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Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment. The concern to determine the importance of the airflow as a possible source of contamination in dairy and food industry is growing, because the airborne dust particles can introduce foreign matter including microbial contaminants into the dairy products. Maintenance of air quality in a dairy factory plays an important role and is very much monitored by controlling the temperature, humidity and particle concentration. Air quality control is required for the comfort and safety of employees. To reduce the possibility of contamination in products it is necessary to impose additional controls on air quality. Airborne contamination can be controlled by air filtration.

In the wildlife conservation and management, restraint and handling of wild/zoo and exotic animals play a prominent role. Zoo veterinarian has to deal with animal handling on a regular basis for various purposes like routine health checkup, research purpose (assisted reproductive techniques, blood collection for genetic health analysis, radio-collaring), or for conservation and management purposes (capture of problematic animals, translocation. introduction and reintroduction) and for the marking of animals. So, proper management called for good restraint in wildlife.

1) Leaf Spot
(Mycosphaerella fragariae teleomorph, Ramularia brunnea Peck anamorph). Disease Symptoms
• Older leaves usually show purple spots (3-6 mm in diameter) on the upper surface, sometimes with a slightly darker halo.
• As the spots mature, they become white to gray and surrounded by a brownish halo.
• A typical lesions, uniformly brown without darker border or lighter centers, may form on young leaves.
• Later on, the whole leaf is covered by numerous lesions and become chlorotic, withered and die.
• Fruits are generally not directly infected, but the loss of foliage can reduce their quality and yield (Fig-1).
Etiology
Scientific Classification
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Ascomycota
Class : Dothideomycetes

Present study was conducted in an Eastern Indian State ‘Chhattisgarh’, which was purposively selected keeping in view the importance of SHG movement in empowering rural poor in Eastern Indian States, home of the largest proportion of population below poverty line. To have in-depth micro level analyses, one district of Chhattisgarh was randomly selected, which happened to be the Kanker district.

Abstract
 
Technological advancement, increased urbanization, awareness and interest of consumer for variety products have given a great challenge to the food sector to develop inexpensive foods that are nutritionally superior and acceptable to the intended consumers. Keeping this objective in view, we have made an attempt to develop technology for variety products from wheat and corn and suitability of available varieties judged. With the emerging trends of food market towards fast foods, there are vast prospects for efficient utilization of cereals by exploring varieties products. A steamed bread (a Chinese traditional product) and Tortilla and corn chips (Mexican snacks) were developed. Steamed bread is defined as the product resulting from cooking or steaming fermented dough. Recipe and method for its preparation was standardized. Nutritionally rich steamed bread can be prepared by supplementing 10% level of chickpea and defatted soybean flour. Corn snacks have become a prime target of some consumer advocates and nutritionists who have referred them as a source of ‘empty calories’. But reality is that these snacks provide instant energy, as they are rich storehouse of nutrients. Process and recipe for the preparation of Tortilla and corn chips from Indian maize were standardized. The quality and acceptability of these snacks were worked out and found that these products were highly acceptable. Indian consumers have versatile taste, so these products will be readily accepted in Indian market. 

Genus : Prunus 
Species : persica Batsch
Family : Rosaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 16

The peach, Prunus persica (L) Batch is unique among the temperate fruits as it is adaptated to varied climatic conditions and it is for this reason that peach and its close relative the nectarine, in a short period has spread rapidly to different parts of the world. Peach is a tree of temperate zone, but has attained higher quality (fruit colour, taste etc.) in areas where the summer temperatures are relatively warm to hot. With the discovery of low chill types ‘Honey’ and ‘Peen to’ forms from southern China, peach cultivation has been spread to warm temperate regions of the world. Normally peach requires from 500-1000 hours of cold/chill hours below 7.2oC for growth and flowering in the spring. Peach history as a garden crop in China is well documented, and forms varying in flesh colour (white, yellow or red), free stone or cling stone, flower colour, large and showy flower type seen presently were also present at very early time i.e. the beginning of the present century.

Materials Required

Fruit pulp, cane sugar, potable water, essence, citric acid, colours, preservatives, weighing balance, glass jars (500 ml capacity), jar closures, hand refractometer, steel pan, ladle etc.

Procedure

    1.    Select sound and fresh fruits, free from any blemishes. Generally a mixture of ripe and unripe fruits should be taken as the ripe fruits impart good flavour and the unripe fruits are rich in pectin, required for a good set.

    2.    Wash the fruits thoroughly. Cut into 4-8 pieces depending upon the fruit and size
    3.    Boil the fruit pieces for about 20-25 min in boiling water and pass through pulper to get a good pulp.
    4.    Weigh known quantity of fresh or preserved pulp and add about equal quantity of sugar (preferably in 45:55 ratio)
    5.    Cook the mixture on gas flame by occasional stirring. 
    6.    When the mixture becomes thick, perform sheet test.
    7.    Citric acid is added generally towards the end of cooking. Addition of all the acid in the beginning may result in stickiness and poor set. 
    8.    Remove from the flame when the mixture gives a clear sheet
    9.    Flavours, colours etc may also be added towards the end of boiling. 
    10.    Fill the jam in glass jars (preferably pre-warmed in hot air).
    11.    Close the jars with lug caps and allow to cool overnight.
    12.    Label and store in a cool place.

The success of any crop improvement programme springs mainly from sound and genetically investigations carried out in the fields. However, the moment such biological populations are subjected to field evaluation, some external and non-heritable agencies come into active role. As a result, these agencies or factors mask real differences among the tested populations which stem purely from heritable or genetic factors. Their influence gets confounded with the latter. Consequently authentic data related to genetic differences are not available due to controllable and non-controllable errors. Further, physical data that are assembled in an experiment are often so voluminous and so vast that is perhaps humanly not possible to arrive at meaningful conclusions. Hence, an adequate knowledge of statistical principles and their appropriate use warrant perfection to a point where all possible sources of error can be well accounted for.

1. DEFINITION

Seed deterioration is defined as deteriorative changes occurring with time that increase the seed’s vulnerability to external challenges and decrease the ability of the seed to survive

Key Points

• Cardiac crises can result in deadly outcomes. Prompt and precise diagnosis leads to early symptom alleviation and increased survival.

• Many illnesses qualify as cardiac crises, including thromboembolic disease, cardiac tamponade, arrhythmogenic disease, and congestive heart failure.

Introduction

A cardiovascular emergency is defined as any condition affecting the heart or vasculature that prevents appropriate blood flow, tissue perfusion, or oxygenation. Cardiac emergencies include a wide range of disorders such as arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade/pericardial effusions, and congestive heart failure (CHF).

This family is represented by about 62 genera and 2,252 species, chiefly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Eastern Asia and eastern North America are the regions of their most common occurrence. The common genera, of which over 150 or more species have so far been reported, include Ranunculus (400), Aconitum (300), Delphinium (250), Clematis (250), Anemone (150) and Thalictrum (150). Some species occur in Arctic and Alpine zones. However, they are rare in tropics. Twenty genera and over 165 species of this family have so far been reported from India. Plants of this family flower mainly during winter in our country. Selected Indian Genera and Species
• Ornamentals: Many Ranunculaceae have showy flowers and are grown as ornamentals in gardens. Some of such ornamentals are Aconitum napellus (aconite), Anemone parviflora (wind flower), Aquilegia coerulea (columbine), Caltha palustris (Marsh marigold), Clematis virginiana (traveller’s joy), Delphinium ajacis (larkspur), Helleborus (Christmas rose), Nigella damascena (love-in-a-mist), Paeonia emodi (Peony), Ranunculus aquatilis, R. seleratus (cedery peaved crow foot).

Varietal description and nomenclature of different guava varieties grown in India are greatly confusing. Some varieties were named according to shape of the fruit, skin colour and pulp colour, while, several other varieties were named after in the place of origin. Pandey (1968) made detailed studies in different cultivars of guava and classified them into the white pulp group and the red pulp group. Guava is largely a self-pollinated crop, but crosspollination also does occur. This results in a large variability in the seedling population from which promising genotypes have been selected in different agro-climatic regions of the country. Promising cultivars of different Indian states are given below:
About 160 genotypes, including somePsidum spp., are available in Indian collections and are maintained at several centres within the country in field gene banks. Nomenclature of the cultivars of guava grown in India is not yet well established. Some of the varieties have been named according to shape, colour, and smoothness of skin or by the place of their origin. Characters like plant growth, yield and physico-chemical composition of different guava varieties were reported by several workers. Varietal evaluation was carried out by many workers who reported performance of these varieties under

X-ray Machines
 
There are many factors to consider when choosing X-ray equipment. The need of an individual practice varies depending on the species majority and case work load.
Types of X-ray machines: 
X-ray machines can be grouped into 3 categories:

I. Portable X-ray Machine

    ·    Is one that can be carried to the animal.
    ·    Portable X-ray machines are widely used in veterinary practice.
    ·    The maximum output is 15 to 35 mAs and kV ranges from 70-110 kVp.
    ·    Cost is less and easy to move around and transport. 
    ·    Suitable for X-raying of thin and small parts (limbs below stifle and elbow of large animals and can be used taking 
X-rays of abdomen an skeletal systems of small animals).

Genus : Prunus 
Species : armeniaca L.
Family : Rosaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 16

Of all the temperature fruits belonging to tribe pruneae, apricots after cherries are more exacting in their climatic requirements. For this climate specific, apricots are often described as a fruit that fails where other fruits grow successfully. Apricots lavish continental climate, which is characterized by low rainfall (50 cm per year), warm summers and without much variation in winter temperatures and this winter temperature in temperate regions remain close to -33o C. Apricot trees are said to be drought resistant and can sustains low atmospheric humidity but is very sensitive to low soil moisture content.

Materials Required

Fruit extract, cane sugar, potable water, essence, citric acid, colours, preservatives, weighing balance, glass jars (500 ml capacity), jar closures, hand refractometer, steel pan, ladle etc.

Procedure for Jelly

    1.    Select sound and fresh fruits, free from any blemishes. Generally a mixture of ripe and unripe fruits shouldbe taken as the ripe fruits impart good flavour and the unripe fruits are rich in pectin, required for a good set.
    2.    Wash the fruits thoroughly. Cut into 4-8 pieces depending upon the fruit and size
    3.    Boil the fruit pieces in water (about ½ to an equal weight of fruits for fruits like apple and 2-3 times the weight of sliced fruits in case of citrus fruits) for about 30 min. with occasional stirring. Strain the boiled mixture through coarse muslin cloth to get a clear pectin extract
    4.    A second extract may also be taken by boiling the same mass again and straining.
    5.    Add sugar (usually 3/4th to one part of the extract or in 45:55 ratio) to the pectin extract and boil in a stainless steel pan. Add required quantities of acid towards the end of boiling.
    6.    Remove the scum rising on the top of boiling mass occasionally.
    7.    To avoid charring, occasional stirring is also done.
    8.    To avoid destruction of pectin the cooking should be completed fast
    9.    Determine the end point of jelly as detailed ahead.
    10.    Fill in hot dry glass jars and cool rapidly
    11.    Pour a thin layer of hot molten paraffin wax seal to avoid moulding.   
    12.    Label and store in a cool place.

The following tests are discussed under this section:
    16.1    Estimation of ascorbic acid concentration
    16.2    Effect of cold shock
    16.3    Mitochondrial activity
    16.4    Capacitation of spermatozoa and calcium influx 
    16.5    Morphometric analysis
    16.6    Flow cytometry

16.1 Estimation of Ascorbic Acid Concentration

Ascorbic acid concentration in semen is beneficial for its antioxidant action. It protects the spermatozoa against oxidative damage of free radical produced in the semen.

Materials Required

    1.    Test tubes with stand
    2.    Burrette with stand
    3.    Centrifuge tube with stand

ABSTRACT

Coleus forskohlii Briq. is a threatened medicinal plant , susceptible to fungal disease. The regeneration of this plant has been achieved on MSo medium supplemented with 2 mg/l or 3 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D for callus induction using leaf as explants. Multiple shoot production from the leaf-derived transformed callus of coleus has been standardized using the various concentration of NAA with 2 mg/l BAP. The combination of 2 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA was found to be best for multiple shoot production. Rooting was found to be best on MS medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l NAA. Coleus forskohlii was transformed with glucanase-chitinase gene along with npt-II gene. The presence of npt-II genes in the leaves of putative transformants were confirmed by PCR analysis. SDS- PAGE analysis and glucanase assay revealed the over expression of glucanase enzyme in the transgenic plants. The transgenic coleus plants survived the infection caused by Fusarium chlamydosporium due to the accumulation of glucanase-chitinase enzyme, where as control plants were susceptible to the disease.

1. SEED TREATMENT

It refers to the application of pesticides (fungicides, insecticides or a combination of both) to seeds before sowing and/or storage in order to protect the seeds and young seedlings from soil borne pathogens and/or storage pathogens and insects. Seeds are thoroughly mixed with required quantities of chemicals namely bavistin (carbendezim) @ 2-4 g/kg of seeds.

5.1 A great deal of research

A great deal of research has been carried out on listening in communication. According to the researchers, listening comes at top of the list of the four forms of communication