eChapters

6.1. Genetic principles

6.1.1. Maintenance of genetic purity during seed production

1. Steps suggested by Home (1953)

Introduction

Mr. Ramesh Gupta was transferred from a well established business division to an emerging division of one of the largest companies of India, TN Limited (TNL) (refer Exhibit-1). Mr. Gupta had more than 30 years of work experience in TNL when he joined this new division. The division was primarily into acquisition and management of oil and gas assets in India and abroad. Recently the company had acquired a very large asset in North America. To manage this asset, a Houston, USA based subsidiary of TNL named as BM Limited (BML) was created (refer Exhibit-2). Considering scale of business and complexity involved, the company decided to post some of its brightest officers there. Through competitive and transparent process of selection, three officers viz.

1. Fiber are basic material for constructing the gear.

2. Fibers length will be 200 times greater than that width.

3. Cotton fibber have length about 20-50 mm.

4. Ramie, hemp, liner are also known as soft fiber.

5. Ramie fiber - china grass.

6. Sisal and manila fiber are hard fiber.

7. Poly amide also known as nylon.

8. Polystyrene also known as terylene.

9. Poly condensation water eliminating process eg PA, PES.

10. Poly vinyl chloride is the first synthetic fiber to be produced by on an industrial scale. And also first synthetic material for gear.

Dr Chauhan is a name that resonates with compassion, innovation, and an unyielding commitment to animal welfare. With a career spanning over three decades, he has emerged as a towering figure in the field of veterinary medicine, touching the lives of animals and humans alike through his groundbreaking work and empathetic approach. His exceptional dedication to the health and well-being of cows has earned him the affectionate nickname “Cowpathy Man,” a testament to his pioneering efforts in bovine healthcare, conservation of indigenous cows and his relentless advocacy for these gentle creatures.
From a young age, Dr. Chauhan displayed an innate connection with animals. Growing up in Aligarh, U. P. surrounded by rural landscapes and farm animals, he developed a deep appreciation for the role of cows in sustaining communities. This early bond shaped his career path, guiding him toward Veterinary Medicine with a special focus on bovine health. After earning his veterinary degree, he embarked on a journey that would not only establish him as a leading expert in the field but also as a passionate advocate for the humane treatment of animals.
Dr. Chauhan quickly rose to prominence due to his innovative approach to Veterinary care. While he treated animals of all kinds, his work with cows became the cornerstone of his career. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and ecological significance of these animals, he delved into research on common bovine diseases, nutrition, and sustainable farming practices. His dedication led to the development of innovative diagnostic protocols, treatment and preventive measures, improving the health and productivity of cows across the region.

Product

Anything that possesses utility is described as goods. A product is both what a seller sell and what a buyer has to buy. 

According to Phillip Kotler: A product is anything that can be offered in a market for attention acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organisation and ideas.

According to Stanton: A product is a set of tangible and intangible attributes, including packaging, colour, price, manufacturer’s prestige, retailer prestige and services which the buyer may accept as offering satisfaction or wants or needs.

ABSTRACT

Zingiber officinale is a herbaceous perennial. The absence of seed set in ginger makes conventional breeding methods inapplicable. Genetic modification through biotechnological means is the only way for introducing novel genes into the cultivated types. Transient expression of the gus reporter gene was used in preliminary experiments. Agrobacteruim tumefaciens strains EHA105/p35SGUS Int. effective in expressing b- glucuronidase activity was used for standardizing the optimum conditions for effecting transformation, such as preculture of explants, bacterial dilution, infection time, co-cultivation period etc. In addition, effects of acetosyringone and explant wounding were evaluated using the same strain. Genetic transformation of bud and regenerated plantlets was confirmed by their ability to grow on MS medium containing kanamycin 100 mg l-1 + cefotaxime 300 mg l-1 by histochemical b-glucuronidase assays.

Introduction

Biological activation of grain or germination is a natural, biological processing techniques and traditional method that can be used to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory properties of grains. During biological activation of grains, extensive phytochemical changes were reported in a variety of food grains, which reflects a dynamic and complex nutrient flux including remobilization, degradation and accumulation. During this process many hydrolytic enzymes were activated to hydrolyze the starches, proteins and, non-starch polysaccharides, which results in more oligosaccharides and free amino acids. Many nutrients and bioactive compounds reportedly increase and then decrease as they are utilized by the growing plant, which results in degradation of the high molecular weight polymers for generation of bio-functional substances. The biological activation of grains also realizes a significant growth of nutritional value by increasing the bioavailability of nutritional compounds, vitamins, bio-elements and other biologically active substances due to the partial hydrolysis of starch, proteins, hemicelluloses and even celluloses. Biological activation triggers the enzymatic activity in grain and dormant hydrolytic enzymes are activated, breaking down starch, fibers and proteins and leading to an increase in the amount of digestible compounds along with improvement of functional properties without any chemical modification. Also, the activity of some anti-nutritional factors (enzyme inhibitors, haemagglutinins, anti-vitamins etc.) decreases or disappears during activation, allowing a complete valorization of biological compounds in grains. During biological activation hydrolytic amylase enzymes, proteolytic enzymes, and catalase were activated in grains, which enhances the starch degradation, a complex biochemical process and thus lead to the conversion of insoluble granules to soluble starch and dextrin. Apart from positive shifting in the level of nutrition, biochemical activities which occur during activation also generate bioactive components of health-promoting activities through the enzymatic actions that are antioxidants in nature, such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols and phenolic compounds, thus resulting in an increase of antioxidant activity.

The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. Every person involved in the food system—growers, food processors, distributors, retailers, consumers, and waste managers—can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system.

Context

Value Services Incis (VSI) incorporated and headquartered in New York, USA and with presence in 14 countries across the globe. With a total of 14000 employees globally, about 23% of their workforce is based in India in their offices across Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. Their India headquarters is in Mumbai.

The company's business is primarily in research services. They pride themselves in providing high quality and in-depth research output across all domains, industries and geographies. They serve 40% of the fortune 500 companies as their clients and by 2020, they aim to cover 70% of the list

Key Points

• Traumatic injuries occur when an animal injures another or falls or strikes surrounding infrastructure (e.g., flooring, fence, gate).

• Common types of injuries include fractures, dislocations, bruises, and wounds, which might be penetrating or not.

Introduction

Physical injuries may occur throughout the export procedure. Slipping and being trampled or mounted during transportation or yarding are likely the most common causes of severe injuries. Poorly built or maintained facilities, such as yards, laneways, fences, gates, and flooring, can increase the risk of injury to animals while they are kept or handled. Poor stockmanship, such as rough handling and putting too much pressure on others, can also increase the chance of harm. Individual animals can be injured by improper restraint or handling, such as dragging an animal by its front or hind legs.

1) Leaf Curl
Taphrina deformans
Disease Symptoms
• Initially yellowish to reddish areas appear on leaf blade of young leaves in the spring.
• These areas progressively thicken and pucker along the midrib causing the leaf to curl.
• Infected leaves often develop red to purple color. Later on white to silvery coating of spores develop on the upper leaf surface and the affected leaves become crisp and brittle.
• Finally, infected leaves abscise prematurely or may sometimes remain attached , gradually turning dark brown on severly infected trees.
• Fruit infection is characterized by irregular, raised, wrinkled and reddish lesions.
• Infected flowers and fruits drop rapidally(Fig-1).

7.1. Summary
The planet rise at this moment cannot endure and conjure up any further stress and distress created by un-mindful modernization of agriculture. This situation has gone further complex with the unabated rate of urbanization. The natural resources which looked plenty some 50 years back, now is coming up something scant and degraded. We have to protect this planet; hence, we have to protect our agriculture by placing ecological resilience with its perfect balance and dynamics. In doing so, we need to manage and recycle energy, water, and biodiversity in such a way that the operating agro-ecosystem can perform for another centuries. This is a herculean task, it will only be possible when farmers and other citizens are participating elegantly and equally into the process, because farmers are not producing food for their own, rather they are feeding the entire civilization. Every year 15-20 tonnes of top soils are being eroded, the highest anytime; the sea level is rising at the rate 5-10 mm again it has become highest over the last decades and the prediction for rate of changes in rainfall and temperature contributing to global warming has been accelerate like anything. In addition to this, we need to feed 950 crores of population by 2050, while lands are getting fragmented, resources are fragile, and water is getting increasingly contaminated. Thus, CA is the only option to create a perfect balance between productivity with increase of ecological resilience, even within the cropping system by introducing crop diversification with leguminous crops and this is specially so when the biodiversity is also getting eroded. Water harvesting is the need of the hour as we can make our farm more energy parsimonious, we have direct whatever crop residues are produced in the soil echelon and making this concept a revolution into a reality we have to go in a massive way with bring awareness, creating policies, and mobilizing community to make our agriculture ever- green and ever- resilient.
On this context the present research has been conducted with the following objectives:

Abstract

The establishment of All-India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project in 1965 coincided with the introduction of high yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties. Since then India has made very impressive progress in increasing wheat production over the past three and half decades. India now ranks as the second largest wheat-producing nation in the world. In fact from a state of “Ship to mouth” in 30 years or so India has become a nation of surpluses. The significant contribution made by the project in helping the increased wheat production cannot be ignored. Through coordinated research and development, nearly 200 wheat varieties have been developed during the last 35 years in India. However, only a small number of them produced without backing of specific quality breeding programs excel in quality traits also. The increasing demand of baked and pasta products in the country along with economic liberalization and global trade have offered opportunities for better utilization of the surplus wheat. Thus, in the current decade and beyond, wheat quality needs uppermost attention to meet the trade requirements for domestic and export purposes. Therefore, there is a need to reorient the wheat improvement programs in the country.

Horse

The femur of horse is more massive than that in ox. The proximal third of the caudal surface of shaft of femur presents a rough eminence for attachment of biceps femoris muscle. The trochanter minor is a rough ridge like structure. The proximal third of the lateral border of shaft presents trochanter tertius for attachment of superficial gluteus muscle. The trochanter major is comprised of a convexity, a summit and a crest. The trochanteric ridge is vertical and it connects the trochanter major with the third trochanter. The lateral supracondyloid crest and the supracondyloid fossa are better developed in horse than that in ox. The patella of horse is wider and longer than that of ox.

The tibia in horse is relatively longer than that in ox. The popliteal line is prominent. It extends from the proximal third of the medial border, obliquely crosses the caudal surface and ends at the middle of the lateral border of the shaft of tibia. The medial border in its proximal third bears a small popliteal tubercle for attachment of popliteus muscle. The lateral border is attached to the shaft of the fibula and encloses an interosseous tibiofibular arch with the fibula. At the proximal extremity, the cranial tuberosity is vertically grooved. The lateral condyle on its lateral side presents facet for articulation with the proximal extremity of fibula. At the distal extremity, the grooves are oblique. The lateral malleolus is fused with the distal extremity of tibia, The medial malleolus is more prominent than the lateral one.

Veterinarians, biologists, field assistants, hunters, and other individuals who work directly with wildlife have an increased risk of acquiring these diseases directly from animal hosts or their ectoparasites. Plague, tularemia, and leptospirosis have been acquired in the handling and skinning of rodents, rabbits, and carnivores.

Public Finance

Public finance is a branch of economics which deals with the income and expenditure of public authorities such as Central Government, State Government, Corporations, Municipalities etc. Public finance, according to Adam Smith, is the study of the nature and guiding principles of government spending and revenue.

Micro Finance vs. Macro Finance

Microfinance and macro finance represent two types of funding-related activities. The difference lies in their scope. Microfinance is an individual-focused, community-based approach to provide money and/or fnancial services to money to poor individuals or small businesses who lack access to mainstream or conventional resources. 

A family of 183 genera and over 2,600 species distributed widely in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and a few also in warm, temperate regions. About 28 genera and over 95 species have been reported from India. Chief genera along with the number of their total reported species and the common names of them are Calamus (300, cane palm), Chamaedorea (130), Areca (54, betel nut plam), Coccothrinax (50, Biscayne palm), Copernicia (30, wax palm), Raphia (30, wine palm), Sabal (25, cabbage palm), Phoenix (17, date palm), Roystonea (17, Royal palm), Metroxylon (15, sago palm), Phytelephas (15, ivory-nut palm), Caryota (12, fish-tail palm), Elaeis (2, oil
palm) and Cocos (1, coconut palm). Selected Indian Genera Araca, Borassus, Calamus, Cocos, Nypa, Phoenix.
Economic Importance
Palm family, supposed to be second in importance to Poaceae, is used for food, oils, shelter, coconuts, copra, dates, clothing, etc. As many as 801 uses of only Borassus flabellifer have been mentioned in one ancient Tamil song. Cocos nucifera (coconut Fig. 45.2) is another such plant of this family whose almost every part of entire plant body is utilized in some ways or other, i.e.

Soon after completing masters in Veterinary Pathology, Dr Chauhan joined as Teaching Associate in the department of Microbiology and Public Health in Pantnagar and taught BVSc &AH students systemic Bacteriology, meat hygiene and milk hygiene. However, this period was very short of only few months as he joined as Assistant Professor/ Assistant Disease Investigation Officer in HAU Hisar (1983-1996) and was entrusted disease investigation besides teaching of UG and PG students. He taught hygiene to BHSc students, and Epidemiology, Zoonosis, Livestock and Poultry Disease Investigation courses to masters and doctoral students. He also guided several masters and doctoral thesis research on pesticide toxicity, reoviral infection, and protozoan parasite infections. He has written a book on “Text book of Veterinary Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis which was released by Hon’ble Central Education Minister Km Shailja ji. Students were fond of Dr Chauhan because of his teaching skills, easy to learn process and friendly behaviour; among them are Dr Naresh Jindal, Dr NK Mahajan, Dr SK Khurana, Dr Rajsh Khurana, Dr RK Vaid, Dr Devendra Bist etc.
In Feb1996 he joined at Pantnagar as Associate Professor and was given responsibility of Veterinary Pathology teaching to BVSc&AH, MVSc and PhD students. The teaching skills of Dr Chauhan were appreciable and were very useful to the students. He prepared power point presentation of each and every topic with photographs, line drawings, video and graphs/ bar diagrams etc to make it more understandable to the students. Particularly Dr Chauhan’s teaching include the Indian perspectives including animal diseases which showed the right things present in the field. Many disease conditions are different in India in comparison to other countries; some important diseases present in India are mentioned in the books of foreign writers and similarly many diseases occurs in other countries are not having any presence in India. So it is very important to impart education to students in right perspective which they will face in the field. Dr Chauhan always discusses the epidemiology part of the disease whether the disease in present in India or not; if present then what is the magnitude of disease. Such information is not available in literature, it comes by virtue of experience.

Sales Management

According to American marketing Association “Sales management is the planning, direction and control of personal selling, including recruiting, selecting, equipping, assigning, routing, supervising, paying and motivating as these tasks apply to the personal sales force.”

Materials Required

Fruits juice, enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, pectinase CCM etc.), filter press, buchner filter apparatus, water bath, filter paper pulp, buchhi type rotary vacuum evaporator, freeze concentrator, membrane concentrator (whichever available), vacuum grease.

Procedure

    1.    Extract the juice as discussed in earlier exercises. Take a known quantity of juice in a conical flask.
    2.    Add enzymes i.e. pectinase @ 0.2% to the juice and keep in a water bath at temperature of 40-50ºC for 2 hrs.
    3.    Shake the flasks occasionally for uniform mixing of enzyme all throughout the flask during the enzymatic treatment.
    4.    Leave the flasks undisturbed for 10-12 hrs for allowing the insoluble solids to settle at the bottom of the flask.
    5.    Siphon the clear juice from the top of the flask.
    6.    Pass this siphoned juice through filter press or through a 0.4-0.5 cm thick bed of filter paper pulp in a Buchner filter apparatus or filter press.
    7.    Record the volume of the clarified juice obtained. Calculate the wastage.
    8.    Concentrate the juice in rotary vacuum evaporator at 50+2ºC temperature and at 28-30” Hg vacuum to a TSS of about 50 to 70º Brix. Record the exact TSS.
    9.    Record the volume of condensate obtained in the round bottom flask of the buchhi apparatus.
    10.    Calculate the folds of concentration