eChapters

Solid state materials can exists in various forms namely:

1. Single crystals (preferred for authentic characterization of structure and physical properties)
2. Polycrystalline powders that are agglomerates of large number of crystallites and are used for characterization when single crystal cannot be easily obtained
3. Nanocrystalline or nanostructured materials that posses large surface area
4. Thin films that can be grown in the best crystalline form for many applications
5. Amorphous systems that have no long-range translational order

Climbers

Climbers are group of plants which have weak stems and ability to climb up the support with the help of modified organs for sunlight and air, twiners differ from climber in the way that they do not posses such modified organs but twine around the support cover it and reach the top. Climber are woody or herbaceous plant which climb up the trees and other tall objects with the help of support of their special modified organ, such as tendrils, root, thorns, rootlets, hooks etc.

Tendrils- Bigonia gracilis, Clematis paniculata etc.

Thorns- Bougainvillea species, Climbing roses etc.

Rootlets- Ficus repens etc.

Hooks- Gallium aperine, Rubus australis etc.

Climbers and twiners are important group of plants. Climbers and twiners add the beuty, colour or fragrance in the garden and artificial structure like garden wall, topiary, arches, pergola etc. are made with the help of climbers.

In recent years, oilseed crops are being increasingly exploited for production of pharmaceuticals, surfactants, plasticisers, emulsifiers, detergents, lubricants, adhesives, cosmetics, oleo-chemicals, biofuels apart from their demand for their healthy vegetable oils and livestock feeds (Metzger and Bornscheuer, 2006). The increased interest resulted in an 82% expansion of oilseed crop cultivation areas and about a 240% increase in total world production over the last 30 years (Rahman and Jimenez., 2016).

Black nose is used for the unusually shrinking and darker date end. The most susceptible cultivars for this physiological state are Deglet Nour and Hayani. The black nose result is an over exam of the epidermis, in particular many little cross-sectional exams or ruptures near the end of the style of the foetus. There is a substantial shrinkage and darkening in proportion to the quantity of the controls and moist conditions on Khalaal level are related to them.

Introduction

Entrepreneurial communication is an action intended to forge a relationship with the other party in order to affect their interest, attitude, and behavior. This is due to the fact that it is never done without considering how it would affect both qualitative and quantitative outcomes. A person can transmit or receive information about another person’s needs, wants, perceptions, knowledge, or emotional states through the act of communicating. In the context of entrepreneurship, communication refers to a set of procedures for exchanging knowledge and understandings between individuals who are engaged in a predetermined or novel situation.

Every interaction that takes place during communication involves a shift and is dynamic. Since it is dependent on interaction and a transaction between speakers, communication cannot be understood s a straightforward process of transmission. The planned actions and activities are not hindered because the emission and reception occur simultaneously, with h the transmitter acting as both a receiver and a transmitter. The process of sending and receiving signals as knowledge, feelings, emotions, skills, talents, attitudes, activities, etc. is known as entrepreneurial communication.

In terms of information sharing about events, situations, involvement, impact, adaptation, etc., it is built on interactions between business owners, educators, and educated youth.

Constituents of meat
i. Water- 75%
ii. Protein- 19%
iii. Soluble and non-protein substances- 3.5%
iv. Fat- 2.5%
• The muscle fibre is important unit of muscular tissue consisting of
a) Myofibrils- formed protein structures embedded in sarcoplasmic fluid
b) Sarcoplasmic reticulum- a fine system of tubules
c) Sarcolemma- a very thin membrane surrounding the myofibrils and around the exterior side of this membrane, the connective tissue is found
• 19% of protein in the muscle is muscle fibre (Table 11.1)
• α-alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and histidine are the major free amino acids present in the fresh muscle

Natural Selection
In nature, the main force responsible for selection is of interest because of its apparent effectiveness and because of principles involved. Some of the most interesting cases of natural selection are those involving man himself. All races of man that now exist belong to the same species, because the races are interfile or have been in all instances where mating have been made between them. All races of man now in existence had a common origin and at one time probably all man had the some kind of skim pigmentation – which kind we have no sure way of knowing. As the number of generations of man increased, mutations occurred in the genes affecting pigmentation of the skin causing genetic variations in this trait over a range from light to dark or black.
Natural selection is a very complicated process and many factors determine the proportion of individuals that will reproduce. Among these factors are differences in mortality of the individuals in the population especially early in life, differences in the duration of the period of sexual activity and in the degree of sexual activity itself and the differences in the degree of fertility of individuals in the population. They are also examples of adaptive evolution.

       Crop                Highest producer state
    301.     Arecanut     (a) Assam
    302.     Cashew nut     (b) Kerala
    303.     Rubber     (c) Andhra Pradesh 
    304.     Tea     (d) Karnataka

Abstract

Asurvey was conducted in wet temperate zone (Agro climatic Zone III) of Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 1670-2290 m above mean sea level, falling in Kumarsain, Thanedhar, Jubbal and Kotkhai areas of Shimla district: a potential apple growing area. The average land holding size varies from 0.74 to 6.50 hectares with the predominance of small and marginal farmers. The area under apple increased with the increase in the size of holdings from 0.44ha to 2.10 ha in case of marginal and large farmers respectively. Average number of animals varied from 2.54 to 3.20 per house hold with Jersey cow component varying from 0.71 to 1.40. Grass availability was 13.18 per ha against their requirement of 49.05 for 200 days and 89.51 qt. for 365 days in an year and the carrying capacity was 0.36 and 0.20 respectively. Thus, there is a need to adopt improved horto-pastoral mode of agro forestry to sustain the present livestock population.

    1.    Salt affected soils;
    2.    Classification of salt affected soils; 
    3.    Formation of salt affected soils; 

Meat and Meat Products

    1.    Meat can be defined as “the muscle tissue of slaughter animals”.
    2.    meat is composed of water, fat, protein, minerals and a small proportion of carbohydrate

Principle

The rate of joining of DNA fragments is affected by seven parameters:

DNA concentration,

Concentration of compatible ends,

Size of the fragments,

Presence or absence of complementary, single-stranded ends (some nucleases form blunt ends and in these cases special techniques are needed for joining),

G + C content and length of the complementary single strands,

Temperature of the reaction and

Ionic composition of the solution.

Proper selection of a fungicide and its application at the correct dose and the proper time are highly essential for the management of plant diseases. The basic requirement of an application method is that it delivers the fungicide to the site where the active compound will prevent the fungus damaging the plant. The fungicidal application varies according to the nature of the host part diseased and nature of survival and spread of the pathogen. The method which are commonly adopted in the application of the fungicides are discussed.

1.Soil treatment

2.Seed treatment

3.Foliar or vegetative application

ABSTRACT

Kattupadavalam (Trichosanthes cucumerina) is regarded as a laxative and blood purifier, considered beneficial in the treatment of skin diseases. Its entire supply being met from wild, unscrupulous exploitation has led to erosion of genetic resources of this crop. Hence it is imperative that in vitro trechniques are employed to conserve this valuable medicinal species and to evolve feasible protocols for large scale multiplication of this crop. Nodal cultures were established from two months old seedlings of Trichosanthes cucumerina and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with BA @ 0.5 mg l^-1. Subculture of initiated shoots in the same medium at intervals of three weeks registered enhanced release of axillary buds producing 21 shoots from a single culture at the end of fifth subculture cycle. Elongated shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium, following a pulse treatment with IBA @ 1000 mg l^-1. A single stage root hardening process, wherein, rooted plantlets were subsequently transferred to half strength semisolid MS medium supplemented with 2 per cent sucrose, improved success rate. The rooted plantlets planted out in sterilized media and subjected to a hardening process in a phased manner, survived well.

This visit gives students an exposure to mass media like radio, television studio and helps them in understanding elements, equipment and overall process of programme production used for disseminating information on agriculture and rural technologies.

PURPOSE

To get acquainted the students about the mass media by visiting the community radio and television studio

To know the operating system how a programme is delivered in the radio and television

Cervical vertebrae

The skeleton of neck (Fig 2-1) is formed by the cervical vertebrae. These are seven in number. Of these, the first and second cervical vertebrae are highly modified and deviate greatly from the general architectural plan of the vertebrae. The third, fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae are similar and confirm the general plan of the vertebrae. The sixth and seventh vertebrae have some special characteristics but do not deviate much from the general plan. The general plan of vertebrae and the vertebral column has been described in the chapter on skeletal system under Part I on systemic anatomy. Hence, only regional specific characters of the cervical vertebrae are described hereunder.

First cervical vertebra (Atlas)

The first cervical vertebra (Figure 2-2 A) is called the atlas vertebra because in man it supports the globe of the head. This is an atypical vertebra and it deviates greatly from the general plan of vertebrae. The body and the spinous process are absent. The arch forms a bony ring from which two large curved plates, the wings project laterally. The ring encloses the vertebral foramen. It forms a part of the vertebral canal through which passes the spinal cord.

Q. 1 Toe-in and toe-out are related with
(A) Front axle of tractor     (B) Rear axle of tractor
(C) Tractor steering           (D) Transmission system

Introduction

The production of seaweeds in 2018 is about 36 million tonnes were produced from the dominated by the species Japanese kelp, Laminaria japonica followed by Eucheuma spp mostly originated by mariculture (SOFIA, 2022). In India seaweed are widely present in the Gulf of Mannar in the Tamilnadu and Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat coastal region. Parallelly the work on the seaweeds is also unrestricted in India, being top in the area of research especially in their bioactive compounds(Fig.,1). Since the age of ancient Egyptians to our current generation, peoples towards the beauty conscious unrestricted. Currently the exposure of e-commerce platform to the all-aged groups makes them the urge to buy more beauty enhancing products. From the film stars, whom it’s their main line of work to the people it doesn’t costs any financial income the role of cosmetics is unavoidable. Though it’s not providing any physical health, the emotional sanity enduring self-confidence is one of the principal reasons. And so the beauty industry is considered as the a dynamic segment that is ripe for disruption and the well-known actors are their key for its premiumization. Nowadays peoples are concern about their health along with beauty which leads to many companies investing in green and ecofriendly cosmetic product development. Seaweed is one among them. Seaweeds are marine macro algal species includes Chlorophyceae (green algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) and Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) grown along the seashore which get differentiated based on the presence of carotenoids like chlorophyll, phycobiliproteins, fucoxanthins, beta carotene and so on. The presence of versatile bioactive compounds like diterpenes, proteins, antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols and especially polysaccharides (sulfated and non-sulfated) associated with seaweed makes them a good alternative to the synthetic cosmeceutical industry by producing novel beauty products (Couteau & Coiffard, 2016).

1.    The alkaloids percent in arecanut and betel vine is ……………………
2.    In India average productivity of plantation crops is ……………………..
3.    Largest producer country of rubber is…..............…………………….. 

Abstract
 
Different sources of phosphorus along with various amendments were applied with an objective to enhance the availability of P. Maximum yield during 2001 and 2002 was obtained in the trees supplied with super phosphate (SSP), whereas in 2003, the highest yield was recorded in rock phosphate (RP) + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) treated plants. Pooled values for three years showed highest yield per plant (54.17 kg) in SSP which was statistically at par with RP+PSB treated plants. Fruit weight was maximum in RP+PSB treated plants followed by SSP. Annual shoot growth and fruit set were observed to be maximum in plants supplied with SSP in 2002, whereas in 2003, RP+PSB treated plants recorded the highest shoot growth and fruit set. As regards leaf nutrient content, leaf P was found to be maximum in SSP supplied trees in 2002, however in 2003, RP+PSB treated plants recorded the highest leaf P content. Highest cost benefit ratio of 1:2.09 was recorded in plants supplied with SSP which was closely followed by RP+PSB showing cost benefit ratio of 1:200.