eChapters

The cropping pattern in India is changing fast, particularly in favour of export-oriented commercial crops. These crops pose threat to the environment. Grapes is one such crop which accelerates environmental degradation. Borkar (2007) reported that with the advancement of technologies, the cultivation practices of grapes had improved increasing the yield and quality of grapes. However, to control the tremendous losses occurred due to pests and diseases in grapes, thousands of hundreds of kilograms of pesticides were dumped into the environment causing pollution.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the process of bringing wild species under human management.
2. _____ is referred to as taking a genotype into new environments, where they were not being grown before.
3. Introduction of plants from a foreign country is called as _____.
4. Introduction from one state to another state is called as _____.
5. When the introduced variety is well suited to the new environment it is called as _____.

Cereals and pulses are the staple food in India, thus it has to be stored by producers in their homes and by traders and government agencies. Variations in the season i.e., warm and high humidity weather is highly conducive to proper development and rapid multiplication of storage insect pests. Almost all insect pests of stored grains have a remarkably high rate of multiplication and within one season, they may destroy 9-10% of the grains and contaminate the rest with undesirable odors and flavors. The type of insects infesting grains vary and include weevils, moths and beetles. Apart from this it is necessary to control or kill egg, larval, pupal and adult stages of the insect. After proper cleaning and drying the produce is stored where damage can be caused due to cross-infestation or infestation already left in the produce. Grains are stored in different types of receptacles and to protect it, different protectants are being used since from the early days. The success in the use of these protectants (organic, inorganic or inert) depends upon the effect on the grain, killing of the insects, practicability, period of storage and lastly the physical and chemical state of treated seeds.

1. Inert dusts

Inert dusts are fine powders chemically inactive but cause considerable insecticidal activity by mechanical abrassing and physical absorption of moisture proofing layers of insect integument. The use of inert dust was initiated sometimes during World War II. Some common inert dusts are ashes, clays, gypsum, lime, magnesite, Nakki, silica, talk, phosphates, diatomaceous earth. It was reported that though most of the dust proved effective and convenient to use but it is difficult to remove it and clean as it goes inside the infested and damaged grains. The dust can only kill larvae and adults moving in between the grains. Once any stage of insects entered inside the grain, it is beyond the reach of the dust.

This practical assignment is associated with the planning, preparation and presentation of Microsoft PowerPoint slide. This assignment not only helps students in gaining first-hand knowledge on preparation of PowerPoint slide, but also improves their presentation skills while presenting a presentation before the audience.

PURPOSE

To acquaint students with first-hand knowledge about the power point slides and how to prepare it.

To get an idea about the presentation of power point slide in front of the audience.

Plans need not be made for nuts and bolts, but are essential to prevent future bottlenecks. If enough cushions are provided for the future, the economy will grow smoother and faster. The importance of plan is that when you design it before you implement it; you have a better chance of eliminating design flaws from the beginning. If you start out coding and later on figure out you have a design flaw, it is extremely painful to go back and re-implement everything. Certain software engineering experts have estimated that it can cost up to 10x more (time and money) to fix a design problem in the later stages of software development than in the early stages.

Irrigation

Irrigation means the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture. It is the process of application of water to crops through artificial channels to grow them. Water is vital for the growth of plants. And, there can be no plants or crops if they do not have access to water in some form. It is, thus, crucial to supply water to crops and plants in time as per their need. The supply of water to plants comes from various water resources. For example,

• Wells
• Ponds
• Lakes
• Canals
• Dams and Reservoirs

Importance of Irrigation

Irrigation is necessary for agriculture and farming.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty provides an overview of an International Treaty which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization. The Patent Cooperation Treaty is an international treaty with more than 157 Contracting States by 2022. India deposited its instrument of accession on 7 September 1998 to both international treaties of WIPO in Geneva i.e. Paris convention for the protection of Industrial Property and Patent Cooperation treaty. PCT provides a system for filing a patent application and allow us to obtain patents in multiple countries around the world on the basis of a single patent application.

Objectives
• Understand what non-linguistic barriers to communication are and how they affect the communication process.
• Identify different types of non-linguistic barriers and provide examples of each.
• Recognize the impact of non-linguistic barriers on personal and professional communication.
• Learn strategies to overcome non-linguistic barriers to enhance effective communication.
• Develop skills to create a more inclusive and understanding communication environment.
Introduction to Non-Linguistic Barriers
Non-linguistic barriers to communication refer to obstacles that hinder the effective exchange of information and ideas but do not stem from language itself. These barriers can arise from a variety of sources, including emotional, physical, social, and environmental factors. Unlike linguistic barriers, which involve issues related to language, vocabulary, or grammar, non- linguistic barriers affect how messages are received and interpreted.

Coconuts are the fruit of the coconut palm, botanically known as Cocos nucifera, where nucifera means “nut-bearing”. The fruit-bearing palms are native to Malaysia and southern Asia. The coconut has been regarded as ‘man’s most useful tree’, ‘mankind’s greatest provider in the tropics’, ‘one of the nature’s greatest gifts to man’, ‘tree of life’, ‘tree of abundance’, ‘tree of plenty’ and the ‘tree of heaven’ or ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ in India. In Sanskrit Kalpa Vriksha means “tree which gives all that is necessary for living” because nearly all parts of the tree can be used in some manner or another. The Indian state of Kerala is known as the land of coconuts. The name derives from “Kera” (the coconut tree) and “Alam” (place or earth). It has great antiquity in India which is also evident from the fact that the part of Malabar Coast, extending from South Kanara to Cape Comorin, is known as Keralam meaning the land of coconut. The coconut industry is intimately associated with the rural life and occupation of the people of Malabar Coast.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
2. Heterosis is otherwise known as _____.
3. _____ is the reduced fitness in a given population as a result of breeding of related individuals.
4. In _____ heterosis type, naturally occurring mutants are sheltered.
5. The progeny posses superiority over parents in vegetative growth, but reduction in yield is known as _____.
   1. Average heterosis is mathematically expressed as _____.

Introduction

While Indian agriculture has evolved to provide food to our ever growing population, nutritional security had remained a distant dream. Vegetables, an important component of a healthy diet, are rich source of nutraceuticals such as flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, anthocyanins, polyphenolics etc. Such constituents provide health benefits of disease prevention through antioxidant activity and reduced disease risks. Since perishable food commodities and light sensitive nutraceuticals have a specific shelf life, these run the risk of getting spoilt beyond a specific time. Excessive quantities of these must therefore, be processed and converted into value added products with improved shelf life and nutrition value after fortification with nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals are also referred to by different terminologies like functional foods, fusion foods, dietary supplements, designer foods etc. Nutraceutical products include food supplements, dietary supplements, value-added food products, processed food commodities as well as non-food supplements such as tablets, soft gels, capsules etc. A survey related to nutraceutical rich vegetables has revealed that farmers are growing only the conventional vegetables and there is little awareness about the use of nutraceutical rich vegetables.

Vegetables are rich sources of important phytochemicals, which provide essential nutrients and enhance the body’s ability to prevent and fight disease. There is a multitude of phytochemicals, in unique combinations, in different vegetables, and each functions differently in the body as anti-oxidant, as anti-allergenic, as anti-carcinogenic, as anti-inflammatory, as anti-viral, and/or anti-proliferative. Being of natural origin, some of the phytochemical pigments are increasingly sought after as food colorants. Some of the nutraceutical rich vegetable crops include red and black carrot, beet root, tomato, chilli, and broccoli.

Indexing is the act of describing or classifying a document by index terms or other symbols in order to indicate what the document is about, to summarize its content or to increase its findability. The function of indexing in libraries and information retrieval systems is to indicate the whereabouts or absence of items relevant to a request. It is essentially a time-saving mechanism. Theoretically, we can always find the relevant items by an exhaustive search through the whole collection (assuming that we can recognize what is relevant when we see it). Since this is economically impossible, the size of the store to be examined is reduced by classification, using this term in its very broadest sense, i.e., as the recognition of useful similarities between documents.

Indexing performs an indispensable service to the filing function. Index, is a reference list used for locating a particular document in the filing equipment. Similarly, while filing a document, the index aids tracing out the place where the particular paper should be filed. Particularly when a large number of files are maintained for various purposes, index is very essential.

Indexes are constructed, separately, on three distinct levels: terms in a document such as a book; objects in a collection such as a library; and documents (such as books and articles) within a field of knowledge. Subject indexing is used in information retrieval especially to create bibliographic indexes to retrieve documents on a particular subject. Examples of academic indexing services are Chemical Abstracts and PubMed. The index terms were mostly assigned by experts but author keywords are also common.

It is known that the phenotype of an individual is a combination of genotype and environment. Animal breeding analysis is mainly done to partition the genetic part from the environmental part so as to assess the actual genetic worth of the animal. In this process correction for the known environmental part is integral to any animal breeding analysis. In this chapter, a list of common factors affecting important economic traits are described. The analytical part for these effects will be explained in later chapters.

Correction or standardization of data is very important in any animal breeding analysis. Unless the candidates under selection are placed on a common platform, various factors affecting the trait will lead to bias in assessing the performance of the individual with respect to a particular trait. For eg. a lamb born during a favorable season, a lactating cow in its third parity, first lactation yield of a cow with longer age at first calving.

Introduction

Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. The effective mechanization contributes to increase production in two major ways: firstly the timeliness of operation and secondly the good quality of work. The requirement of power for certain operations like seedbed preparation, cultivation and harvesting becomes so great that the existing human and animal power in the country appears to be inadequate. As a result, the operations are either partially done or sometimes completely neglected, resulting in low yield due to poor growth or untimely harvesting or both.

Agostini M., Enzo M. V., Bedin C., Belardinelli V., Goldin E., Del Bianco P., and Nitti D.

(2012). Circulating cell-free DNA: a promising marker of regional lymphnode metastasis

in breast cancer patients. Cancer Biomarkers 11 (2-3), 89-98.

Badowska-Kozakiewicz A. M., and Malicka E. (2012). Immunohistochemical evaluation of

expression of heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 in mammary gland neoplasms in

bitches. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 15 (2), 115-18.

Beffagna G., Sammarco A., Bedin C., Romualdi C., Mainenti M., MolloA. and Zappulli V.

(2017). Circulating cell-free DNA in dogs with mammary tumors: short and long fragments

and integrity index. PLoS One 12 (1), e0169454.

Birdi R., Kumar B. S., Gupta K., Kashyap N., & KumarA. (2019). Circulating level of heat

shock protein 27 is elevated in dogs with mammary tumors. 3 Biotech 9 (6), 1-9.

Campos L. C., Lavalle G. E., Estrela-Lima A., Melgaço de Faria J. C., Guimaraes J. E., DutraA.

P. and Cassali G. D. (2012). CA 15.3, CEA and LDH in dogs with malignant mammary

tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26 (6), 1383-88.

Introduction
Microbiology techniques are used for various objectives like:
• To observe and isolate the micro-flora
• To test the microbiological quality of various food and dairy products
• To find the presence of any particular pathogenic microorganism
• To maintain a pure or mixed culture of specific microorganisms
1. Serial Dilution Techniques
• Bacteria are often present in such huge numbers that they can be difficult to count. Yet accurate counts are necessary for a variety of reasons like, for instance, assessing the quality of water or the safety of food. There are a number of counting techniques but most rely on the dilution of the sample to reduce the bacterial numbers down to a quantity that can be counted accurately.
• All bacterial plate count methods require the sample to be serially diluted until an estimated count of 30-300 colony forming units (CFU) on the plate is obtained. Plates with more than 300 CFU are very difficult to count. Plates with less than 30 CFU are not statistically reliable.
• If turbidity is observed in a broth culture, it might have millions more bacteria than you need. If this turbid broth is used directly for plating, all the CFU would grow together into a confluent mass and we would not be able to distinguish one colony from another.

Though gender is universally one of the key ways in which societies and culture allocate rights and responsibilities, yet the different roles of women and men in agriculture production have frequently been ignored in research and extension activities. Farming is a family enterprise involving both men and women. The role of women and their involvement is more important in production, processing and storage of grains and vegetables. Women in India constitute nearly half of its population and have a strong influence on the growth of the remaining half of population.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted learning through work experience and concerned with technical literacy. Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted training to practicing farm women. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra of Gandhigram Rural Institute was established in July 1989 specifically to cater the needs of the peasants of the Dindigul district.  Inspite of these efforts, there exist a wide gap-between the availability of production technologies and adoption of those technologies. Evaluation of training programmes organised for farm women would provide an understanding of their effectiveness so as to improve them. Hence, a study was undertaken to assess the training needs, appropriate season, venue, type, frequency, duration and method of training in paddy crop as perceived by the respondents.

1. Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tuberous root crops. It is known as “U mangra” in Manipuri. It is also known as mandioca or tapioca, yucca, mosioc. Cassava belongs to Euphorbiaceae family The cassava plant is of perennial woody shrub in nature. (CGIR 2011; FAO-2015, Zhu 2015). Like paddy and wheat as staple food crops, cassava is also staple food crops for many countries. It supports millions of population especially in South American and African countries. It is also known as food security crop because of its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions when other food crops cannot sustain and destroy. It can grow in low fertility soil, marginal land with less agricultural maintenance. It resists to pest and diseases so cultivation is easy to carry out with less expenditure. Cassava is abundantly grown in Manipur mostly in hilly areas. To some extent, it is consumed as snacks item either by burnt in fire or charcoal or boiled form with little addition of salt. The fresh young leaves and roots after removing its cover is used as ingredients of “singju” a salad type traditional snack items of Manipur. Out of cassava sweet snack item locally called “manghra heingan” in Manipur is also prepared. For making this sweet item, cassava is boiled with sugarcane molasses until it is cooked and reach certain sugar consistency of molasses. This sweet item is similar with murabba available in Indian market.

12.1 INTRODUCTION

Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a heavy feeder and needs a balanced and adequate supply of nutrients for growth and yield. Fertilizer is one of the most costly inputs, which accounts for greater part of production costs in the cultivation of oil palm. Large amount of nutrients are removed by the fruit bunches harvested from the mature palms. It is estimated that 25 tonnes fresh fruit bunches per hectare per year removes 93.5 Kg Nitrogen, 11.0 Kg Phosphorous, 92.7 Kg Potassium, 19.3 Kg Magnesium and 20.3 Kg Calcium.

Economic yields of oil palm are achieved when the supply of nutrients from the soil, palm residues and fertilizers are properly integrated in required quantities. Leaf analysis is an analytical tool for detecting the nutrient requirements in oil palm and other perennial crops, which are slow growing and can provide easily, defined standard leaf material for analysis due to leaf phyllotaxis. Nutrient deficiency symptoms are also an important means for determining the nutritional problems in oil palm, since the crop presents easily identifiable N, K and Mg deficiency symptoms. However, by the time symptoms are evident, nutrient deficiency might have already affected growth and yield.

Also the nutrient supply may be insufficient before the appearance of leaf symptoms. So there is a need for a thorough inspection of the leaf canopy to corroborate the results of leaf analysis and identify the areas with severe nutrient deficiencies. The research on oil palm nutrition was carried out under rainfed conditions at Palode, Kerala and irrigated conditions at Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh.

In India, a great variety of soils ranging from red sandy loams/sandy clay loams (Alfisols), alluvial silt loams (Inceptisols / Entisols), heavy black soils (Vertisols) and acidic red laterite soils (Oxisols) are put to oil palm cultivation. In Andhra Pradesh, it is grown in red sandy, red loamy, red loam with clay base, deltaic alluvium pH - 6.5 to 9.0. In Karnataka, it is grown in red and brown sandy loams and black clayey soils, with pH - 6.5 to 9.0. Red soils, red loamy soils and clay loam soils are used for growing oil palm in Tamil Nadu. Laterite soils are used for oil palm cultivation in Kerala.