eChapters

The results of Focus Group Discussions and Field Level Workshops (Tables presented at the end of toolkit) conducted with different stakeholders mentioned in the methodology revealed that, communication skills, soft skills, leadership development skills, personal and professional development skills followed by entrepreneurship development skills are more important and needed to perform job effectively at field level extension work (Table 1).

One of the most consumed and well- known milk products in the Indian subcontinent is ghee. It is a by- product of tradition, prepared both at organized dairy plants and the household level for a well- established market. Ghee is traditionally made from the milk of cows or buffalo. The tetrapyrrole pigments biliverdin and bilirubin are responsible for the distinctive color of buffalo ghee. On the other hand, ghee is golden yellow due to the presence of carotenoids in cow’s milk. Ghee’s composition changes according to the kind and feeding habits of the animal and can differ from place to place and season to season.

In addition to, being a substantial source of fat- soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, and other growth- promoting components, ghee is a rich source of energy. Its value as food for humans is enormous. Additional attributes related to medicine are present in ghee. Ghee can improve one’s physical and mental attributes and treat eye conditions like ulcers. Ghee is used in religious and ceremonial rites in addition to being consumed.

Composition

Ghee is a complex lipid composed of mixed glyceride which makes up 99–99.5% of its total content. In addition, it has trace amounts of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, and fat- soluble vitamins, tocopherols, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, carotenoids, free fatty acids, phospholipid, sterols, and sterol esters

Introduction
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen, is widespread among higher plants. CMS systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybrid seed in self-pollinating crop species, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number of vegetable crops. Hybrids often exhibit heterosis, more commonly known as hybrid vigor, whereby hybrid progeny exhibit superior growth characteristics relative to either of the parental lines. CMS systems can be of considerable value in facilitating efficient hybrid seed production.
Male-sterility-inducing cytoplasms were recognized in the 1900s. Bateson and Gairdner reported male sterility in flax in 1921, was inherited from the female parent, although genes passed from both the male and female parents affected its expression. Chittenden and Pellow (1927) recognized that male sterility in flax was due to an interaction between the cytoplasm and nucleus, with the male sterility conditioned by the homozygous recessive nuclear genotype in combination with the sterility-inducing cytoplasm.

Introduction

This section of the manual contains instructions for preparing stock solutions that are commonly used in laboratory protocols for the analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins and visualization of gene or protein expression. Each of these stock solutions is provided as either the most convenient concentration or the most frequently used stock concentrations to be used in the protocols of an individual laboratory.

All chemicals must be reagent grade or molecular biology grade, and the water used in the preparation of all solutions must be the highest quality available. Use sterile-glass distilled deionised water whenever possible. Unless otherwise stated, most solutions required sterilization either by filtration or autoclaving.

Abstract

Open pollinated seedlings of chrysanthemum offer opportunity of large variations for different attributes, such as seed setting, growth and flowering parameters. The desirable seedlings selected from the germplasm collection of Department revealed that only few cultivars set seeds under Solan, Nauni condition  of Himachal Pradesh. Out of 1368 seedlings raised of different seed setting cultivars, 111 were found promising for various attributes concerning to uses of chrysanthemum.

    Q.1.    The mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) is a disease syndrome of which animal species? 
    Ans.    Swine

    Q.2.    What is MMA syndrome?
    Ans.    MMA syndrome is post parturient disease of sows and manifested as fever, anorexia, lethargy, agalactia, mastitis, swollen udder and appearance of vulvar discharge due to development of metritis.
 
    Q.3.    What is the critical time of occurrence of MMA in sows?
    Ans.    The mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) syndrome occurs between 12-48 hrs of farrowing in sows.

    Q.4.    What is the probable causes for the development of MMA syndrome?
    Ans.    The probable causes of MMA syndrome are infectious mastitis, metritis, more feeding at pregnant period, nutritional deficiency, endocrine disorders and constipation.

Calibration is the process of measuring and adjusting the amount of pesticide your equipment applies or delivers to a specific area. The purpose of calibration is to ensure your equipment is applying the correct amount of material uniformly over a given area.

Equipment is manufactured to be adjustable. Charts or tables may be provided to assist the operator in making adjustments to the settings. These recommended settings, however, are only approximate and may not be appropriate for all situations. Therefore, your equipment must be calibrated periodically. This depends on the type of equipment and the frequency of use. The application rate of the sprayer is affected by travel speed, nozzle size, and sprayer pressure. Equipment is calibrated by making a trial run on some premeasured area and measuring the output. For example, using a hand-held sprayer, spray a premeasured test area with water using the same pressure and techniques (i.e., travel speed and equipment) you would use when applying the pesticide. After spraying the test area, determine how much water was used. This volume can then be used to calculate the amount of water and pesticide needed to cover the intended application area.

The time invested in calibrating your equipment is time well spent. Accurate calibration to determine the application rate under your operating conditions is important for cost, efficiency and safety.

ABSTRACT

In the studies on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia S.) var Sai-Sharbati, different ex-plants and different combinations of growth regulators (NAA, IBA and BA) in MS basal media were tried, the results indicated that cotyledonary segment was the best explant for callus induction among root tip hypocotyl stem, leaf, epicotyl stem and shoot tip explants tested of. The callus grown from epicotyl and hypocotyl stem explant was greenish white and compact. Whereas callus derived from cotylidonary segment and leaf segment was green and friable . Root tip and shoot tip did not exhibit callusing. The callus derived from epicotyl stem and hypocptyl stem explant responded shoot bud formation in MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.2mg/l + BA 0.5mg/l with or without ME 100mg/l. In somatic embryogenesis, full grown callus derived from epicotyl stem explant induced embryo formation within 28.33 days and more shoot bud (6.33) formation.

Introduction

In classification of irrigation water, it is assumed that the water will be used for average conditions with respect to soil texture, infiltration rate, drainage, quantity of water used, climate and salt tolerance of the crop. Large deviations from the average for one or more of these variables may make it unsafe to use what, under average conditions, would be a good water; or may make it safe to use what, under average conditions, would be a water of doubtful quality. The relationship to average conditions must be kept in mind in connection with the use of any general method for the classification of irrigation water.

However, the quality of irrigation water is evaluated, mainly by the quantity of dissolved salts, proportion of anions, monovalent and divalent cations, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, potential salinity, specific ion toxicity, proportion of magnesium, calcium in water etc.

26.1. What?

These devices are used to lift water to a height that allows access to water. Lifting devices can be used to lift groundwater, rainwater stored in an underground reservoir and river water. For agricultural use, water is lifted either from a borewell or open well to irrigate the crops. According to power sources, lifting of water can be accomplished either manually or by animal or electricity sources of power.

26.2. Human-powered devices

Man has a limited physical power output, which may be in the range of 0.08 to 0.1 hp. This power can be used to lift water from shallow depths for irrigation. These include swing basket, counterpoise lift, don, Archimedean screw and paddle wheel. However, nowadays these are not commonly used.

26.3. Animal-powered devices

Animal power is abundantly available in India. They are used to lift water, besides being put to use for other field operations and processing works. A pair of bullocks may develop approximately 0.80 horsepower. They can lift water from a depth of 30m or more. Of course, the rate of discharge will go down with increase in the lift. These include rope and bucket lift, self emptying bucket, two bucket lift, Persian wheel and chain pump.

Fish transport is a vast area comprising the problems of purely technical design on the one hand, and the chemistry of water, biological reactions of fish and the like, on the other. The above survey could only briefly mention and evaluate the relevant literature on these problems. Because of its purpose, the book was designed not only as an analytical-synthetic survey of pertinent literature but, at the same time, as a practical manual to be used for seeking at least partial answers to practical questions concerning fish transport. The live fish trade is a rapidly expanding component of commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.

Proper sanitization of all the equipment and accessories is one of the essential steps for the determination of oxygen uptake of fishes as well as all the other steps of fish transportation in this pandemic of COVID-19.

Fat
• Utmost significant slaughterhouse byproduct is fat obtained from intestines, kidneys, channel and other offals
• Edible ox fat is rendered and the obtained product is called premier jus (higher grade fat) which is differentiated into oleo oil and oleo stearin
• If all edible ox fat is rendered, it is called dripping and it used for human consumption
• Inedible fat is used for soap manufacturing
• The highest value fat from pig is recovered from peritoneal lining (leaf fat), and the subsequent highest value recovered from back fat, mesentery and omentum
• Sheep fat is separated into oleo oil and oleo stearin because of its strong flavour
• Mutton fat is harder and its stearin content is more than ox or pig and therefore, it is applied on the top of meat paste glass jar as a protective layer
Rendering of edible fat
Three principal procedure of rendering of edible fat are:
i. Wet rendering
ii. Dry rendering
iii. Continuous low-temperature rendering

Botanical Name: Borassus fabellifier
    ·    Borassus flabellifer - Asian Palmyra palm/Lontar palm/Doub palm/Sea Coconut (Southern Asia and Southeast Asia)
    ·    Borassus aethiopum - African Palmyra Palm (Tropical Africa)
    ·    Borassus akeassii - Ake Assi’s Palmyra Palm (West Africa)
    ·    Borassus heineanus - New Guinea Palmyra Palm (New Guinea)
    ·    Borassus madagascariensis - Madagascar Palmyra Palm (Madagascar)
    ·    Borassus sambiranensis - Sambirano Palmyra Palm (Madagascar)

The first step in applying the correct rate of fertilizer is calculating crop nutrient requirements. A soil test is the only way to measure how much P₂ O₅ and K₂ O are available in soils, and soil tests are available through several private and public laboratories.

Fertilizer Calculation

To compute the equivalent amount of fertilizer necessary to supply the corresponding amounts of nutrients, the following formula is used:

The following graph is a visual representation of how plant growth and/or yield is affected by nutrient concentrations

Plant hormones (phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth and are termed as ‘plant growth substances’. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and are present in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells. Hormones also determine the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruit. Every cell is capable of producing hormones in plants. They shape the plant, affecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, senescence of leaves, and fruits. Plant hormones affect gene expression and transcription levels, cellular division, and growth.They direct which tissues grow upward and which grow downwards. Hormones are vital to plant growth. Hence, they are also known as growth factors or growth regulators.

Solid formulations such as dust, wettable powder or granules, the active ingredient is mixed with inert material. The concentration is expressed as:

Active ingredient (%) in the total weight of commercial product.

ABSTRACT

The present experiment was conducted to standardize the composition of nutrient media for callus regeneration. Shoot tip, internodal segment, leaf and hypocotyls of seedling grown under controlled condition were used as explants for callus induction. The study revealed that explants collected from younger seedlings showed greater proliferation of callus as compared to those collected from older one. The basal MS medium as well as WP medium fortified with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were tried. Initial better results of profuse callus growth with green colour and compact texture having regenerative capacity were obtained by using leaf explants. In all the treatments, the callus initiation occurred at the cut ends and then spread over the surface of the explant as a result of injury. The level of auxins presumable rises and quiescent cells were stimulated to divide rapidly producing callus. The leaf segment explant induced the callus after 9.50 days in medium WPM + NAA 2.5 mg/l with maximum callus growth (976.75 mg) with green, friable callus which was difficult to subculture. White and friable callus occurred within 12.00 days in MS + 2, 4 - D 5 mg/l. The green and compact callus having vigorous growth was observed in MS + NAA 2.5 mg/l within 12.75 days when subcultured on different regeneration media proved recalcitrant for shoot regeneration. On the regeneration medium the callus turned brown while some callus proliferates to produce white growth around it and dried later on.

The terms “cultured dairy foods,” “cultured dairy products,” and “cultured milk products” are other terms for fermented dairy products. Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and other lactic acid bacteria, along with yeasts in certain products, are used to ferment milk to make these dairy products. The product’s shelf life is extended through fermentation, which also improves the product’s taste and milk’s digestibility. There is a wide variety of fermented milk products available, each with unique flavors and attributes. The following categories apply to fermented milk products, based on the type of fermentation.

Changes in Nutrients Resulting from Fermentation

Fermentation lowers the lactose content in fermented milk products; however, if the starting milk is concentrated or fortified, the finished product’s lactose content may be higher than that of liquid milk.

The composition and content of protein and total amino acids are comparable to those of raw milk. Casein degradation is small compared to cheese, accounting for not more than 1% of the total protein. While some products of casein degradation are used by the starter microorganisms, others build up as free amino acids in the fermented kinds of milk. The amounts of free amino acids that build up differ depending on the species. Generally, proline is increased in large quantities, followed by serine, alanine, valine, leucine, and histidine. As a result of continuous starter culture activity, the level of free amino acids increases during storage. A limited degree of lipolysis occurs during the manufacture of fermented milk. The amount varies depending on the type of species, but the pattern and concentration of free fatty acids are both impacted. During fermentation and the breakdown of amino acids, trace amounts of volatile fatty acids are also produced.

Definition of Animal Breeding
Animal breeding, as the application of science to the genetic improvement of animals, implies a close inter relationship between theory and its application. Genetics has provided the matrix form which logical principles could be developed and tested by experimentation and practice.
During the 20th century, genetics has assumed a broader meaning and numerous subdivisions of the discipline has emerged. Advances in animal breeding also have drawn heavily on contributions from statistics, biochemistry, physiology, economics and other disciplines. Animal breeding and reproductive physiology have been uniquely interwoven.
Animals with superior genotypes cannot contribute to succeeding generations unless their reproductive capacity is maintained at satisfactory levels.
Livestock production is an economic enterprise. Hence, animal breeding recommendations must withstand the scrutiny of economic, as well as genetic considerations, before they are accepted and integrated into enterprises by breeders. As a consequence, a close relationship between the breeder and the science, application and theory has been nurtured.
History of Animal Breeding
• Till 500 A.D. when the fall of Roman Empire began animal breeding was at its esteem. Withthe fall of Roman Empire for about 1000 years called Dark and Middle Ages, animal husbandry was at a still.
• From 1700 A.D., again there was an improvement. The beginning of modern animal breeding is to be found mainly in England and Europe.
• The British Royalty encouraged horse breeding especially for race horses. The Earls and Dukes imported bulls from Holland and bred their native stocks. Dutch cattle were introduced into Hereford shire that laid the foundation of the present Hereford cattle. By crossing the native and Dutch cattle and subsequent inbreeding, the British cattle were improved far beyond the best.