eChapters

Technological change has been the major driving force for increasing agricultural productivity and promoting agriculture development across the world. In the past, the choice of technologies and their adoption was to increase production, productivity and farm incomes. Over many decades, policies for agriculture, trade, research and development, education, training and advice have been strong influences on the choice of technology, the level of agricultural production and farm practices. Agricultural production today faces several challenges: an increasing world population has to be fed, but at the same time the environment and animal welfare need to be protected. Globalisation has led to increasing international competition, while the agricultural sector is also under heavy economic pressure as a result of regulation. These conditions can perhaps only be met by innovation, be it on the technological or on the systems-level (OECD, 2001). Agriculture is becoming more integrated in the agro-food chain and the global market, while environmental, food safety and quality, and animal welfare regulations are also increasingly impacting on the sector. It is faced with new challenges to meet growing demands for food, to be internationally competitive and to produce agricultural products of high quality. At the same time, it must meet sustainability goals in the context of on-going agricultural policy reform, further trade liberalization and the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements as agreed to by the government.

3.1. What is the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is a 1951 multilateral treaty deposited with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products. The Convention extends beyond the protection of cultivated plants to the protection of natural flora and plant products. It also takes into consideration both direct and indirect damage by pests including weeds.

The IPPC as an intergovernmental treaty signed by over 180 countries, aiming to protecting the world’s plant resources from the spread and introduction of pests, and promoting safe trade. The Convention introduced International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) as its main tool to achieve its goals, making it the sole global standard setting organization for plant health.

The IPPC is one of the “Three Sisters” recognized by the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement, along with the Codex Alimentarius Commission for food safety standards and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for animal health standards.

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

Simple random sampling is probability sampling and refers to a technique of sampling where each and every unit of the population have an equal and independent opportunity of being selected and included in the sample during the sampling. In the SRS the selection of the sample depends on the chance factor and is also known as the method of probability sampling.

There are two ways in which SRS can be performed:

• SRSWR: Simple Random Sampling With Replacement
• SRSWOR: Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement

6.1 Introduction
So far we have considered the methods of sampling in which the successive units (elements or clusters) were selected with the help of random numbers. Now, we shall consider a new method of sample selection in which only the first unit of the sample is selected with the help of random number, the rest being selected automatically according to a predetermined pattern. The method is known as systematic sampling. It is operationally more convenient than simple random sampling and which at the same time ensures for each unit, equal probability of inclusion in the sample. The systematic sampling can also be termed as systematic random sampling because of the first unit of the sample being chosen randomly. The pattern usually followed in selecting a systematic sample is a simple pattern involving regular spacing of units.
Thus, suppose a population consists of N units and is serially numbered from 1 to N. Suppose further that N is expressable as the product of two integers k and n so that N=nk. Draw a random number i such that 1 < i < k and select the unit with the corresponding serial number and every kth unit in the population there after i.e. the sample consists the units bearing the serial numbers as

Summary

This review addresses various defense strategies evolved by plants to resist pathogen attack.Of the different defensive strategies, pathogen attack either induces or enhances constitutively the synthesis of a spectrum of diverse chemical compounds in various plant species. These chemical compounds also called secondary metabolites are classified broadly as nitrogen compounds, terpenoids and phenolics and have been documented to possess broad range antifungal, antimicrobial and pesticidal activities. Such defensive compounds could be extracted and developed as eco-friendly biopesticides/microbicides because of their natural occurrence, ephemeral nature and biodegradability. These will be favorable alternative strategies compared to chemical pesticides that are fraught with various harmful side effects.

Introduction

Biotic stresses, particularly insect pests adversely affect the economical yield potential and the quality of the widely cultivated spice crops. These pests attack the crops at various developmental stages of the crops. For instance, Pollu beetle alone in black pepper is the most destructive pest and causing 30 to 40% yield loss in humid, tropical evergreen forests of India (Devasahayam, et al., 1988). Considering the cost of cultivation and profitability, it is very important to develop and recommend low cost, economic easily adoptable technologies. Food production process in India during the green revolution period has been based on the use of more chemical fertilizers and pesticides which are detrimental to the environment. The challenge before the crop protection scientists is to boost the yield from the available land without harming the environment. To manage the problem of insect pests in spice crops, farmers are over using synthetic chemical pesticides indiscriminately and this result in environmental degradation and high pesticide residue levels in the produces are are mainly hindering the export. Now the focus is on organic spice production, therefore a search for safer measures of pest and disease management is gaining importance. Integration of various approaches like use of resistant/tolerant varieties, disease or pest free planting materials and exploitation of biological means such as bio- control agents, bio-pesticides, entomo-pathogens, parasitoids and predators at the right time paved the way to achieve this goal (Dhanya et al., 2019; Prakash et al., 2016). Incorporating ecological and economic factors into decision making and addressing the public concerns about environmental quality and food safety is the need of the hour. There is now wide array of techniques available to replace the use of conventional chemical insecticides in IPM programmes. These issues can be sorted out by adopting eco-friendly Biointensive Integrated Pest Management strategy.

Precision viticulture aims to optimize vineyard management, reduce use of resources, reduce environmental impact and maximize yield and quality of grapes. New technologies as UAVs, satellites, proximal sensors, variable rate machines (VRT) and robots are being developed and used more frequently in some parts of the world in recent years. Developments and abilities of computers, software and informatic systems to read, analyze, process and transfer a huge amount of data are major milestones in precision viticulture. In addition, different decision support systems (DSSs) for making better crop management decisions at the right time also assist vine growers.

Introduction

Aquaculture resources in India is vast in the form of ponds and tanks of 2.35 million ha, reservoirs of 3.15 million ha, oxbow lakes and derelict waters of 1.3 million ha and brakishwaters of 1.24 million ha. At present, the total fish production is 6.4 mmt. Out of which inland fish production is 3.4 mmt. The total aquaculture production of 2.47 million tonnes that constitutes 4.2% of global production was valued at US$ 2.9 billion (FAO, 2006). Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for aquaculture, however only about 0.8 – 0.9 million ha is used for aquaculture currently. Recently, National Fisheries Development Board with huge budget provision has been established to improve production, processing, storage, distribution and marketing of fisheries products (Anon, 2006 a, 2006 b). During 10^th and 11^th plan periods higher fish production targets have been kept evisiging a growth of about 8 percent from inland sector.

Phlox is a perennial and annual flowering plant belongs to family Polemoniaceae. “Phlox” is a Greek word meaning “flame” and was most likely named thusly due to its bright and vivid colours. Phlox originally came from North America and was available in England by the early 1800s. It quickly grew in popularity and today it is still found growing wild in gardens across the world. Among perennials, Phlox paniculata, Phlox divariecata, Phlox glaberrima are earliest species to be cultivated and reached to England and France from Virginia (USA) in the early 18^th century. Among annuals, Phlox drummondii is commonly grown in India. Annual phlox is propagated by seeds, whereas, cutting is used as propagating material for perennial species. Phlox is grown in the garden as bedding and border plant for its dramatic, fragrant, showy and long blooming flowers. The colour range includes white, rose, pink, purple, lavender, violet, pale blue, bright red and magenta. Some flowers are bicoloured.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Phlox is native to North America except one species i.e. Phlox sibirica which originated from Siberia (Meyer, 1944). They are found mostly in North America in diverse habitats from alpine Tundra to open woodland and prairie. Some flower in spring, others in summer and fall. Many are fragrant.

The diversity of species and genera is particularly high in California, USA, where 17 genera and over 170 species occur. Significant diversity also exists elsewhere in the world. A principle lineage consisting of Cantua, Cobaea, and Bonplandia is distributed natively only in Mexico, central America and northwestern South America. In Eastern North America, the genus Phlox is unusually diverse compared to the rest of the family. Other than members of Phlox, only a few species occur natively east of the Mississippi river in the United States, such as Ipomopsis rubra, Collomia linearis and a few Polemonium. A few Phlox and Polemonium species are also found natively in Eurasia. Central and South America, particularly the western regions of South America, are also home to some members of the phlox family. A small number of species from several genera that are most abundant in North America, such as Collomia, Gilia, Navarretia and Leptosiphon are found only in western South America, indicating multiple instances of long distance dispersal (Grant, 1959 and Morrell et al., 2000). Occasional species, such as skunkweed (Navarretia squarrosa) and Collomia grandiflora, have become weedy in parts of Europe and Australia and some cultivated species, such as members of Cobaea, have become naturalized outside their native range (Grant, 1959, Hussey et al., 1997, Pysek et al., 2002 and Anon., 2003).

This chapter documents shoreline changes of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka State for the period between 1967 and 2005 studied by comparing the SOI topographic maps with IRS-1C/1D LISS-III satellite imageries through GIS techniques. Examination of coastal geomorphology, sediment flux and effectiveness of seawalls had indicated that the 130km long coastline of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts is essentially stable, but for seasonal variations. It has been estimated that, out of 130km, about 55km long coast is vulnerable to sea erosion, of which, 25km is covered byseawalls and covering another 10km length underway. It is revealed through field examination that protection of coastline through these measures is satisfactory only along few patches while other stretches of seawalls simply shift the zone of erosion to adjacent coastline owing to many reasons including quality of construction, unscientific positioning of seawalls, etc. It is also inferred that same is the case of many other coastlines elsewhere including Kerala coast. These experiences warrant scientific design and implementation of coastline protection measures.

INTRODUCTION

The 130km long coastal zone of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts is one of the densely populated coastal zones of India. The coastline is almost straight, regular and oriented towards N22°W, N12°W and N6°W directions at south of Mangalore, north of Mangalore and north of Malpe respectively. Barrier beaches and spits, ancient beach ridges, marshes, swamps and tidal flats characterize this zone. Natural features and man-made structures interrupt the shoreline. The natural features include estuarine mouths of Netravati-Gurpur rivers near Mangalore, Mulki-Pavanje rivers near Mulki, Udyavara river near Malpe, Sita-Swarna rivers near Barkur, Kollur-Chakra-Haladi rivers near Kundapur and rock exposures near Someshwar, Surathkal, Mulur, Kapu and north of Malpe (Fig. 1). The man-made structures include one major and four minor ports; breakwaters at the Netravati-Gurpur estuary, New Mangalore Port and Malpe harbor and a number of seawalls placed at various places along the coastline (Fig. 2). All these structures/features bring about local irregularity and contribute to erosion and accretion along the shoreline to some extent. Apart from these, source of beach material, coastal processes like wave refraction, longshore current, littoral drift etc.

ntroduction

The marketing systems and post-harvest marketing infrastructure have not been able to keep pace with the growing production and marketable surplus. This has brought to the fore, the need for providing farmers with access to competitive markets with adequate infrastructure including cold chain logistics, to enable them to realise better prices on the one hand and providing nutritious food to consumers at stable and affordable prices on the other. With this objective in view, the Government of India on 13th November, 2013 approved the proposal of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation for continuation and integration of ongoing Central Sector Schemes as Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (ISAM) during the XII Plan (2012-2017). The ISAM have the following five sub schemes: (i) Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI) [the existing schemes of Grameen Bhandaran Yojana (GBY) and Development/Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization (AMIGS) will be merged as AMI] (ii) Marketing Research and Information Network (MRIN) (iii) Strengthening of Agmark Grading Facilities (SAGF), (iv) 

Introduction

Organic farming in floriculture represents a transformative shift towards sustainable and environmentally responsible agricultural practices, responding to the increasing demand for eco-friendly products worldwide. As awareness of the detrimental impacts of chemical pesticides, synthetic fertilizers and monoculture farming grows, consumers and producers alike are increasingly embracing organic methods. This transition is not merely a trend but a necessary evolution towards preserving ecological balance, promoting biodiversity and ensuring the long-term health of both human populations and the planet.The organic farming in floriculture is expansive, encompassing a holistic approach that integrates ecological principles into every aspect of f lower cultivation. Organic floriculture avoids synthetic chemicals, opting instead for natural alternatives that foster healthy soil, robust plant growth and resilient ecosystems. Key practices included in organic farming are crop rotation, green manuring, composting and biological pest control, all of which contribute to maintaining soil fertility and preventing pest outbreaks without harming the environment. These practices help create a self-sustaining system where natural processes regulate plant health, reducing the need for external inputs and enhancing the resilience of the agro-ecosystem.

Fats are obtained from both animal and vegetable sources. The principal animal fats are cream, butter, egg yolk, the fat of beef, mutton, pork, bone marrow, chicken fat, and codliver oil. Vegetable fats are those derived from fruits and seeds of plant, as olive oil, cottonsed oil, corn oil, peanut oil, soyabean oil and nut oils.

COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FATS

Fats and oils, the most concentrated of fuel foods, were the first of the organic compounds or foods to have their composition determined. They are made up of same three elements which go to produce the carbohydrates, but the oxygen is less in proportion to the carbon. This explains the fact that fat yields more energy per gram than carbohydrates do.

1. INTRODUCTION

Landscaping is a branch of ornamental horticulture having aesthetic and beautifying value which freshens up the atmosphere, enhances the look of the environment and improves beauty of land. In the area of landscaping, it is beneficial to know about ground covers (grasses etc), hedging plants, and focus plants that will complement one another.

A garden by definition is a piece of land devoted to growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, shrubbery and turf. Gardens brighten their surroundings and they add to the beauty of the landscape. The types of flowers that can be grown in a garden depend on the size of the garden, its location and the amount of sunshine and shade it gets.

The occurrence of periods of water deficit for crop production, referred to as climatic drought, is commonly observed and leads to low water availability for crops. Besides climatic drought, crop water stress may also result from low levels of plant available water in the soil profile due either to the existence of physical barriers to water infiltration (e.g., surface sealing) or to soil chemical or physical limitations to plant root growth and root water uptake. Drought resulting from such factors will be referred to as edaphic drought since it is caused by soil specific conditions rather than by limited rainwater supply, and can occur even under conditions of sufficient and well-distributed rainfall. Finally, even where water is very scarce, particularly in the driest areas, a surprisingly small proportion of the available water is actually transpired by the crop. Non-productive losses include surface runoff, deep drainage, evaporation from the soil surface and deep cracks, and transpiration by weeds. Dry land farming is a system of crop cultivation depending on rainfall as the only source of moisture and the technologies refers to the cropping pattern/ rotation and agronomic practices adjusted and adopted in accordance with the moisture regime. The crops selected should have short duration, deep root system, erect leaves, moderate tillering and photosynthetically efficient.

7.1. BioNET International

7.1.1. What is BioNet International

BioNET-International, is the Global Network for Taxonomy, and is dedicated to creating sustainable mechanisms to assist developing countries to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment by becoming self-reliant in taxonomy i.e. self-reliant in the skills, infrastructure (collections etc.) and technologies needed to discover, identify, name and classify and to understand the relationships of all organisms on this planet.

It is concerned with helping developing countries to recognise and know the organisms that constitute and threaten their biodiversity, not for taxonomy’s own sake, but rather to support national programmes for sustainable agricultural development, and conservation and sustainable use of the environment.

BioNET-International is particularly focused on helping countries implement the various environmental conventions such as the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC; www.ippc.int) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; www.biodiv.org), especially its taxonomic capacity building compnent, the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI). The subregional networks of BioNET-International have been identified as appropriate structures through which much of the GTI (www.biodiv.org/programmes/cross-cutting/taxonomy/default.asp) can be effectively implemented.

A

Abdomen: Area between the keel and the pubic (hip) bones.

Abdominal capacity: The distance between the two public bones (width) and between the pubic bones and the tip of the keel (depth).

Addled: An egg where the contents are decomposing.

Air cell: The air space between the two shell membranes, usually at the large end of the egg.

Albumen: The white of an egg.

Alektorophobia: The fear of chickens.

Allantois: A sac connected to the embryo’s abdomen and involved in embryo respiration.

Amnion: A sac surrounding the embry filled with amniotic fluid which protects the developing embryo from shock and provides a medium for the develop embryo to exercise their muscles.

Antibody: A natural substance in the blood that recognizes and destroys foreign invaders and that causes an immune response to vaccination or infection.

Anticoccidial: An anticoccidial drug used to treat or prevent coccidiosis.

Antigen: A foreign protein in the blood that differs from nautral body proteins and, as a result, stimulates the natural production of antibodies.

Artificial insemination: The introduction of semen into the female oviduct by methods other than by natural mating.

As hatched: Description of a group of chicks that have not been sorted.

Meaning – Points to be considered in public speaking – Effective public speaking: Group Discussion: Meaning – Procedure – Advantages – Limitations; Seminar Conferences: Definition and meaning – Steps in organizing seminar / conferences/ symposium / workshop

Definition

Public speaking is the process and act of speaking or giving a lecture to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening audience. Public speaking is commonly understood as face-to-face speaking between individuals and an audience for the purpose of communication. It is closely allied to “presenting”, although the latter is more often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public speaking is to persuade the audience.

Public speaking can serve the purpose of transmitting information, telling a story, motivating people to act or some combination of those. This type of speech is deliberately structured with three general purposes: to inform, to persuade and to entertain. Knowing when public speaking is most effective and how it is done properly is a key part in understanding the importance of it.

Points to be considered in public speaking

1. Prepare to succeed

The single most important thing you can do to make your next presentation successful is to be prepared. That means make time for some serious practice. Experts suggest you spend 60% of your time to prepare your content and slides and 40% of your time to practice.

2. Say it correctly

Part of good preparation is double-checking the pronunciation of any tricky words—especially jargon. Your correct pronunciation and knowledge of industry terms lends credibility to your presentation.

15.1 Sample Objective Question

1. Which one is related to deposition of Micro-organism?
   1. Madrid Agreement
   2. Berne Convention
   3. Budapest Treaty
   4. Patent Cooperation Treaty.
2. WTO was officially commenced in the year...........
   1. 1970
   2. 2003
   3. 2005
   4. 1995
3. Which one is related to protection of Trademarks
   1. Madrid Agreement
   2. Berne Convention
   3. Budapest treaty
   4. None of these
4. One of the four patent office is...........
   1. Patna
   2. Banglore
   3. Varanasi
   4. Mumbai

Introduction

“Quality” refers to the aesthetic appearance and freshness of fish. It also involves safety aspects such as being free from harmful bacteria, parasites or chemicals. The best quality fish is the one consumed within the first few hours after postmortem. We studied in our previous chapters that in some instances, even very fresh fish in rigor mortis are unsuitable for filleting. So, slightly older fish in post-rigor are more desirable for the processors.

The assessment methods of fish quality are divided into sensory, instrumental, chemical and microbiological. Sensory method is superior and all other methods must correlate with the results of sensory evaluation. So, sensory method must be done more scientifically under controlled conditions without the effects of test environment, personal bias, etc.

4.1. Sensory Methods

Sensory evaluation is defined as the scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret reactions characteristics of fish, as perceived through the senses of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. There are few instruments capable of measuring sensory profile viz. Instron for texture, electronic nose for odour, microscopic imaging for structure, etc.

In sensory evaluation, appearance, odour, flavour and texture of fish are evaluated by the human senses. The process involves three steps: (1) detection of a stimulus by the human sense organs, (2) evaluation and interpretation by a mental process; and (3) the response of the assessor to the stimuli. The response of stimuli varies among individuals e.g. some people cannot taste rancid flavour and some have low response to cold-storage flavour.