eChapters

Veterinary Clinical Medicine is a subset of Veterinary Medicine, and refers to study on animal diseases at the patient bed side for diagnosis, monitoring,
prognosis and treatment of the disease. The Veterinary Medicine is that branch of veterinary science that deals with diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
of diseases, disorders and injury in domesticated, pet, wild, zoo, captive, freeliving animals and birds.

Blossom end rot is a very common problem on green and ripe tomatoes. It started with light tan, water-soaked lesion, and then increased to black and tough. Although blossom blight itself caused only local damage, secondary biological invasions frequently lesions caused fruit rot complete.

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the least professionally grown fruit crop globally. It is popularly known as ‘King of Fruits’ belongs to family Anacardiaceae. It is being cultivated for at least 4000 years (Crane, 2008). As per estimate total world mango production is 40 million tones.

Important Points

Factors for Insects Abundance

• More number of species: In the animal kingdom more than 85 per cent of the species belongs to insect group. Total number of insects described so far is more than 9 lakhs.
• Large number of individuals in a single species: e.g., Locust swarm comprising of 109 number of individuals, occupying large area.
• Great variety of habitats: Insects thrive well under varied conditions.
• Long geological history: Insects were known to occupy this earth for more than 350 million years, which is a good track record. This has given the insects’ great variety of adoptions under different conditions.

Moringa oleifera Linn. belongs to the family Moringaceae, that consists of only one genus with about 13 species of deciduous trees (Keay, 1989). It is believed to be the native of India-Pakistan-Nepal borders, but now is becoming widely distributed and grown in several countries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (Satti et al., 2013).

10.1 Introduction

As one ofthe oldest and most widely used renewable energy sources, hydropower generates electricity by using the natural flow of flowing water. Streams and rivers have been used for producing mechanical energy for thousands of years. Hydroelectric power plants are located near or on water sources since they derive their power from flowing water. The amount of energy that can be released in moving water depends on the volume of the water flowing and the elevation change from one point to another, often called head. Generally, hydropower plants can produce more electricity when there is more water flow and a higher head. 

The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which have been executed for delineating the study, collection of information, analysis of data, and interpretation of the findings for the revelation of hard evidences and formulation of theories. This chapter deals with the method and procedure used in the study consisting of eight main parts

A. Locale of research

B. Pilot study

C. Sampling Design

D. Item analysis and experts rating for devising scoring technique on dependent variables

E. Empirical measurement of the variables.

According to Watson, bio-herbicides are living entities (natural enemies) used deliberately to suppress the growth or reduce the population of a weed species. This may include an insect; a microbe or a parasite nematode. These organisms operate directly or indirectly (by producing toxins) and their mode of action proves deleterious to the weed species. The latter toxins are termed bio rationals, phytotoxins or natural herbicides and are excluded in the definition.Bio-herbicides are formulations containing plant pathogens capable of mass production in vitro that are applied directly to target weeds uniformly to kill or suppress their growth. This method employs the annual release of a bio-agent into specific weed infested fields to infest and kill susceptible weeds. At present only the potential use of fungal pathogens as mycoherbicide has been studied in depth. Exploitation of bacteria seems promising where use of viruses as biocontrol agents are problematic since they are not host specific and require vector for their transmission.

Introduction Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) belongs to family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae is a under exploited vegetable crop. It is introduced in 19th century. Economic Importance and Uses Its edible part is leaves and contains amazing source of amino acids, vitamins and minerals which has many medical advantages. It helps in lowering of blood cholesterol level which helps in lessening the heart illness. Kale leaves is also rich source of beta carotene, ascorbic acid and phylloquinone. Kale is a nutritious vegetable that is rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as calcium and iron. It is also a good source of antioxidants and fiber, making it a popular choice for health-conscious consumers. Kale is not so popular crop in India therefore it confined to very few states of Northern India like HP, UP, J & K, Pb and Haryana.

Hemangiopericytoma is a tumor originating from pericytes. It is mostly seen in distal extremities due to elevation of blood pressure in that area. It is mostly seen in skin and subcutaneous tissue around the joint region.

Background and Technology Intervention

Andhra Pradesh is India’s fourth largest state in terms of area and fifth in terms of population. Its capital Hyderabad is one of the largest and fastest growing cities in Southern India occupying 650 square kilometers along the bank of Musi River. History says that, the fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah established Hyderabad on the banks of Musi River in 1591 to avoid the acute water shortages experienced at Golconda during his rule. Today, due to rapid urbanization and increased economic activities, the river has become a receptacle of untreated domestic and industrial waste dumping out of Hyderabad. It is estimated that nearly 350 MLD (Million Liters a Day) of polluted water and sewage originating from the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad flow into the river. Though this river water which is at the downstream of the city remains highly polluted and considered a major disaster in Hyderabad, it is a significant resource for semi-arid and peri-urban population where the cultivation of fodder grass, paddy and vegetables have contributed largely to the household food security.

Introduction

The foundation of human civilization has traditionally been agriculture, which offers sustenance, economic security, and a strong bond with the land. Nevertheless, although playing a crucial role, the global agricultural sector faces many difficulties, including resource shortages and climate change as well as a fast-expanding population. The empowerment of women and young people in agriculture stands out as a critical answer in this situation, driving not only agricultural sustainability but also promoting social and economic advancement. In agriculture, empowerment refers to the fair inclusion and active involvement of women and young people in all facets of the industry, including leadership and decision-making as well as production and distribution. It admits that despite these groups' enormous latent potential, they have been ignored and underutilized for far too long.

Introduction

In recent years, inland saline aquaculture has emerged as a rapidly growing sector in the broader field of aquaculture due to the escalating pressure on traditional freshwater resources and the escalating demand for seafood. Saline aquaculture, cultivating aquatic species in inland waters with elevated salinity levels, presents opportunities and challenges. This chapter examines the innovations and challenges that characterize inland saline aquaculture, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable approaches that balance productivity with environmental resilience. The global population growth and dietary preferences have caused an increase in the demand for seafood (FAO, 2020).

Requirements: Agriculturally important insects of each order

 Orthoptera

 Examples: Grasshopper, cricket, etc.

Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous

Mouthparts: Chewing

 Significance: Variable or Pest

 Characteristics

 •            They are medium to large-sized insects.

 •            Antenna is filiform.

 •            Mouthparts are mandibulate.

 •            Prothorax is large. The pronotum is curved, ventrally covering the pleural region.

•             Hindlegs are saltatorial

 •            Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as tegmina.

 •            They are capable of bending without breaking.

 •            Hindwings are membranous with large anal area.

 •            They are folded by longitudinal pleats between veins and kept beneath the tegmina.

5.1 Introduction

Out of the many climatic events that influence the earth’s environmental fabric, drought is perhaps the one that is most linked with desertification. Drought is a natural hazard originating from a deficiency of precipitation that results in a water shortage for some activities or some groups and is often associated with other climatic factors (such as high temperatures, high winds and low relative humidity) that can aggravate the severity of the event. Drought differs from aridity in that the latter is restricted to low rainfall regions and is a permanent feature of the climate. Drought occurrences are common in virtually all climatic regimes.

Widespread and severe drought conditions in Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean in 2000 have raised serious concerns about the continuing vulnerability of the world community to extended periods of droughts and water shortages. In 2000, major droughts affected much of south-eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the area through central Asia to northern China. Especially hard hit was Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Iraq and the Islamic Republic of Iran and parts of China. In North America, months of above-average temperature coincided with below-normal precipitation through northern Mexico and much of the southern and western regions of the USA, leading to one of the worst wildfires in the past 50 years.

By August 2001, much of Western Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East was suffering the third year of a continuing drought that severely reduced many countries’ crop yields. The countries most affected were Afghanistan, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.

Jaggery: Raw brown / unrefined brown sugar in lump made from palm sap (Plate 365).

Jam: A preserved product prepared on boiling pectin contained in fruit pulp with required amount of sugar, water and acid to a reasonably thick consistency, firm enough to hold the fruit tissues in position (Plate 366).

Jam pack: The packing of the commodity tightly or in excess is called Jam pack.

Jamaica rum: Heavy bodied rum made by slow fermentation and marked by a pungent bouquet.

Jamboline: A type of glucose found in the jamun fruit help in cure of the diabetes in the patients.

Jelly: A product prepared by boiling clear extract of fruits with sugar. It should be transparent, well set, and tender enough to quiver but not flower and when cut; it should retain its shape and show a clean cut surface (Plate 367).

In agroforestry systems the various components like tree, crop and pasture exist in different proportions and orientations. It is difficult to find out which agroforestry system is the best suited for a given land situation. Similarly, it is to be decided which technologies are required for refinement and improvement of the existing agroforestry practices. But without sufficient knowledge of the existing system in a particular land situation, it is very difficult to set the research priorities for modification and development of this system.

Diagnosis and Design (D & D) is a systematic and objective methodology developed by International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) to initiate, monitor and evaluate agroforestry programmes. D & D is based on the philosophy that knowledge of the existing situation (diagnosis) is essential to plan and evaluate (design) meaningful and effective programmes in agroforestry research for development. The methodology plays a strategic role in all the phases of the agroforestry research process. D & D in agroforestry is unique and it has been specially developed for the following purposes (Raintree, 1987)

Agricultural policies shape the landscape of farming and food production globally. They encompass a range of interventions by governments to influence agricultural practices, food security, trade, and rural development. This article delves into the various types of agricultural policies, their historical context, and their socio-economic and environmental implications. It examines case studies from different regions to highlight the diverse approaches and outcomes of these policies. Additionally, the article discusses the challenges and opportunities in formulating and implementing effective agricultural policies, particularly in the face of global issues such as climate change, food insecurity, and market volatility. By understanding the impact of agricultural policies, stakeholders can better navigate the complexities of the agricultural sector and promote sustainable development.

1. ‘Agrostoogical’ refers to cultivation of_____________. (Grasses)
2. Land on which the potential plant community is composed periodically of native grass, forbs and shrubs valuable for forage and in sufficient quantity to justifying grazing use is called as_____________. (Rangeland)
3. The basic object of range management is to_____________ and_____________ the rangeland for higher production of fodder, rich in nutritive value and palatability. (Improve & maintain)
4. ICAR had carried a grassland survey of India in 1954 by Wnyte, Venkatramanan and Dabadghao had found_____________ types of grass land in different environment. (8)
5. The main reason for the enormous increase in livestock population is_____________. (Social attitude of the people)
6. All the vegetation consumed by grazing animals including fruits and twigs of trees and shrubs is called_____________. (Pasturage & forage)
7. The practice by which the gap can be bridged between the requirement and availability of animal feeds and fodder is known as_____________. (Grass land techniques)
8. The scientists_____________ have recognised five type of grass covers in India. (Dabadghao & Shankar Narayan, 1979)
9. The maximum area of about 2.8 milloin square kilometre is covered under_____________ type of grassland in India. (Phragmites Saccharum type)

This study aimed to optimize the incorporation levels of whole egg powder (WEP) and skim milk powder (SMP) and to evaluate the storage stability of the resulting protein-rich pasta. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design was employed for optimization; thirteen formulation combinations were tested. The best formulation was identified as 5% WEP and 10% SMP. This optimal mix resulted in a significant improvement in the proximate composition of the fortified pasta compared to the control. Both the control and fortified pasta were stored under aerobic conditions at 20-30±5°C in aluminium foil-LDPE laminate pouches for 60 days. The pasta samples were analyzed at intervals of 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Storage studies revealed an increase in TBARS, FFA, peroxide values, and microbial counts in both pasta types, but the control samples exhibited a significantly lower rate of increase (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation showed lower scores for the fortified pasta compared to the control. Despite these findings, the fortified pasta with 5% WEP and 10% SMP maintained its physicochemical, colour, textural, microbiological, and sensory qualities over the 60-day storage period. Microstructure studies revealed increased interaction between added protein (WEP & SMP) and starch molecules, indicating a potential option to produce high quality pasta with enhanced nutritional and functional properties, thereby enhancing the practical implications of the research.