eChapters

• 52% use of the fruit of total weight.
• Comprising 78% juice and 22% seeds
• CIAH – Central Institutes for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner.
• Cultivars – Alandi or Vadki, Bassein Seedless, Dholka Ganesh, Jalore Seedless, Jyothi, Kabul, Kandhari, Paper Shell, Muskat Red, G-132, G-107, G-137, P-13, P-16, P-23, P-26.
• Hybrid – Mridul – Ganesh × Gul-E-Shah Red (fruit spot infection)
• Ruby – M
• Type of inflorescence is Hypanthodium.
• Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit crop.
• It is commercially propagated by hardwood cutting.
• Fruit cracking happens due to baron deficiency and water imbalance.
• HDP - (5 m × 2 m)- 1000/ha

  (5 m × 5 m)- 400/ha

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) commonly known as ‘Anar’, is an ancient favourite table fruit of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It belongs to family, Punicaceae. There is a great diversity in pomegranate. Originated in southern Asia and said to be native from Iran to the Himalayas in the northern India (Sandhu and Gill, 2013). The orcharding of pomegranate is somewhat expansive and skilful job. The perennial nature of fruit take longer period to come to bearing stage (3-4 years). Thereafter due to neglect in management practices the annual production, many a times compels the orchardist have to go for distress sale of entire poor quality produce. But, the successful commercial fruit production with increased quality production has made significant contribution to economic development of the grower and ultimately those in the growing region in sustainable manner.

1.1 Introduction

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a well-known table fruit of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The Romans received it from Carthage, hence the name of the genus Punica. Some botanists place it in the family Lythraceae, of the peculiar type of fruit, called as balausta, most authorities make it the only genus in the family Punicaceae. It belongs to genera Punica and family Punicaceae (Chatterjee & Randhawa, 1952; Joshi, 1956). It is a small tree, measuring less than 4 m when cultivated, although it can reach 7 m in the wild. Recent research findings corroborate traditional use of pomegranate as a medical remedy as all parts of this plant have several bioactive metabolites (Holland et al. 2009). Consequently, its demand has increased tremendously not only in the western world but also in other parts of the globe.

Pomegranate, Punica granatum is a non-climacteric fruit belonging to smallest Botanical family Punicaceae. In India, Maharashtra is a leading producer of pomegranate followed by Gujarat. Around 90 pests are reported to feed on pomegranate plant out of which only few are of economic concern. The major insect pests and mites are discussed herewith:

Anar butterfly, Deudorix epijarbas (Moore); D. isocrates (Fabricius); (Lycaenidae: Lepidoptera)

Pomegranate fruit borer, commonly known as anar butterfly is a polyphagous direct pest found throughout the country. In addition to pomegranate, it also feeds on number of crops viz. litchi, citrus, loquat, guava, sapota, aonla etc. Even the wild pomegranate is heavily infested by the fruit borer. Two species namely Deudorix epijarbas and D. isocrates are reported feeding on pomegranate out of which the former is found in hilly terrain of Northern India whereas, the latter exists in the plains of the country. The eggs are glossy, light green and shiny. The larva is dark brown with short hairs and bears whitish patches all over the body (Plate 9d). The full fed larva measures 17-20mm. The adult of D. epijarbas is a brownish butterfly with an orange patch in the

Fruit borer (Anar butterfly): Deudorix(Virachola) isocrates; D. epijarbas: :Lycaenidae

This is a pest distributed all over India and adjoining countries .It has a host range covering apple, gooseberry ber, citrus, guava, litchi, loquat, peach, mulberry, pear, sapota and  tamarind. Adult is a beautiful glossy bluish to brownish violet butterfly with an orange patch on forewings and a tail in the hind wing.

Pomegranate is one of the important fruits of tropical and sub tropical regions. It is also cultivated in semi arid and arid tracts of the country but requires irrigation facilities for better quality of fruits production. Pomegranate is used as fresh and making delicious juice. In India, it is cultivated for domestic consumption and export. Versatile adaptability, hardy nature, less cost in orchard management, low irrigation water requirement as compared to other commercial fruit crops, high yield potential, fine table and therapeutical values and excellent keeping quality has made this fruit more lucrative and remunerative (Sharma et al., 2014).

In global market, India plays a significant role of export of fruits. Recently exports of pomegranate from India have increased and extended to several countries. India stands firmly at third position with 14% market share in pomegranate export after China and Iran.

The annual export of pomegranate fruits from India is about 67, 892 metric tonnes (MT) amounting to revenue of ‘688 crore (Annon, 2019). For export purpose, Phule Arakta, Bhagawa, Super Bhagawa and Mridula varieties are suitable (Anon, 2003).

The highest importer of Indian pomegranate is Gulf countries led by United Arab Emirates (19,000 MT) followed by South East Asian Countries prominently, Bangladesh (10,500 MT) and Nepal (10,000 MT). Among European countries the biggest exporter is Netherlands (4,449 MT) followed by UK (576 MT). Recently, India has also started exporting fresh pomegranate to USA to the tune of 209 MT generating a revenue of 11 crore ((Annon, 2019).

7.1. Introduction

The integrated farming system (IFS) is becoming increasingly important for effective farm resource management in order to increase farm productivity, reduce environmental degradation, improve the quality of life for resource-poor farmers, and ensure sustainability. Integration happens when one production sub-system's outputs (typically by-products) are used as inputs in another within the farm unit (Radhammani et al., 2003; Lightfoot and Minnick, 1991). IFS are a mixed farming system made up of at least two distinct but logically linked components of crop and animal enterprises. The integrated farming system is effective in reducing risk, increasing productivity and revenues, and improving the use of organic waste and agricultural leftovers.

Pongamia pinnata or Mellettia pinnata or Pongamia glabra or Derris indica (2n=2x=22) is a tropical ever green fast growing leguminous tree, with glabrous, glossy and deciduous leaves. The tree is native to India and South Asia and also found in Oceania.

Indication -To know the method of POP bandaging technique.

Method of preparation of POP bandage rolls-

A gauze bandage of 6" or 4" width is spread on a clean floor. Plaster of paris powder is spread uniformly over the entire length of bandage & is folded into roll bandage. In this way 4-6 bandage rolls are prepared.fig-1(a)&(b)

Method of preparation of pop bandage splints

The length of the prepared pop splint is determined by measuring the entire length of fractured bone along with the joint below and above the fractured site) are measured. This much of length of gauze is spread for splint preparation.

POP powder is impregnated upon gauze. The gauze is again spread over this much of length in this manner sprinkling of POP powder & overlapping gauze bandage upto 4-6 layer are continued [fig-1 (b)]

Definition

Compound fracture is a type of fracture in which a broken piece of bone protrudes to outside rupturing the skin with a risk of further infection.

Procedure of management

Clean and flush thoroughly the exposed bone using sterile NS followed by sterile medicated NS (NS with antibiotic or antiseptic). Figure (1)

Mop dry the wound thoroughly.

Apply topical antiseptic or antibiotic.

Put the bone inside the part.

With a sterile artery forcep fix a flushing catheter within the wound at its higher level. Figure (2)

Cover the wound over fracture site with sterile soft padded absorbent cotton padding. Figure (2)

The joint below and above of the fracture site covered with thick layered padded cloth before application of POP cast. Figure (3)

POP cast is wrapped as per the conventional procedure over the fracture site covering the joint below and above. Figure (4)

INTRODUCTION

Total forest cover in India is 70.17 million ha or 21.34% of the total geographical area according to the State of Forest Report 2015. Of this, 8.59 million ha (2.61%) is very dense forest, 31.54 million ha (9.59%) is moderately dense and rest of 30.04 million ha (9.14%) is open. The trees outside forest (TOF) are estimated to cover 9.26 million ha area which constitutes about 2.82% of the total geographical area of the country.  Thus the total forest and tree cover of the country is 24.16% of the total geographical area. The estimates of total growing stock of forest and TOF are 4.195 billion m3 and 1.573 billion m3, respectively. The total growing stock of wood in the county is estimated to be at 5.678 billion m3 which implies an average growing stock of 72.63 m3 ha-1 in 79.42 million ha of forest and tree cover (FSI 2016).

Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum Linn.) is just what one might think – the mature seed of a beautiful flower, known and used for at least 5000 years. Native of the Mediterranean region, as are so many of spice seeds and herbs, Poppies were taken to India and the East by Islamic missionaries, more than a thousand years ago. Poppy seed is so tiny that one pod may contain up to 30000 seeds and it takes some 9,000,000 seeds to weigh one pound! Each seed has a tiny droplet of nut-sweet oil which explains its flavor appeal. Although poppy seed comes from the same plant which produces opium, the seed cannot form until after the plant has matured to the point where it has lost all of its opium potential. Therefore, there is absolutely no narcotic content in poppy seed. Poppy seed is grown in the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, the Balkan countries, Turkey, Argentina, and, to some extent, India. Poppy is cultivated either for the manufacture of opium or for its seeds. In India,variety album (Papaver somniferum Linn. var. album) of Poppy with white seeds has been cultivated for many years for the production of seeds under license in Dehra Doon and Tehri Garhwal districts of former Uttar Prdesh (now Uttarakhand), in India. It is also grown in Jalandhar, Patiala, Kapurthala, and, Hoshiarpur of Punjab State, in India, and, also in some districts of Madhya Pradesh, in India. The continuation of cultivation of Poppy for Poppy heads and Poppy seeds was reviewed by the All India Narcotics Conference in 1956, and, on its recommendation, the State Government of Punjab banned the cultivation of Poppy for Poppy heads for the manufacture of opium for a maximum period of 4 years, by which time, it was expected that necessary developmental measures would be taken to enable the cultivation of alternative crops in lieu of opium Poppy. In India, best seeds are obtained when the capsules have not been incised for extraction of opium. The crop is

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH

The evolution of man took place about one million years ago in response to changes in the physical environment. We learnt gradually to adapt different modes of life to varying environments and migrated different parts of the world. Human activities have had their impact on the environment, which was depending on the number of people living in  the area and  their level  of economic development. Per capita consumption of food, energy and other resources in developed countries is larger and its impact on the environment is much greater than equal number of persons living in developing countries in Africa or Asia. Therefore, the distribution of population needs to be examined in detail.

Abstract

Population dynamics studies of phytoparasitic nematodes (mainly 2nd stage juveniles of root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne incognita) in the rhizosphere of persimmon (Diospyros kaki ) orchard, were carried out, in relation to seasonal fluctuations. There was recorded remarkable impact of temperature on the nematode population.  Highest nematode populations (7148/ 200 cc soil) were recorded during May, when temperature was maximum; 22.9^ºC (15.7- 30.0^ºC). Least population density of the nematode were extracted during January when temperature remained minimum; 7.9^ºC (2.4-13.3^ºC). However, relative humidity during entire course of investigation did not show any considerable impact on the population fluctuation of the nematode. With the fall in temperature from July onwards up to January (22.6- 7.9 ^ºC) there was gradual decline in the nematode population (3813- 468/ 200 cc soil), showing thereby that nematode populations in the rhizosphere is directly affected by the prevailing temperature and thereby soil temperature.

India produced 121.8 MT milk during the year 2011-12 and continued to rank first in world milk production. India contributed 16 % of world milk production. As per 2010 statistic, India with 12.5 % of world cattle population contributed 8.4 % in world cow milk and  with 56.7 % of world buffalo population contributed  67.45 % in world buffalo milk. In total milk production of India, contribution of crossbreds, indigenous cattle and buffalo were 23 %, 20% and 53%, respectively.

Abstract

Amongst various soil-borne diseases of apple, white root rot (Dematophora necatrix) causes severe losses both in nursery as well as in grown up orchards and is a limiting factor in raising healthy nursery of apple. Seedlings are killed within a short period depending upon the age of the host and environmental factors. The present investigations were, therefore, undertaken to study the population dynamics of VAM fungi in rhizosphere soil  of apple plant alone and in combination with green amendments and its role in disease suppression. The study revealed that there was variation in population dynamics of VAM fungi alone and in combination with green amendments. It was observed that apple seedlings grown in VAM inoculated fungi (Glomus sp. and Glomus heterosporum) and green amended   soils had more VAM population and colonization in roots than non-amended (minus crop residue) soils after pathogen inoculation. The population of Glomus sp.(350/100gm soil) was maximum in soybean+ Glomus sp. inoculated soil and it was observed that VAM fungi and crop residues in combination suppresses the disease to maximum extent as compared to their alone effect and only 8.7 per cent disease index was recorded in apple seedlings inoculated with mungbean+ Glomus sp. followed by 16.03% in soybean+ Glomus sp. inoculated seedlings.

38.1 Introduction

To fishery management, understanding the abundance of a given species population is critical to the success of that species’ fishery. In this context, a fish population is a naturally occurring stock of a race of fish that occupy a specific area of space and act as a biological unit. The density of the fish population, on the other hand, is the population size per unit of space.

Genes in Populations

• A population is a group of interbreeding individuals who share a gene pool
• Some genes are monomorphic, and others are polymorphic
• Population genetics is concerned with allele and genotype frequencies

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to calculate genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies

Nonrandom mating may occur in natural and human populations

Concept

Basic concept of this type of improvement is to accumulate, infuse and improve the frequency of favourable genes in established population. This includes the removal or substitution of an undesirable gene with a counterpart favourable one with the superior performance in a given environment, incorporation of a balanced gene combination for better performance - per se or may be even bringing in a better plant type congenial for better physiological activity and biochemical versatility, resulting in better performance of a population. As per theory of Hayes (1963), most of the commercial varieties/hybrids can be improved in one way or the other for one or more of the agronomic attributes. This is primarily because some of the lines in each hybrid generally excel in comparison with other in their ability to transmit desirable characters to their hybrid progeny and thus provide scope for the improvement of the weak inbred lines of the hybrid to further better its performance. The choice of the particular population improvement technique mainly depends upon the genetic information. Since by and large, population improvement techniques envisage controlled crossing followed by selection and recrossing by further selection. This information is vital. Therefore, before deciding upon the choice of a particular methodology, such information as the type of gene action involved in the expression of attribute under improvement, nature of genetic associations, extent of heritability, various possibilities of genetic manipulations should be available. Some of the procedures, which could be successfully utilized in population improvement of parents used in released hybrid populations, are backcross method of breeding, convergent improvement, gamete selection, technique for the removal of complementary genes and step ladder method of breeding.

Theories of Population

The theory of population is studied because the supply of labour depends upon population and its growth. Observing the abnormal growth of population and consequent fall in the standard of living, Thomas Malthus (1760-1834) an English Clergyman frst studied population growth in various countries of Europe. Later he wrote a book entitled “An Essay on the Principles of Population” in 1798. His his theory is popularly known as Malthusian theory of population. To quote the theory in his own words “By nature human food increases in a slow arithmetic ratio, man himself increases in a quick geometric ratio unless want and vice stop him”