eChapters

Abstract

This chapter presents the principle of fluidisation and its use in drying of food materials. Being a convective drying process, capacity and kinetics are limited by process conditions and material properties. The influences are discussed as well as presenting the main equations that describe drying in fluidised beds. The main focus lies on hot gas drying, additionally superheated steam drying as well as atmospheric fluidised bed freeze drying and microwave-assisted fluidised bed drying are presented and discussed.

Weed Ecology

Ecology is the study of reciprocal relationship between organisms and their environments. The ecology of weed is thus concerned with growth characteristics and adaptations that enable weeds to exploit the ecological niches left open in those environments altered by man for his use and the survival mechanisms where by weeds persist in such environments. In simple words weed ecology is reciprocal relationship of weeds with their environments. Weeds grow voluntarily in all crops raised by human beings since ancient ecology of weeds is divided into two categories (types).

1. Weed Auto Ecology

It is study of only one population i.e. how an individual species in a population interacts with its environment at all stages of its life cycle. So, in case of auto ecology competition within same species (intraspecific) or with crop plants (inter specific competition) is studied.

2. Weed Synecology

The study of relationships between communities of different weed species with their environment is called weed synecology. Different weed species grow in certain combinations and in specific patterns in the ûeld. The population of different weed species interact with the external environmental conditions and among themselves. Weed communities differ from field to field and crop to crop in the same locality. The community character is dynamic and changes in form and composition of weed flora takes place in course of time due to some external and internal factors prevailing in the community. This process is called ecological succession. With the passage of time there will be series of changes in the composition of weed community which ultimately results in stable community. This is termed as climax community.

BOOK KEEPING & GENERAL ENTRY SYSTEM

Business Transactions can be recorded in any system, which provides the necessary financial position of a business and results of transactions. The Business transactions are recorded through systems of book keeping as maintained in accounting are as follows:

Book Keeping: This is an activity concerned with the recording of financial data relating to business operations in a significant and orderly manner. Book keeping is the record making phase of accounting. Accounting is based on a careful and an efficient book keeping system.

The essential idea behind maintaining book keeping records is to show correct position regarding each head of income and expenditure. It is concerned with the recording of business transaction in a significant and orderly manner which is mechanical and repetitive in character. 

Education: Education is the production of desirable changes in the behaviour of the people. It is the production of desirable changes in human behaviour in knowledge (things known), attitudes (things felt) and skills (things done), in all of them or in one or more of them.

Behaviour: Includes three components viz., knowledge, attitude and skill

Knowledge (Cognitive): It includes facts, concepts, principles and relationship.

Attitude (Affective): An attitude can be loosely defined as a feeling towards some object, person and situation or idea.

Introduction

In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, made a significant observation while studying bacterial cultures. He noticed that colonies of bacteria on a culture plate had been negatively impacted by the presence of a mold called Penicillium notatum, which had accidentally contaminated the culture. Around a decade later, a team of researchers including British biochemist Ernst Chain and Australian pathologist Howard Florey successfully isolated the active compound responsible for this effect and named it penicillin (Lalchhandama, 2021).

The genus Hydrangea is the best-known member of family Hydrangeaceae tribe Hydrangeae from the Asterid order Cornales. With more than two centuries of horticultural trade, Hydrangea cultivars are among the most popular ornamental shrubs worldwide (McClintock, 1957 and Kardos et al., 2009). Hydrangea (Hortensia) is a very popular ornamental plant for gardens. Hydrangeas occur most often on partly shaded but open slopes, rock edges, cliffs, roadside banks, edges of woods, or in moist open woods. Usually, restricted to the more moist, protected slopes. Recently it is commercialized for the production of cut flowers (Sacco et al., 2012). In India is widely grown in hilly areas.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

The species of genus Hydrangea L. grow naturally in temperate areas of Eastern Asia, including some Pacific islands adjacent to Eastern Asia (Philippines, Taiwan, etc.), in temperate Northeastern America, in subtropical Middle and South America (McClintock, 1957). Throughout the eastern United States, ranging from the middle Atlantic States southward through the Southern Appalachians, and westward into the Ozarks and lower Midwest, numerous populations of shrubs with large, ovate, opposite leaves and compound cymes of small white flowers are en-countered. These are the wild hydrangeas.

SPECIES

Hydrangea is a genus of about 75 species of flowering plants native to southern and eastern Asia and North and South America. Most are shrubs 1-3 tall, but some are small trees and others lianas (Sacco et al., 2012). Species differ qualitatively in flavonoid constituents.

Animal husbandry plays a vital role in the development of agriculture and is an integral component of rural economy especially in the hilly mountainous terrains of the country. Disasters, whether caused by unavoidable natural events or by avoidable, man-made events, always have been a part of human life. Hilly areas because of their geo-physical and climatic conditions are always prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cloud bursts and landslides etc. During the past few decades, disasters have killed millions of people and animals, adversely affecting the human and animal lives, resulting in substantial tangible and intangible losses in an unanticipated manner. Veterinary professionals by virtue of their strong scientific and technical competence play a pivotal role in human health by providing safe, wholesome and sound animal proteins which are valuable component in the prevention of malnutrition. Moreover, public health veterinarians are also actively concerned in protecting the environment by safe disposal of human and animal waste without adverse consequences. Thus, veterinarians always have a role to play in all stages of disaster mitigation and management; however the contribution of veterinarians will be most effective by integrating their expertise with other local, national and international groups and agencies involved in disaster management. In any country, funding for disaster relief should include veterinary management of disasters being recognized as a form of humanitarian assistance and a contribution to public health.

1. Introduction

India is a land of great diversities in terms of people, culture, languages and the style of living, among many other varied characteristics in the country. Based on the climatic, geographical, and cultural features, the country is broadly divided into six zones - the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western zone, Central and the North-Eastern zone. Eastern zone comprises Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Assam and eastern UP (27districts of UP). This document exclusively focuses on the four states namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal in the Eastern Zone with an attempt to look into the bottlenecks inhibiting the rural development of the zone.The f inancial institutions for agriculture in India was developed with the purpose of financing the needy farmers and providing them the facilities to increase the efficiency of agriculture. As a result, NABARD was formed in 1982. Thus, it was developed as an apex bank to help and support the agriculture section in India.This chapter seeks to evaluate the role of various financial institutions which play a major role in raising the standard of living of nearly one-fourth of India’s population in the eastern region of our vast country.

The GOI is pushing to strengthen infrastructure for the production of quality milk, as well as for procurement, processing, and marketing of milk and milk products through the following Dairy Development Schemes:

6.1. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS)

Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) was started in September 2010. This scheme is being implemented through NABARD which provides financial assistance to commercially bankable projects with loans from Commercial, Cooperative, Urban and Rural banks.

Objective of the scheme

To generate self-employment and provide infrastructure for the dairy sector, to set up modern dairy farms and infrastructure for the production of clean milk, to encourage heifer calf rearing for conservation and development of good breeding stock, to bring structural changes in the unorganized sector so that initial processing of milk can be taken up at the village level, to upgrade traditional technology to handle milk on a commercial scale, to provide value addition to milk through processing and production of milk products.

Rural poultry production constitutes vital component of agricultural economy in India. The organized sector of poultry industry is contributing nearly 70% of the total output and the rest 30% by the unorganized sector. In unorganised sector, poultry are reared in free range extensive system with very little input in the form of grain or farm by-products, birds have to scavenge from limited amount of feed resource. The productive out put of these birds are very low (60-70 eggs per bird per annum; 2.0 kg. and 1.5 kg. body weight per bird in males and females, respectively). Moreover, still more than 50 % population of poultry in India comprises of non-descript / deshi birds.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) belongs to the family Oleaceae, order Oleales are climbing, trailing or erect shrubby plants and there are both deciduous and evergreen species. The generic name Jasminum is derived from Arabic word “Jassamine”, “Jasmin” and “Jasminum” (Bailey, 1963). Flowers are white, yellow or rarely reddish. Flowers are used for making garlands and Veni. Jamine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued in perfumery industry. France, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Algeria, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia are major jasmine oil producing countries (Singh, 2006).

The brain, (Figure 2-7 A) a command centre of the body, is a complex organ. The substance of the brain is made of the grey matter and the white matter. The grey matter is often identified as cerebral cortex but other parts of the brain also contain the grey matter. Inside the brain, the grey matter is organized into large accumulations of neurons which are called the nuclei of the brain. Each nucleus is associated with a specific function. In addition to neurons, there is other type of cells the glial cells called neuroglia. The neurons are responsible for sending and receiving impulses or signals. The glial cells are nonneuronal and provide support and nutrition to neuronal cells, form myelin and facilitate signal transmission in the nervous system. The white matter is made of millions of nerve fibres that are coming from neurons and are going to establish communications with different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Since these nerve fibres are coated with myelin sheath around them these appear white and the area occupied by these nerve fibres become the white matter of the brain. The brain has three basic components, the forebrain, midbrain and the hindbrain.

Fore brain: The forebrain (Prosencephalon) is the rostral portion of the brain. It consists of cerebrum (Telencephalon) and the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland together constituting the interbrain (Diencephalon).

Mid brain: The midbrain (Mesencephalon) is the middle portion of the brain. It is in the centre lying between the interbrain and hindbrain. It consists of a cranial part of brain stem.

Hind brain: The hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) is the caudal most portion of the brain. It consists of remaining (caudal) part of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata (Myelencephalon) and the cerebellum and pons (Metencephalon).

Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis is caused by G-bacteria Salmonella and characterized by early chick mortality with necrosis and hemorrhage in liver, heart and spleen and enlarged bronze coloured liver with focal or diffuse necrosis, marbled spleen and/or oophoritis and salpingitis in adults (Fig.4.1).

Etiology

• Salmonella enteritidis var. Galinarum (S. Galinarum).

• G-, rod, non lactose fermenter.

• White small colonies on MLA and pink on BGA.

Marigold (Tagetes spp.) an annual flowering plant belongs to family Asteraceae, alternately known as Compositae. The word “marigold” means “Mary’s Gold” and refers to the “Virgin Mary”. However, word “Tagetes” named after the Etruscan God “Tages” who supposedly emerged from the earth as it was being ploughed and was imbued with the power of divination. Cultivated species include Tagetes erecta commonly referred as African marigold and Tagetes patula as French marigold. Marigold commonly propagated by seed and cutting is a leading loose flower of India. Selection of variety is favoured by a higher proportion of double inflorescences.

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Production of temperate-zone fruits in subtropics may seem fanciful to be initiated, but it is a practice that has existed in localized regions for generations. Seedling peaches are grown in Venezuela, Northern Thailand, and Southern Mexico. No one knows precisely when these species were introduced, but local selection has produced cultivars adapted to areas with little or no chilling temperatures. Rest either does not occur or is sufficiently shallow to be broken by stress induced by defoliation or drought. Commercial cultivations of temperate-zone fruits are well-established in subtropical areas, where winter temperatures allow partial breaking of the rest period. In areas of Northern Mexico, Southern Africa, and Israel, for example, chemical treatments are regularly applied to supplement the effects of limited chilling. Because temperature declines with increasing elevations, many microclimates exist in the subtropics where temperate-zone fruits are not currently grown, but could be. Subtropical regions where temperate fruits are grown include the southern past of California (Mediterranean type), the low deserts of the Southwest USA (hot arid type), the Gulf Coast and most of Florida (humid type), the Southern Mediterranean and Northern Sahara, Northern India, Southeast China, the middle part of South America, and much of Australia. Similar potential climatic conditions are also available in subtropics of India.

Importance-Effective writing -Components of writing : Introduction , Audience and format, Composition and style, Structure, Grammatical errors, Proofing and Conclusion-Ways to improve writing skills -Technical writing.

A written communication is always put into writing and generally used when the audience is at a distance or when a permanency or record is required or where its preservation is essential in case it is needed as a evidence in cases of dispute. It is generally in the form of instruction, orders, rules and regulations, policies, procedures, posters, memos, reports information bulletins.

Importance of writing skills

1. Expression

Writing is one of the important ways of expressing your thoughts, and communicating ideas and views to others. Some have the innate ability to put their thoughts into words. Writing is more beneficial, specifically for those who are emotional, and do not express verbally. This tool allows them to express their ideas, thoughts or their existing mental condition, which otherwise, may not be possible. People express themselves by writing novels, short stories, biographies and even personal diaries, etc.

2. Judgment of a person

Often, a person is judged by the quality of writing, he/she possesses. Be it a school, college, workplace or a society, writing has become a vital yardstick to assess one’s knowledge and intellectuality. When we come across a person who is prim and proper, we immediately make an impression about that person being careful, responsible and sincere. Similarly, if the writing is devoid of mistakes, we tend to create a good impression about the writer.

PROJECT AND PROJECT APPRAISAL PROJECT

Project is a scientifically evolves work plan to achieve specific objectives within a specified time limit by consuming planned resources. A Project is a specific plan or design with a specific objective, time, and cost limitations and non-repeated it in nature. UNIDO defines a Project as a proposal for an investment to create and or develop certain facilities in order to increase the production of goods or services in a community over a certain period of time. The Project can be long-term or short-term, limited or comprehensive, sector concentrated on multi-sector concentrated.

PROJECT APPRAISAL or Evaluation is a step-by-step process of collecting recording and organizing information about project results including short-term, immediate output and long-term outcomes from the projects.

Introduction
India with exceeding population of 1027.01 million with 741 million living in rural areas is on the path of development. The lack of access to and control over resources is said to be cause of poverty (Satapathy and  Mishra, 2011).
Women form half of our society. They have significant role in overall development. Rural development concept in our country attaches more importance to women empowerment. To combat poverty ‘self help promotion’ is of recent paradigm that has attracted attention to sections of the society.

15.1 Introduction

15.1.1 Empowering Women for a Sustainable Future in India

Education and opportunity are key to a thriving future, and investing in women's education empowers not just them but also the next generation. India's vast natural resources offer countless benefits, but centuries of human activity have taken a toll. Unsustainable practices and mismanagement have degraded the environment, threatening the well-being of communities across the country. The evidence of environmental decline is undeniable. Over the past decade, the situation has worsened. Our actions are pushing us towards a potential environmental crisis. India, like the earth itself, sustains a multitude of activities. This has undeniably improved lives, particularly in recent decades.