity of this bird can be judged from the fact that presently 65 countries, including our neighbor Pakistan and China are engaged in ratite farming. The increased demand of ostrich over the past few years has given way to rearing birds under controlled system. The intensive system become popular because of adoption of scientific technologies reduced risk of diseases, through improved bio-security measures, genetic selection and nutritional innovation, health regimes and extensive diseases surveillance. Scientifically proven management practices resulted in low cost production and improvement in quality of ostrich products.

Management of Other Avian Species

Duck

Overview

• Asia: The homeland of ducks.

• Global Rankings: China holds the first position in duck population, followed by India.

• Significance in India: Ducks are the second most important poultry species, constituting about 10% of the total poultry population (851.82 million) and contributing 6-7% of the total egg production (138.38 billion) in the country (BAHS, 2024).

Apart from honey, bees also generate several other valuable products— beeswax, propolis, royal jelly, and pollen—all of which offer significant nutritional, therapeutic, and commercial benefits. In natural beekeeping systems, these secondary bee products are collected carefully to maintain ecological balance and avoid disrupting the natural functioning of the hive. Each of these substances plays a crucial role within the colony and finds diverse applications in healthcare, cosmetics, traditional medicine, and small-scale industries. When harvested responsibly and kept free of synthetic additives, they serve as sustainable income sources for beekeepers and contribute to environmental conservation and biodiversity.

HONEY

Among all bee products, honey is the most recognized and widely used from ancient times to the present day. Human cultures have celebrated honey for centuries, embedding it in literature, folklore, and religious symbolism. The earliest known references to honey use involve religious offerings, possibly among the first non-animal sacrifices. It was often presented alongside milk, butter, ghee, oil, or incense.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato is the third most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat in terms of human consumption. Potatoes are an important staple food crop. Introduced into Europe in the 16th century by Spanish explorers, it is cultivated throughout the world including the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Botanical Name : Solanum tuberosum L.

Family : Solanaceae

Importance

• Potato is an economical food, as it provides a source of low cost energy to human diet.
• For vegetable purposes, potato has now become one of the most popular crops in India and cultivated in almost all states and under very diverse agro climate conditions.
• Potatoes are a rich source of starch

13 1. Rishi Krishi

Drawn from Vedas, the Rishi Krishi method of natural farming has been mastered by farmers of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil enrichment through the use of Rishi Krishi formulation known as “Amritpani” and virgin soil. 15 kg of virgin rhizosperic soil collected from beneath of Banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis) is spread over one acre and the soil is enriched with 200 lit Amritpani.

It is prepared by mixing 250 g ghee into 10 kg of cow dung followed by 500 g honey and diluted with 200 lit of water. This formulation is utilized for seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar spray on plants (padap sanskar). For soil treatment it needs to be applied through irrigation water as fertigation. The system has been demonstrated on a wide range of crops i.e. fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton.