eChapters

Pathology of nutritional deficiency diseases are described in chapter etiology of this book. However, specific deficiency of nutrition that leads to development of clinical signs and lesions in poultry are summarized as under (Fig.2.1 & Fig.2.2):

Vitamin Deficiency

1. Hypovitaminosis A

• Vitamin A is considered infection resisting vitamin because it facilitates the proper development of bursa, immunity and epithelium on mucosal and skin surfaces.

• Deficiency of vitamin A leads to swollen glands in oesophagus i.e. nutritional roup.

Many surgeons have made attempts to develop minimally invasive surgical techniques with minimum blood loss and fewer traumas, to treat the disease process and minimize patient morbidity. Laparoscopic surgery may provide a wide field of its extensive application particularly in surgical sterilization of different animal species. Furthermore, high demographic urban and industrial area requires an effective animal birth control programme, which can overcome the problem of hospitalization, postoperative complications, and the overall cost reduction of operation. The sterilization of (both male and female) is effective measure in controlling the stray dog’s problem. Because the sterilization of either male or female alone is not effective and also sterilization of female consume more time when compared to male sterilization. To combat stray dogs in Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, it is effective to sterilize the male also. Castration of male dogs by conventional open method has many disadvantages and postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, wound dehiscence, infections, maggot infestations and scrotal swellings etc. In a large scale Animal Birth Control programme, the conventional methods of sterilization requires a long period between capture of dogs and their release due to the time taken for the surgical wounds to heal. In this aspect, Keyhole surgery (Laparoscopic surgery) can revolutionize the entire programme, as it needs only very small surgical wound, which usually needs no postoperative care or regular dressings. It also avoids postoperative complications such as wound dehiscence, herniation, etc. and reduces the surgical stress to animal as well as recurring cost of each surgery.

Use of biofertilizers in agriculture and their advantage
 
Bio-fertilizers or bio-inoculants

These are productions containing living organisms such as nitrogen fixers or phosphorus solubilises which are useful for agricultural production. Biofertilizers play a significant role in improving soil fertility and plant growth. By fixing atmospheric nitrogen both in association with plants and without plants solubilize insoluble soil phosphates into soluble phosphates there by increasing the availability of phosphorus secrete growth promoting substances and supplies to the inoculated plants.

Abstract: Agroforestry, is a sustainable land use system being practiced since long time through out the country. A diverse climatic, edaphic, and environmental conditions prevailing in the country has made it possible to practice different kinds of agroforestry systems. Karnataka state has four major agro-ecological regions and coffee agroforests are prevalent in the region of Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has tropical climate. With in Karnataka, Kodagu district has highest area under coffee agroforests with a total area of 1,00,079 hectares and is the largest producer of coffee in the country. The area under coffee agroforests is increasing at the cost of natural forested landscapes, which is considered as a looming threat to biological diversity. But, at the same time there are arguments that these coffee agroforests also supports high level of biological diversity. There are very few studies to justify this argument. With this background the present study is an attempt to enumerate the biological diversity of coffee based agroforests of Kodagu.

Micro irrigation normally called as drip irrigation was introduced in early seventies. Drip irrigation is one of the advanced methods of irrigation, by which water can be supplied directly into the root zone of the soil to achieve considerable saving of water through high water use efficiency, compared to surface irrigation method where water use efficiency is low due to losses in the water distribution system in the field. In micro irrigation method, water supplied at slow rate that is 1.0-2.0 kg/sq cm to the root zone of an individual plant through lets called emitters or drippers fitted with laterals pipes and filters at pump side. The success of micro irrigation is proven and efforts are being made in promoting the same extensively among the farmers in arid areas.

The hot arid regions of India are spread over about 31.7 million ha area mainly in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, which inhabit on an average 61 persons per square km making up a population of nearly 20 million peoples. The Indian arid zone is characterized by high temperature and low and variable precipitation which limit the scope for high horticultural productivity. However, these conditions greatly favour development of high quality production in number of fruits such as date palm, ber, pomegranate, citrus, aonla, bael, grapes and, guava. The optimized technologies and inputs could increase the existing low productivity. It is now realized that there is a limited scope for quantum jump in fruit and vegetable production in the traditional production areas. The amelioration of the extreme conditions is also considered vital for life support to the inhabitants of this area. The recent awareness regarding the potential of these ecologically fragile lands for production of quality horticultural produce has not only opened up scope for providing economic sustenance for the people of this region, but also for bringing new areas to increase production through horticulture.

Biofertilizers are products that contain microorganisms essential for soil fertility and plant growth when added to the soil. Biofertilizers consist of microbes and living bacteria that promote the fertility of the soil and the growth of plants. Biofertilizers are known to play a number of vital roles in soil fertility, crop productivityand production in agriculture as they are eco-friendly and cannot at any cost replacechemical fertilizers that are indispensable for getting maximum crop yields. Increasing useof chemical fertilizers in agriculture make country self-dependent in food production but itdeteriorate environment and cause harmful impacts on living beings. 

A. Morphological Examination of Bacterial Samples
Introduction
Bacteria are most widely distributed, the simplest in morphology, the smallest in size and difficult to identify. They are prokaryotic and a few are photosynthetic. Most bacteria are only 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter. Bacteria are generally rod, spherical or curved shaped. Rod shaped bacteria may vary considerably in length, have square round or pointed ends and may be motile or non-motile. The spherical or coccus shaped bacteria may occur single, in pairs in tetrads, in chains or in regular masses. The helical and curved shaped bacteria exist as slender spirochetes, spirillum and bent rods (vibrios). In this exercise the ubiquitousness of these organisms will be demonstrated in the air and water, on body and in mouth etc.
Materials
1. Petri plates containing nutrient agar
2. Sterile cotton swabs
3. Sterile water blank
4. Tube of nutrient broth
5. Materials for simple staining

The unpredictable and frequently tumultuous nature of events affecting farming and rural life, such as weather patterns, market fluctuations, and policy changes, is referred to as uncertainty and chaos in agricultural extension, particularly with regard to livelihoods. These factors can interfere with farmer income and agricultural output, making it difficult for extension agencies to offer consistent assistance. Adaptive management techniques, such as encouraging diversified farming methods, boosting early warning systems for weather and market trends, and improving education and training for resilience development, are necessary to address these problems. Data-driven decision-making, adaptable policy frameworks, and cooperative efforts with local communities can all aid in managing uncertainty and averting chaos, which will eventually support more stable and sustainable livelihoods for farmers.
Objectives
1. To delineate the present status of transforming and transformed livelihood in present terrains of social ecologies.
2. To find the factors contributing to transformation dynamics of rural people.
3. To estimate the intra and inter level interaction amongst and between the sets of dependent and independent variables.
4. To delineate micro-level policy based on empirical studies and deliver its implication to other social ecologies.
For the study, a total of 21 independent variables and 5 dependent variables were chosen, and each was examined using a structured interview schedule or precise scales created by earlier social science researchers for the study’s requirements.
Independent variables selected for the study are, age (x1), education (x2), family size (x3), sex ratio (x4), cost of energy consumption (x5), cost of smart phone maintenance(x6),cultivated land (x7), homestead land (x8),irrigated land (x9), cropping intensity (x10), crop diversity index (x11), yield of crop(x12), cost of cultivation (x13), on farm income (x14), off farm income (x15), total annual

Introduction

The most common indication for laparoscopy in zoo animal clinical medicine includes evaluation of liver disorders (e.g. cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatomegaly), staging for cancer treatment (liver and peritoneal metastases), diagnosis of various peritoneal diseases (e.g. ascites), diagnosis of pelvic soft tissue diseases (e.g. ovarian problem, endometritis, pyometra,) and diseases of spleen and pancreas. The utility of laparoscopy in zoo animal practice is wide and it has been used in almost all the species with encouraging results. Laparoscopy is now most commonly used in zoo animal medicine to examine and biopsy of liver, gall bladder, kidney, spleen, pancreas, ovaries and prostrate. It provides an excellent means for visualizing the surfaces and colour. Even subtle color and texture changes can be readily detected. The liver is generally evaluated through a right lateral mid abdominal approach in canine and feline species of zoo animals. Abnormal gross liver changes that can be readily appreciated include hepatic lipidosis, glycogen leaden liver, metastasis or multifocal neoplasm, nodular hyperplasia, cirrhosis, cholangihepatitis, extra hepatic biliary tract obstruction etc. Using grasping forceps advanced through the second puncture cannula, the biopsy can be obtained quickly and safely in zoo animals. The pancreas can usually be visualized thorough a right abdominal approach and biopsy samples can be safely obtained.

Bandages
       Bandages are used to protect the wound and incisions, as well as support body parts.

       Bandages are also used to immobilize the limbs.

       Bandages are used to promote the wound healing process by :

        i.    Removal of dead and necrosed tissue from the wound (debridement).
        ii.    Application of topical antiseptics.
        iii.    Pressure to reduce the dead space, hemorrhage and edema.
        iv.    Preserving the hemostasis at the wound site.

Indian agriculture is at demographic, ecological, economic and technological cross-roads. Demographically, nearly 70% of the population is below 35 years in age and 70% of them live in rural areas.  Within the next few decades, India will have the world's largest number of young people looking for employment.  Ecologically the basic life support systems of land, water, forests, biodiversity and climate are in distress and the population supporting capacity of major ecosystems is being exceeded in most parts of the country. India's ecological debt and Nature Deficit Disorder are growing. Economically, the cost-risk-return structure of farming is becoming adverse, with the result that over 40% of today's farmers would like to quit farming, if they had another livelihood option. Technologically, there is a serious mismatch between production and post-harvest technologies. Also, there is no nationally agreed policy towards the technological transformation of agriculture, involving farm mechanization and frontier technologies like recombinant DNA technology and nano-technology.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the stage of accumulation of maximum dry matter within the seeds.
2. The stage of attainment of physiological maturity by 80% of population is considered as _____ stage.
3. In rice, during harvestable maturity the moisture content of long duration varieties will be _____.
4. For short and medium duration varieties of rice, the moisture content will be _____.
5. Rattling sound of kernel is the physiological maturity symptom of _____.
6. The harvestable maturity indices of cotton is _____.
7. The harvestable maturity indices of bhendi is _____.

1.1. Agriculture

Derived from Latin word; Ager-soil and culture-Cultivation.

An art: Governs the knowledge to perform the operations of the farm in a skillful ways.

A science: Uses technologies including breeding, production technologies, crop protection, economics etc., to maximize the yield and profitability of the farmer.

A business: Way of life for a rural population.

Involves management of labour, water and capital, and employing technologies for production of food, fibre, feed and fuel through mechanization to achieve maximum returns.

As per Agricultural act 1947, agriculture includes horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming, livestock breeding, grazing land, meadow land, market gardens and nursery gardens.

1. Seed rate of celery is
   1. 0.5 kg/ha
   2. 2.5 kg/ha
   3. 0.25 kg/ha
   4. 1.5 kg/ha
2. Davana seedlings will be ready for transplanting
   1. 10 – 12 weeks after sowing
   2. 6 – 8 weeks after sowing
   3. 4 – 5 weeks after sowing
   4. 2 – 3 weeks after sowing
3. Bursera planting is done at a spacing of
   1. 2 m x 2 m
   2. 4 m x 4 m
   3. 6 m x 6 m
   4. 8 m x 8 m

Things required for cell culture

1. Lab – having negative pressure (HEPA filter)

2. Safety cabinet (Hood/laminar flow)

a) Biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) – Basic level of protection. Agents handled under this cabinet are NOT infectious.

b) BSL-2 – Appropriate for moderate risk agents. Most of the non infectious cell cultures are done under this facility.

Integrated fish farming, a sustainable aquaculture practice, combines the cultivation of fish with other complementary activities such as agriculture or livestock farming in a mutually beneficial system. This chapter explores the importance of integrated fish farming as a solution to enhance the income and livelihoods of fish farmers while promoting environmental sustainability (Pauly et al., 2003). By leveraging the synergies between different farming components, integrated fish farming systems can optimize resource utilization, improve productivity, and diversify income streams for farmers. The chapter discusses various integrated fish farming models, including aquaponics, rice-fish culture, and integrated livestock-fish systems, highlighting their potential to increase profitability and resilience in the face of climate change and market uncertainties. Furthermore, the chapter examines the challenges and opportunities associated with integrated fish farming and provides recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to promote its widespread adoption and long-term success.

Objectives
• To understand the critical role of language and communication skills in engineering.
• To explore how communication impacts the effectiveness and efficiency of engineering work.
• To examine the types of communication skills necessary for engineers
• To highlight the significance of these skills in teamwork, leadership, and project management.
• To discuss the challenges engineers face in communication and how to overcome them.
• To encourage students to develop and enhance their communication skills for better academic and professional outcomes.
Introduction
Language and communication skills are integral to the engineering profession, often determining the success or failure of projects. Engineers are required not only to excel in their technical expertise but also to effectively convey their ideas, collaborate with diverse teams, and manage complex projects. This necessitates a high level of proficiency in both language and communication skills.

Abstract

Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of growing media and fertilizers on growth and flowering of rose cultivar ‘First Red’ under naturally ventilated polyhouse. During first flush, it was observed that growing medium containing soil, FYM, sawdust (2:1:1) gave maximum flower yield (5.58 cut stems) per square meter per month when fertilized with water soluble fertilizers (N-150 ppm and K-200 ppm) whereas, maximum number of ‘A’ and ‘C’ grade cut stems were recorded from plants grown in soil: FYM: sand which were fed with straight fertilizers (N-150 ppm and K-200 ppm).

1. Introduction

The Refractance Window drying system uses circulating hot water, usually at 90°C and at atmospheric pressure, so that it can carry the thermal energy to the material to be dehydrated. Thermal energy is transferred to the wet product from circulating hot water through a plastic interface which is transparent to the infrared radiation. The actual product temperature is kept below 70°C. The heated water is recycled and reused, which helps in improving the thermal efficiency of the system. The use of hot water as the heat transfer medium and at temperatures just below boiling is a design feature that is unique to this drying method. In RW drying, there are three modes of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection, and radiation. The process water is heated by steam within an insulated tank and then circulated in shallow troughs to transfer thermal energy to the plastic conveyor. As the plastic conveyor is very thin, it reaches the temperature of hot water flowing beneath it almost immediately. By conduction and radiation, the thermal energy from the hot water is transmitted through the plastic conveyor. The use of process water at temperatures just below boiling and a thin plastic conveyor with infrared transmission in the wavelength range that matches the absorption spectrum for water all work together to facilitate rapid drying.

I. FILL UPS

1. The major storage organ for cereals is _____ .
2. The major storage organ for legumes is _____.
3. The major storage organ in pine is _____.
4. The average protein percent present in soybean is _____.
5. The average oil percent present in oilpalm is _____.