eChapters

Chemical immobilization of elephants needs an understanding of itís special features as a priority. Lungs are adhered to the chest wall by fibrous tissue and there is no pleural space. This fact must be taken into consideration when the elephant is cast or put into positions that may inhibit respiration.The trunk of the elephant is a vital organ. An injured or paralyzed trunk is a serious problem; if it cannot be corrected, the elephant will starve.

1) Blister Blight
Diagnostic Symptoms
• Initially oily, yellowish, translucent spots appear on the tender leaf and turn to deep red shiny blisters.
• The circular spot gradually enlarges to 3 to 13mm diameter, bulged on the under surface of the leaf with a concave trough like depression on the upper surface.
• Leaves become curled and distorted.
• First flush of 2-3 young leaves are attacked and the young shoots and buds are killed.
• Mature leaf is not affected.
• In nursery infection, seedlings are stunted with many thin stems instead of a single stalk.
• Repeated attacks cause death of seedlings.
• Badly affected nurseries will have to be abandoned.
• Succulent leaves and green shoots of newly pruned tea are most susceptible (Fig.1).
• Basidiospores cause secondary infection.

A family of approximately 91 genera and 4,828 species which are cosmopolitan in distribution but particularly abundant in Eastern Asia, North America and Europe. About 25 genera and 230 species of Rosaceae have so far been reported from India. Some of the largely represented genera along with their common names and approximately reported species include Potentilla (Cinquefoil, 500), Prunus (peach, plum, almond, cherry, apricot, 430), Rosa (Rose, 250), Rubus (Raspberry, blackberry, 250), Alchemilla (250), Crataegus (Hawthorn, 200), Sorbus (Chokeberry, 250), Acaena (100) and Spirea (100). Named after the universally famous flowering plant, rose, the Rosaceae show great diversity in types of fruit (Fig. 48.1).
Roses, universally acclaimed as the ‘queen of flowers’, have played major role in human culture and artistry from ancient times. Among the ornamentals, roses occupy very important position both as garden plants and cut flowers for their beauty and fragrance. This unique position is attributed to great amount of variation in flowers and plant characteristics as well as their wide adaptability to varied agro-ecological conditions. Damask rose (R. damascena) and Edouard rose (R. bourboniana) are cultivated for extraction of essence, rose attar or rose oil, otto and other products, gulkand, gulab jal and pankhuri from petals. Rose oil has a significant place as an ingredient in pharmaceutical preparations viz., ointments, lotions, perfumes, creams and soaps and in food products including beverages, baked foods, puddings and frozen dairy desserts. Characteristics of damask rose oil as anti-HIV, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant have been established.

Materials Required

Lime fruits, green chillies, ginger salt (common), stainless steel pans, kinives, weighing balance, spices etc. 

Procedure

    1.    Select sound and mature fruits of lime, mature but green chillies having good size and ginger rhizomes.
    2.    Wash the lime fruits, ginger and chillies properly in running cold water.
    3.    Cut the lime fruits into pieces / halves. 
    4.    Remove the stalks of the chillies and cut into longitudinal slices. Peel ginger and cut into long thin slices.
    5.    Put the lime pieces, chilli and ginger slices in a wide mouthed pre-sterilized glass jar 
    6.    Add common salt @ 250g / Kg of material.
    7.    Squeeze some of the juice over the slices
    8.    Stir the mass well mixing thoroughly
    9.    In case the juice does not cover the material completely, add pre-boiled and cooled 5% solution of citric acid.
    10.    Keep the jar in Sun for about a week with occasional shaking of the material.
    11.    When the lime pieces start turning light brown, the pickle is ready for consumption.

Abstract

Patent infringement is the act of unauthorized making, using, offering for sale or selling any patented invention within the India. In case of patent infringement it is necessary for the patentee to compare the claims granted to him with the allegedly infringing product an check whether there is an infringement – whether the infringing product falls within the scope of the claims of the patent. In such a case the patentee may sue for relief in an appropriate court. The patentee may ask for permanent injunction and damages on account of the infringement. It is the crusade of the inventor asserting his rights against an infringer and the law recognizes the importance of this right; because, without such positive and assertive rights, industrial progress would be hard to come by

Improved Varieties of Asparagus

(1) Perfection

Source : Developed at IARI, New Delhi

Maturity : Early

Spears : Large, green, succulent, heavy cropper and uniform in maturity

Production Technology of Asparagus

Climate

Asparagus is temperate season vegetable and bears excellent crop between a temperature range of 15-24ºC for most of the growing season. The ideal day temperature is 25-30^oC and night temperature 15-20^oC. It can tolerate frost up to some extent but continuous freezing is harmful for its growth. Spear initiation occurs at soil temperature of more than 10ºC. Spear elongation is faster at high air temperature. Root and shoot development is reduced below 13ºC and above 29ºC. Due to warm weather, spear tips open prematurely and quality of spears is reduced. Elevation of more than 1000m is good for high yield.

During the 19^th century various hypotheses were advanced about the origin of earth. These hypotheses can be grouped into two general classes:

1. Monistic hypotheses: The pioneers of this hypotheses believed that only one mass or body was responsible for the creation of the solar system. The representative of this theory is Nebular hypothesis. The advocates of this hypothesis were Kant and Laplace.

2. Dualistic hypotheses: The advocates of this hypothesis believed that two separate masses or bodies were responsible for the creation of the solar system. The representatives of this hypothesis are Planetesimal hypothesis and Tidal hypothesis. The pioneer of Planetesimal hypothesis was the great English scientist T. C. Chamberlain. The Tidal hypothesis was advocated by another English geographer named James Jeans.

Once the animal is darted, immobilized animal should be under the expert care of an experienced wildlife veterinarian. The veterinarian needs to monitor the complete immobilization process and should know what to do if something goes wrong. Keep the darted animal in sight and allow the drug to act completely which may generally take 5- 25 minutes depending on the species, sex, drug used, and body condition of animal. Any noise or excitement may cause immobilized animal to wake up or take flight which may make animal search difficult.

1) Rust
Diagnostic Symptoms
• The disease is restricted to leaves although sometimes it can seen on tender shoots and berries.
• The rust pustules appear as small spots, 1-2 mm in diameter.
• In early stages these spots are yellowish becoming orange in color with increase in size.
• On the upper surface, opposite the spots on the lower surface , the color is often brownish.
• In severe attack leaves may dry and wither.
• The berries remain small and fail to ripen.
• Extensive defoliation weakens the trees and results in poor yield, severe die back of twigs, and death of trees (Fig.1).

Dr. Chauhan, a renowned figure in the field of veterinary science, has left an indelible mark on the discipline through his groundbreaking research, innovative teaching, and unwavering dedication to the advancement of animal health and welfare. Over the years, his exceptional contributions have earned him a multitude of prestigious awards, medals, and honors, making him a luminary in his field.
His illustrious career began to gain recognition with the Best Young Scientist Award in 1992by Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists, an acknowledgment of his potential and early contributions to veterinary science in general and Veterinary Pathology in particular. This award marked the start of a journey filled with accolades that would underscore his relentless pursuit of excellence. Four years later, in 1996, he was honored with the IAAVR Award, further solidifying his position as a promising researcher and academic.
By 1999, Dr. Chauhan’s expertise and dedication had earned him the National Fellow Professor chair of ICAR, a prestigious recognition that highlighted his growing influence in veterinary research. Around the same time, he was conferred the title of Fellow NAVS (2000) and Fellow SIIP (2001), reflecting his significant contributions to national and international veterinary organizations. These fellowships were a testament to his role in advancing scientific understanding and his collaborative efforts within the veterinary community.
Dr. Chauhan’s profound impact on the field was also recognized with several specialized awards, including the K.S. Nair Memorial Award in 1999, the Vigyan Bharti Award in 2000, and the Dr. C.M. Singh Trust Award in 2002. These honors celebrated his ability to merge academic rigor with practical applications, benefiting both the academic community and the agricultural
sector. Similarly, the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Award (2002) and the Shri Ramlal Agrawal National Award (2000) underscored his contributions to veterinary science in India.

The main purpose of this chapter is to summarize the results to draw the conclusions on the basis of the foregoing analyses and to indicate some of the significant implications of the present study.
 
In previous Chapter, the study described a detail account of 12 SHGs, three SHGs from each of four schemes viz. NABARD’s SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) in Chhattisgarh state. However, looking back to this study with the salient findings and implications would be the precursor for looking ahead.

Abstract

Patent is a monopoly right which is granted by the Government to the applicant for the full disclosure of an ‘invention’ which is ‘new’, ‘inventive’ and ‘industrially applicable’. Thus, before filing a patent application, the inventor must be sure that the work done by him is new and inventive. Further, during the examination of the patent application, it is required to be verified that the invention claimed in the disclosure/specification is new, inventive and industrially applicable. Since the search for the ‘Novelty’ of the invention is carried worldwide, it becomes all the more important for the inventor and the examiners to search for the prior art thoroughly. Searching for the prior art (i.e. state of the art) across the globe in around millions of documents both patents and non-patent documents, is like ‘searching a needle in the haystack’. However, by using proper keywords and classification techniques, it is possible to arrive at the closest prior art available. Each patent application is classified by the Indian Patent Office and thus attributed to one or several fields of technology. The classification scheme applied is the International Patent Classification (IPC).

Frequency distribution table is a statistical table which shows the sets of all distinct values of the variables arranged in order of their magnitude either individually or in groups with their corresponding frequencies side by side.

Need for frequency distribution table

1. To condense the data
2. To provides quick reference for the entire data
3. To facilitate quick & easy statistical analysis of data
4. To reveal the pattern within the data

Concept of nutrient availability: The ions in the soil solution are available to plant provided they can reach an active root or it can reach them. The concentration of ions in the soil solution at any given moment is however; usually low, except immediately after the application of water soluble fertilizers.

Most of the nutrients are taken up by the plant in the form of cations which are positively charged. Available cations either in the soil solution or held against leaching by negatively charged clay or humus particles are easily taken up by the plants. Other plant nutrients notably phosphorus, boron and molybdenum are taken up by the plant as anions which are negatively charged. The concentration of anions in the soil solution is usually low because they become converted to new less soluble forms e.g., soluble phosphate ions forms less soluble iron or aluminium phosphates. Minerals upon weathering and organic matter upon mineralization release nutrient ions.

Physical factors

However, much readily available nutrients a soil may contain various physical features of the soil make it impossible for the plant roots to absorb it. It then becomes positionally unavailable. These features include hard pans, undesirable soil structures, presence of hard clods, dry soil horizons and water logged situation.

Low soil cation exchange capacity leads to less retention of calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper and zinc.

Crops are grown with the primary aim of maximizing the profit for the cultivators. To achieve this goal, high yielding cultivars and suitable agricultural practices are selected. But due consideration is not given for the levels of susceptibility of the cultivars and some of the agricultural practices may enhance the chances of disease incidence and consequent losses. Hence, it becomes obligatory to determine the effects of crop cultivar and agricultural practices on the extent of disease incidence and to assess losses caused by microbial pathogens in different crops in an agroecosystem. Crop losses reflect the effects of various factors such as use of disease resistant cultivars, application of chemicals, biocontrol agents and preventive measures to reduce inoculum levels, introduction of new diseases and restriction of disease spread. Assessment of crop losses is essential to choose the most effective short- and long-term strategies of disease management. Disease assessment enables the plant pathologists is to gather quantitative information for evaluating disease management strategies, for undertaking surveys of losses and breeding for disease-resistant cultivars.

Dr. Samuel Hahnemann laid down the fundamentals of the then new doctrine of homoeopathy in organon of medicine. As observed by him in the 'Introduction⁷ to this work, till then no one had ever taught this homoeopathic mode of cure, no one had carried it out in practice.

Dr. Hahnemann was of the view that the art of the medical practice "should. Rapidly and mildly, effect an unalloyed and permanent cure, and restore to health by means of the smallest doses of a few simple medicines carefully selected according to their proved effect, by the only therapeutic law comfortable to nature, that is Similia Similibus Curentur".

Homoeopathy is based on the following principles:

"The physicians high and only mission is to restore the sick to health, to cure, as it is termed"

The highest ideal of cure is rapid, gentle and permanent restoration of health or removal and annihilation of the disease in its whole extent in the shortest, most reliable and most harmless way on easily comprehensible principles.

Unprejudiced observer of a sick person takes note of nothing in every individuars disease except the changes in the health of the body and of the mind, which can be perceived externally by means of the senses. "All these perceptible signs represent the disease in its whole extent, that is, together they form the true and only conceivable portrait of the disease"

Presentation takes place all the time in organization. We are required to make presentation in meeting, seminar, conference etc. The presenter should know certain techniques to make his presentation effective.

Confectionery is the art of making confections, which are food items that contains high quantity of sugar and carbohydrates.

Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times, and continued to be eaten through the Middle Ages into the modern era.

Confections include sweet foods, sweetmeats, digestive aids that are sweet, elaborate creations, and something amusing and frivolous. Confectionery, delicacies or sweetmeats that have sugar as a principal ingredient, combined with coloring matter and flavoring and often with fruit or nuts.

Confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories.

The decision whether to extract the seed from the fruit at a central seed processing depot or close to the site of, and soon after, collection must be made in the light of local conditions. The reduction in bulk and weight of the collected material greatly facilitates transport and for this reason the extraction of the seed from relatively bulky fruits may be desirable at the site close to the collection area. In some cases it has also been found that early extraction of the seed is essential to maintain maximum viability. The use of the sun drying to speed extraction of the seed is common for many conifers and trees with woody dehiscent fruits. However, too rapid drying of fruits may sometimes cause them to remain closed and prevent later extraction, a condition known as “case-hardening” of cones. This is true for the cones of some pines if they are collected before peak maturity. In such cases it is necessary to keep the fruits under cover, with a good circulation of air, for one or two weeks before more rapid drying is attempted.

1. A good market always serves to safeguard the interest of the trader and the consumer.

2. The core fish marketing system is classified the three types as market penetration, market development and products development.

3. College of Mangalore developed technology for fish sausages.

4. CIFE Mumbai developed technology to manufacture fish wafers.

5. Mandala committee - Gujarat.

6. Aratdars is commonly called as Commission agent.

7. Selling is also done by contract method.

8. Concentric diversification the products have technological and marketing synergies with the existing fish commodity sale.

9. Horizontal diversification-adding new product to the present products.

10. Conglomerate diversification-it is a firm seeking add new commodities to new classes of customers because this will set some of the deficiencies of old products.