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India is home to largest milch animal population, totalling around 100 million cattle and buffalo (out of total population of 300 million) spread over 6.5 million census villages. India is the largest milk producer with CAGR of 4.5%, likely to go up to 5%, which is likely to create around 20 million jobs every year. The most significant factor is that dairy industry is likely to exceed IT industry in employment generation. In year 2018, India produced 146 million tonnes of milk contributing 26% of the agriculture GDP.

But the foundation of dairy industry is economically vulnerable as per animal productivity and fertility are very low leading to meagre profits and frequent demands to enhance procurement price. National schemes like Operation Flood, National Dairy Plan-I and National Dairy Plan II, largely focussed on milk collection, processing, distribution and organising farmers but the animal component has been neglected. Enhancing per animal productivity by empowering farmers to scientific management and breeding to achieve genetic improvement needs urgent attention. Although numerous technologies to improve health and genetics are available but the single most important gap is failure to deliver these to farmers. Unlike western world, India has not been able to develop modern veterinary service delivery models. In order to cater to breeding and health services of cattle and buffalo (300 million in numbers) and also pet animals in rural areas and small towns, huge manpower and infrastructure will be required.

Introduction
Video and audio editing encompass two primary modes: online and offline editing, each critical for producing high-quality, synchronized media content. Online editing refers to real-time editing with high-resolution files, typically as a final step in the post-production workflow. Offline editing involves working with lower-resolution copies or proxies of footage for easier manipulation and organization, saving time and computational resources. Both techniques hold unique advantages and can be integrated depending on project requirements, available resources, and editing goals.
Section 1: Understanding Offline Editing
1.1 Overview of Offline Editing
Offline editing is the preliminary editing stage where editors work with lower-resolution copies of the original footage to perform initial edits. This approach optimizes efficiency, as low-resolution files consume less storage and processing power. Common in projects with extensive footage, such as feature films, documentaries, and complex multimedia presentations, offline editing allows editors to focus on the structure, sequencing, and timing of content without concerns over resource demands.

Fish-Cattle Integrated Farming blends aquaculture with cattle husbandry, fostering a mutually beneficial system where animal waste supports fish production. This integration increases productivity, cuts costs, and provides diverse income and food sources. Organisms resulting from indirect feeding are protein-rich (50–60% dry weight), so carbohydrate-based agricultural waste like rice bran can serve as direct feed. This blend of indirect and direct feeding—animal manure plus agricultural by-products—enhances fish yields. Jhingran and Khan (1979) found that an initial application of 10,000– 15,000 kg/ha of cow dung is a cost-effective way to fertilize ponds. Staggered applications—10,000 kg/ha 15 days before stocking and 5,000 kg/ha 7 days after— sustain plankton productivity. Adding 1 kg/ha manganese (MnSO?.H?O) following 20 kg/ha P?O? also boosts plankton growth. For nursery ponds, a fertilizer mix includes 150 kg of superphosphate, 50 kg of triple phosphate, 700 kg of cow dung or equivalent, and 700 kg of oilcake, all turned into a paste and spread across the pond. It is then inoculated with 30–50 ml of Daphnia and Moina. Two days after stocking, 350 kg oilcake and 87.5 kg cattle dung/ha are applied. At the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, rearing ponds were treated with 11,230 kg/ha cow dung 10 days before stocking. A mix of ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and calcium ammonium nitrate in a ratio of 11:5:1 was applied at 690 kg/ha two months post-stocking. For production ponds, the advised input includes 1000+ kg cattle dung, 560– 1200 kg poultry manure, and 5000 kg green compost/ha. The standard inorganic fertilizer mix is N:P:K = 18:8:4. CIFRI reports good results from combined application of 20,000–25,000 kg cow dung/ha/year (in 7–11 doses) with ammonium sulphate + superphosphate + calcium nitrate (1380–1725 kg/ha/year in 4–10 doses).

Medicinal and aromatic plants have been known for millennia and are rich source of therapeutic and cosmetic agents for the prevention of health diseases and critical skin ailments. India is the rich source for the medicinal and aromatic plants and export many plant parts for the research work to the many countries as raw materials. The major market in the world for essential oils is the United States, followed by Japan and Europe. However, production continues to be concentrated in Europe, with seven of the world’s largest essential oil processing firms. In the United States, the major users of essential oils are the soft drink companies. Japan accounts for 10 % of the world demand. The Canadian market is domi­nated by the United States perfume and flavouring industry. France is dominating the world perfumery market, and Switzerland is one of the leaders in the pharma-ceutical field. Britain and India are known to feature strongly in the flavouring sector. The essential oil industry is characterised by a number of difficulties, including lack of stable quality, inconsistent supplies, and variability of active ingredients owing to environmental effects. Even though according to World Health Organization, herbal medicines are lucrative globally and represent a steady high market value in every year.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most popular crop and source of food for more than one-third of the world’s population. About 90 % of the world’s rice is grown in Asia and more than 3 billion Asians rely on rice for 30–75 % of their total calories (Braun and Bos 2004). It has been cultivated in four different ecosystems viz., irrigated, rainfed low land, upland and flood-prone (Halwart and Gupta, 2004). Since rice planting has been started around 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, the level of diversity would be more than it expected. The genetic diversity plays a major role in survival and adaptability of a species, as changes happen in environment. Organism needs to make changes in the phenotype that enables it to adapt and survive in unfavorable conditions. The inadequate knowledge on diversity of a species reduces the chance of widening the genetic base of that species. The venture of green revolution in Indian agriculture has narrowed down the genetic base of any popular crops. Therefore, collection, conservation and utilization of germplasm are very much needed in the present scenario for improving the varieties against biotic and abiotic stress.

Morphological and biochemical trait based diversity studies being largely influenced by environment as phenotype and/or enzymes are altered by the environmental and developmental changes. Therefore, adapting DNA based molecular markers for genetic diversity studies would be more reliable to overcome the environmental influence. Being molecular markers as a versatile tool, it establishes its strong holds in several fields of life science. Molecular marker based technique does not require DNA sequencing but it is generally based on nucleic acid hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR based tests has several advantages over hybridization technique as it is cheaper, speedy and sensitivity. Therefore, PCR based markers have been used extensively in genetic diversity study for assessing genetic variation within the species. The recent advent of molecular and computational tools now enables the estimation of genetic diversity and allele frequency between the genotypes easy.

1.    Rhizome rot/soft rot
        
2.    Leaf spot
        
3.    Yellows disease
        
4.    Banded leaf blight
        
5.    Cercoseptoria leaf spot
        
6.    Bacterial wilt

INTRODUCTION

Variability in different organisms is common feature and is an important process for the continuity of life under stress conditions. Plant pathogens especially fungi, bacteria, virus and nematode show variations in their pathogenic potential (virulence) and physiological functions that support their survival and perpetuation in different environmental conditions. These variations may be largely due to genetic factors that may be conditioned by environmental factors. Various studies on genetic variability of microbial plant pathogens have shown that variations may occur in characters which affect their ability to infect host plants and also other characters that do not alter the pathogenic potential, but they may be concerned with their survival. Knowledge of variation in pathogenic characteristics is valuable in planning effective measures for disease management. In addition, development of resistant to fungicides has been a serious concern to growers, researchers as well as the administrators, since the decision to continue application or withdrawal of a fungicide can affect both the growers and industry.

Biometrical genetics: This is a branches of genetics which uses the statistical concept and procedures for the study of genetic principles.

Local government is essential for responsive governance, citizen participation, effective service delivery, and sustainable development at the grassroots level. It ensures that decisions are made with the best interests of the community in mind, leading to improved quality of life and overall well-being for its residents. Local government ensures that decision-making is participatory, responsive, and tailored to the needs of the community, promoting effective governance and sustainable development at the grassroots level.

The quality of essential oils is very complex. An individual oil may have hundreds of ingredients, the principle components being a group of complex substances known as terpenes and their compounds or derivatives. Due to this reason a single essence has a wide range of therapeutic actions.
The chemical constituents of plants are of two kinds: products of primary metabolism and products of secondary metabolism. The first are mainly carbohydrates, amino acids and fixed oils produced by light-absorbing (photosynthetic) processes. The latter group of chemicals arises from the primary metabolites. They include glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloid and essential oils. Essential oils lack the water soluble constituents such as tannins,
bitter compounds sugar, mucilages and pectins, playing important role in the medical action of the plant.
The essential oils have been credited with possessing almost all therapeutic properties in a concentrated form. The therapeutic properties of the whole oil are that result of synergism: an interaction of all its chemical constituents working harmoniously together so that the whole essential oil becomes more potent than the sum of its individual parts.
The essential oil lacks certain chemical compounds found in the raw plant material. It is still a highly complex substance, that it cannot be replicated in the laboratory. Even though high-tech processes such as gas liquid chromatography (GLC) can separate out main constituents of essential oils. By looking at the chromatogram, it is impossible to isolate the numerous trace elements including number of unidentified compounds which make up
the whole.

Bovine pulmonary emphysema (BPE), also known as atypical interstitialm pneumonia (AIP) or fog fever is a respiratory condition in cattle characterized by the over-distension of alveoli in the lungs due to the destruction of alveolar walls. This results in impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress. The condition is more common in adult beef cattle, particularly those exposed to sudden dietary changes or grazing lush pastures rich in tryptophan. BPE can cause significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses in affected herds.
Etiology
Bovine pulmonary emphysema (BPE) occurs when cattle are exposed to factors that damage the pulmonary system, particularly:
1. Lush pastures: Sudden introduction to green, high-protein pastures such as alfalfa, clover, or brassicas leads to excess production of toxic metabolites.
2. Dietary tryptophan: Lush pastures are high in L-tryptophan, which is converted in the rumen into 3-methylindole (3-MI), a toxic compound that damages lung tissue.
3. Dust and environmental irritants: Prolonged exposure to airborne irritants like dust, molds, or smoke can cause chronic lung injury.
4. Viral infections: Respiratory infections caused by viruses like bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) or parainfluenza virus can predispose cattle to BPE.

Lectins are sugar-binding proteins or glycoprotein of non-immune origin. In 1954 William C. Boyd alone and then together with Elizabeth Shapleigh introduced term ‘lectin’ from the Latin word lego- ‘chosen’ (from the verb legere ‘to choose’ or ‘pick out’).The earliest description of a lectin is believed to have been given by Peter Hermann Stillmark in his doctoral thesis presented in 1888 to the University of Dorpat. Stillmark isolated ricin, an extremely toxic hemagglutinin, from seeds of the castor plant (Ricinus communis).
History
Lectins, although first discovered more than 100 years ago in plants, and defined by their ability to selectively recognize specific carbohydrate structures, are ubiquitous in living organisms and throughout nature. Long before a deeper understanding of their numerous biological functions, the plant lectins, also known as phytohemagglutinins, were noted for their particularly high specificity for foreign HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoconjugate glycoconjugates (e.g. those of fungi, invertebrates, and animals) and used in biomedicine for blood cell testing and in biochemistry for fractionation.
Hundreds of lectins of plant and animal origin have been described, and the list continues to increase. The first lectin to be purified on a large scale and available on a commercial basis was concanavalin A, which is now the mostused lectin for characterization and purification of sugar-containing molecules and cellular structures. The legume lectins are probably the most well-studied lectins.

As homogeneity is a basic criterion, it is important to know the solubility of solutes, which is a temperature dependent property. Besides temperature, solubility is influenced by the acidity (pH) of the solvent due to the acid-base character of the solute. Bases tend to dissolve better in acidic solutions, whereas acids do in basic solutions. Therefore, one often needs to change the pH of solutions accordingly. As the most widely used concentration units (molarity, w/v% and v/v%) refer the amount of solute in a given volume of the solution, it is the volume of the complete solution that must be set to the desired (calculated) value thus, one must consider not only the solvent but the solute(s) as well. Another reason why one must add the solute(s) to an amount of solvent which is less than the final volume might be that one will need to set the pH subsequently in order to enhance solubility and/or to reach a desired pH value. The volume of acid or base solutions used for pH setting is usually not known in advance and is not negligible. If the solute was initially dissolved in the final desired volume, one would exceed this volume during pH setting (even if the volume of the solute is negligible) and, thus, the solution would not have the desired (calculated) concentration but a smaller (and mostly unknown) one. Thus, according to the correct procedure, one must take into consideration the fact that the final volume will contain the volume of the buffering component. value particularly in the case of dissolving proteins, which have a tendency to stick to the bottom of the dish, thereby making dissolution substantially slower.

When avoidance or tolerance of frost is not possible and frost damage is inevitable, the active methods of frost protection are the way out for the protection of the fruit plantations. The methods which are employed just before or during a frost event for avoiding freeze damage are called Active Frost Protection Methods.

Scanning electron-microscopes are available nowadays which operate at high vacuum as well as low vacuum mode. Low vacuum mode allows viewing of wet samples, but compromise on very high resolution and high magnification images. In high vacuum mode the samples must be absolutely dry and free of any organic contaminants to avoid gas molecules interfering with both the primary electron beam and the secondary or backscattered electrons emitted from the sample. Biological specimens which are largely composed of water, necessitate additional preparatory steps to ensure that structure of the organism is retained in its natural form.
Sample preparation is essential in scanning electron microscopy. Improper sample preparations can undermine the quality of results and lead to false conclusions. SEM, unlike TEM, allows the processing of larger sized organisms and tissues. For Biological samples the smallest representative sample size should be used as the microscope’s detection capacity is as much as 1μm from the sample surface.
Samples for SEM preparations are normally collected by biopsy/ dissection/ sacrificing of an animal to remove tissues from the main body. Incisions should be done with fresh sharp blades to avoid tissue deformation from the physical forces applied with blunt blades. Collected samples should be immediately transferred to vial containing the fixative for fixation.
Microbial cultures fixation of bacteria and fungus needs to be carried out under strict safety measures. Biosafety cabinets should be used wherever possible and sample should be removed from the biosafety cabinets only after the

Abstract

The present paper examines the effect of fodder cutting and uprooting activity on the cardiovascular system of farm women. The research design comprised of field study conducted on 30 farm women. The activity of cutting and uprooting were studied with the traditional tools as well as with the improved tools. Newly designed and developed slashing knife and uprooter were provided to the respondents for performing the activity of cutting and uprooting. The results revealed significant reduction in average working heart rate (2.08** - cutting and 4.99** - uprooting; Significant at 5% level) and peak heart rate (-3.55**- cutting and 1.70**- uprooting; Significant at 5% level).  It was found that there was significant reduction in muscular stress after use of improved tools over the existing tools.

13.1. CONTAMINATION

MICROFLORA: The flora of living fish depends upon the microbial contents of the waters in which they live. The slime in the outer surface of the fish contain bacteria of the genera: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Corynebacetrium, Bacillus, Sarcina, Serratia and Vibrio. The same species of bacteria are found in shrimps, crabs, lobsters and similar sea foods. Oysters and Shell fish that pass large amount of water through their bodies, pick-up soil and water microorganisms in this way including human pathogens. Common spoilage microorganisms of fish include species of Pseudomonas, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter, found mainly in marine fish, and Bacillus and Micrococcus, found in freshwater fish. Fish may also contain pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Pathogenic contamination is of special concern with mollusks because they are often eaten raw and as whole animals.

SOURCES: Boats, boxes, bins, fish houses and fishermen are the sources of contamination of these bacteria. The bacterial population ranges from few hundred to few million per square centimeter. Because of their soft tissues and aquatic environment, fish are extremely susceptible to microbial contamination. At the time of harvest, fish carry a high microbial load on the surface of their skin, in their intestinal tract, and in their gills. The type and number of microorganisms that live in fish vary according to the season, the species, and the natural habitat. Additional contamination may occur during the harvesting, handling, or processing of the fish. Harvested fish must be immediately stored in a low-temperature environment such as ice or refrigerated seawater. This chilling process slows the growth of microorganisms that live in fish and inhibits the activity of enzymes. Because fish have a lower body temperature, softer texture, and less connective tissue than land animals, they are much more susceptible to microbial contamination and structural degradation. If immediate chilling is not possible, then the fish must generally be sold and eaten on the day of the harvest.

DEFINITION

Fore casting involves all the activities in ascertaining and notifying the grower of community that conditions are sufficiently favourable for certain diseases, that application of control measures will result in economic gain or on the other hand, and just as important that the amount expected is unlikely to be enough to justify the expenditure of time , energy and money for control. The above statement made explicit distinction between positive forecast and negative forecast and both have value for growers as well as society in general.

Positive forecast: Employs need based chemical sprays, provides adequate protection to crop and reduces damage to environment.

Negative forecast: Avoids unnecessary chemical sprays, no risk to the crop health and no disruption of environment.