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Although it can be argued that due to its overall trendiness, they have been a lot of recent developments in making it more fun to work with. As a molecule, it is very similar to DNA (the most notable chemical difference is its flexibility), but suffers because the nucleases (RNases) that can destroy it are notoriously very stable and very difficult to get rid of.

Ber (Zizyphus) is egg-shaped fruit of orange or brown colour, with edible acid pulp and hard central stone. The Ber, Indian jujube, Z. mauritiana Lam. (syn. Z. jujuba L.) is adapted to warm climates. It belongs to the family Rhamnaceae. It is often called merely jujube, or Chinese date, which leads to confusion with the hardier species. Other English names are Indian Plum, Indian cherry and Malay jujube. In India, there are 90 or more cultivars differing in the habit of the tree, leaf shape, fruit form, size, color, flavor, keeping quality, and fruiting season (Morton, 1987). Ber (Zizyphus pss.) is one of the hardiest fruit trees cultivated in India. It is an ideal fruit crop for arid and semi-arid regions and even for waste lands. Ber has been recognized as a useful edible fruit since mythology of Ram and Shabari in India and depicted in Ramayana. Researchers mention both Z. mauritiana and Z. jujuba and even the wild Z. nummularia.

Cultivars: Umran, Banarasi Karka, Seo, Gola.

Uses

The Jujube is classed with the raisin, date, and fig as a pectoral fruit, being nutritive and demulcent. It is eaten both fresh and dried. Bark is used for tanning. Leaves are laxative and used in throat trouble. Leaves are also used as a good fooder particularly in arid zones. The tree serves as a host for lac insects. Wood is used for making agricultural implements and tool handles. The preserved products made of ber fruit are murabba., candy, diced ber, dehydrated ber, ber pulp, ber jam etc.

Clinical examination of animals regardless of domestic or wild ones is of utmost significance during the assessment of health status in animals. Prior to collecting samples, it is important to determine the capabilities and submission criteria of the laboratory receiving the samples.

Seed is the primary and most critical input in any crop production programme. A quality seed alone contributes around 15-20% towards total production. The efficacy of all other inputs to increase production will be in vain if the quality of the seed is poor. Hence, use of quality seed is crucial as it appreciably increase the productivity of the crop without depending much on other inputs. This adds to the old saying in Manu Smriti good seed in good field yield abundantly .A quality seed can be defined as genetically and physically pure seeds with high germination percentage, free from seed borne pathogens and safe moisture content. This guarantees good germination, vigorous growth, and good establishment of crop in the field.

History of Seed Industry in India

Farmers dependent mostly on traditional indigenous varieties earlier and its seed requirements were met through their own farm saved seeds or through local sources. But the quality of these seed stocks was not assured, and this resulted in drastic reduction in production as well as productivity of the crops. As a result of various crop improvement programmes, improved varieties possessing high yield potential along with additional characters of biotic and abiotic resistance came into the scenario. But the availability of the seeds of these improved varieties among the farmers remained as a problem and it limited the cultivation of these varieties. This led to the development of a well-planned systemized seed production system. Government of India had framed and brought out different legislations for regulating systemized seed production. These laws are framed to make available quality seeds and planting materials to a common farmer and equip him to approach authority for justice. Seed legislations were initiated in the country by establishment of National Seed Corporation (NSC) during 1963 under Ministry of Agriculture and the seed industry was restructured through the nationals seed projects phase I (1977-78), Phase II (1978-79) and Phase III (1990-1991). These initiatives strengthened the seed industry through formulation of seed regulations, establishment of state seed corporations and seed certification agencies thereby assured the supply of quality seeds to farmers

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be observed in various forms in the environment, including soil, water, and air. While arsenic has some industrial applications, it is also notorious for its toxicity to humans. Exposure to arsenic can happen through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, with ingestion being the most common route of exposure in cases of poisoning. Here, authors provide information regarding the source of arsenic intoxication, its toxicology kinetics and dynamics, clinical signs and symptoms, lesions, diagnosis, and treatment.

Introduction

In this article, authors provide information regarding source of intoxication also.

Source of Intoxication

Arsenic poisoning can lead to various sources, including:

Contaminated Water

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a significant concern in many parts of the world, specifically in regions where natural geological formations consists of high levels of arsenic.

Germplasm collection and conservation are crucial for maintaining the genetic diversity and ensuring the long-term sustainability of spice crops. Here’s a general approach for spices:
A. Germplasm collection
a. Identification and selection
• Identify key spices and their varieties.
• Select diverse genetic material, including wild relatives and landraces.
b. Field collection
• Collect samples from diverse locations to capture genetic variation.
• Document the collection site, local environment, and plant characteristics.
c. Data recording
• Maintain detailed records on the collected germplasm, including geographic origin, agronomic traits, and any special characteristics.
d. Quality assessment
• Ensure the collected material is healthy and viable.
• Assess quality traits relevant to the spice industry.

harmony with nature is proving winner in the long run. If the past 60 years led to the Green Revolution in agriculture which often became Greed Revolution, the next 60 year should be the emergence of love for nature, diversity and Sustainable Green Revolution. The two goals – Sustainability and Productivity are inter-related. It is also said that the main difference between the past and today is that our problems are truly global. We are also aware that globally and nationally the rich-poor divide is growing and though world produces enough food, nearly 800 million people remain food insecure. Among 8 millennium goals, eradication of poverty and hunger and environmental sustainability are perhaps the most prominent and complimentary. In his book, “Remember your Humanity – Pathway to food Security”, M.S.Swaminathan has emphasized that a pro-nature, pro-woman and pro-livelihood orientation should be the bottom line of all technological development and delivery program for food security. Mainstreaming of environmental concern in agriculture to avoid exploitative agriculture and ecological consequence is therefore the call of the time.
COMPASSION
The great Tibetan scholar and close companion of HH Dalai Lama, Thupten Jinpa defines compassion as a mental state endowed with a sense of concern for the suffering of others and aspirations to see that suffering is relieved. One of the highest understanding underlined at the global level and in the preparation of sustainable development goals is for a hunger free world and for

Vitamin A

Source of Vitamin

Berseem, legumes, alfalfa or other grass meal, fish oils, yellow corn, palm oil, commercial Vitamin A concentrate

1. PPV & FR ACT

With the signing of TRIPs agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), India has agreed to provide protection to plant varieties. The Government of India, therefore, enacted “ The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act (PPV&FR Act)” in 2001 and the Regulations for implementing the Act were formulated in 2003.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, has been identified as the nodal agency for implementing the PPV& FR Act through an Authority known as “The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer Rights Authority”. The Authority came into force in November, 2005.

PPV & FR act has 11 chapters, 4 schedules and 97 sections.

Globalization of economies and liberalization of trade has led an urgent need for prioritizing the potential areas for investment in order to earn handsome amount of income. Even the entrepreneurs, small as well as marginal farmers aspire to take advantage of global opportunity. Diversification to horticultural crops has been found to be best option as they make more profit, generate additional employment for rural masses and conserve natural resources. Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 52 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood. But unfortunately Indian farmers in general are small and marginal land holders with poor resources and realizing income mainly from cereal based production system, which is insufficient to improve their living standards. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, accounts for one-third of the nation’s GDP and is its single largest contributor (www.indianbusiness.nic.in). GVA at Basic Prices for 2019-20 from ‘Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing’ sector is estimated to grow by 2.8 per cent as compared to growth of 2.9 per cent in 2018-19. The GVA estimates of this sector are based on 1^st advance estimates of agricultural production during Kharif season of 2019-20 obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer Welfare. For Livestock sector, estimates of production of major livestock products (i.e. Milk, Egg, Meat and Wool) obtained from the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying and Fish production data obtained from Department of Fisheries have been used. The crops including fruits and vegetables account for about 56 per cent, the livestock products 30 per cent and forestry & fisheries 14 per cent share of GVA in total GVA of ‘Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing’ sector [As per the estimates released by National Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and programme Implementation, GoI, 2020]. Agricultural exports constitute a fifth of the total exports of the country. In view of the predominant position of the Agricultural Sector, collection and maintenance of Agricultural Statistics assume great importance. In 2018-19, India achieved a record food grain production of 285.17 million tonnes beating the previous year’s (2017-18) 285.01 million tonnes, according to data provided by Department of Economics and Statistics (DES). Also, agricultural profitability has increased over the last decade with record increases in MSPs (minimum support prices) for agricultural produce for all covered crops.

Key Points

• The most commonly cystitis and pyelonephritis occurs in farm and companion animals after parturition.

• Hematuria, pyuria, and stranguria are common presenting clinical symptoms;

• In acute situations, a prolonged course of treatment (two to four weeks) with the administration of the proper antimicrobials is usually successful.

Introduction

Both farm animals and companion animals frequently suffer from urinary infections, which are difficult to diagnose. In cows, urine testing is more helpful in excluding the illness if it shows any pus or germs (in females), and f inding the urethral calculus that is causing the urinary obstruction can be done by palpating the bladder using a rectum examination and palpating the urethral tube (in males). Because of the shorter urethra in females and the associated uterine infection that occurs during or after parturition, females are more likely to get urinary tract infections.

Seed Sampling

The size and quantity of seed sample required for seed quality testing remains small as compared to the seed lot hence, representative samples are randomly drawn for this purpose. The process of obtaining a uniform and representative sample from a seed lot for seed quality testing is called seed sampling. The samples are prepared in accordance to ISTA rules to ensure that small size sample should represent truly and in the same proportion all constituents of seed lot.

Two types of molecular weight (MW) standards are routinely used. The Lambda/HindIII and PhiX174/HaeIII MW standards provide a useful reference for calculating molecular weights of large and small DNA fragments, respectively, after electrophoretic separation; the “internal MW standards” provide a means for normalizing fragment migration distances within each lane to facilitate comparisons between lanes on the same or different luminographs in fingerprinting studies.

Introduction

In most developing nations, the primary method of managing insect pests on various crops is by synthetic insecticides. One of the fastest and most efficient ways to reduce insect populations is by chemical control where a farmer quickly achieves extraordinary results.

However, overusing pesticides indiscriminately and without proper research for longer periods of time led to a number of issues, including the risk of environmental contamination, loss of biodiversity, development of insecticide resistant pest populations, resurgence, outbreaks of secondary pests, increase in chemical inputs, toxicological hazards due to accumulation of pesticide residues in the food chain, etc.

2.1 Introduction
Growing as a perennial tree or shrub, the genus Morus (Mulberry) is employed in sericulture and is the only food source for the tamed silkworm Bombyx mori L. It is also a valuable commercial plant. The mulberry attracts silkworms because it contains elements that cause biting and swallowing. People who live in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, the northeastern states and other parts of India rely heavily on sericulture, which grows exclusively mulberries and their variants for the purpose of raising silkworms.
2.2 Mulberry Plant
Mulberry is a plant that belongs to the kingdom Plantae, order Rosales, family Moraceae and genus Morus. It grows quickly when young but eventually slows down and rarely reaches a height of 33 to 50 feet. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple often lobed and typically lobed on juvenile shoots rather than on mature trees. The plant can be monoecious or dioecious depending on the species. It produces multiple fruits that are 2-3 cm long and mature fruits that are white or green to pale yellow with pink edges. In most species, the fruits are red when ripened, turning dark purple to black and possessing a sweet flavour.

Introduction

Women in India had a high and glorious tradition. All nations have attained their pinnacle of glory only when women have been free, cultured and pure. Women have been the transmitter of culture in all societies. Modern living has brought with it not only innumerable means of comfort but also a plethora of demands that tax human body and mind. Stress is an inescapable part of human life is manageable to a large extent. With proper understanding of the processes that cause stress, the situation can be well managed. The stress management is very easy if we sincerely analyze the reasons of stress. Physical stress management techniques have been used since a long time.

The investigator had undertaken the study entitled “Positive Therapy for enhancement of Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy and Management of Stress among Women in Local Governance in Coimbatore District”.

Successful designing of new gardens needs proper planning besides consideration of several things like type of garden, purpose, theme, users etc. The next phase is examining all necessary physical inputs and assessing feasibility of developing the particular type of garden. Advantages and disadvantages of the site are also to be considered before finally deciding the kind of garden to be developed. Every type of garden has a set of requirements and one has to evaluate critically all those things in detail, once the conceptualization is over.

Before taking up planning, the designer or the landscape architect should consider following basic points.

The present investigation entitled “Diagnostic Study of Farmers in context of Price spread analysis, marketing pattern and Potential assessment of agricultural diversification in Chenani Block of Udhampur district” was carried out during the year 2015. The sampling structure, experimental procedures and techniques adopted during the course of investigation have been described in this chapter.

3.1 Locale of study

The present study was conducted in Chenani block of Udhampur district in Jammu and Kashmir state. Mantalai, Kosar, Bupp and Bashath villages were randomly selected.

3.2 Climate and rainfall

The Jammu and Kashmir state is situated between 32⁰.17'–36⁰.58' North latitude and 37⁰.26´–80⁰.30´East longitude. The state is the northern most part of the India is girdled by Tibet to the east, China and Afghanistan to the north, to its west is Pakistan. To its south lies the states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and have been divided into three agro climatic divisions’ viz. outer plain and outer hills, middle mountains and Kashmir valley and inner Himalayas (Ladakh). The outer plains and outer hills includes Kathua and Jammu districts, extends up to Shivalik hills in the north. According to NARP (National Agricultural Research Project) classification this state has been divided into four agro-climatic zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical, Intermediate and Cold-Arid zone. In summer hot dry winds from plains of Punjab make it very hot, dust storms are common with occasional rain. Rainfall occurs from July to September. Average rainfall is 1143 mm and temperature shoots up to 46⁰C during May to June. During December to February temperature is between 13.5⁰C to 20⁰C, rainfall is 150 mm and in upper reaches there is snow. In the region of middle mountains and Kashmir valley winters are very cold. There is snowfall during winter and subzero temperature. In valley, winters are long and summers are short but pleasant. Average rainfall is 732 to 854 mm. The maximum temperature hardly ever goes beyond 35⁰C. In region of inner Himalayas, days are hot and there are no clouds in the sky. Winters are very cold. Temperature falls as low as minus 23⁰C. The average rainfall is 976 mm and humidity level is very low.

Introduction and Scope of Veterinary Pathology

• The aim of study of veterinary and animal sciences is to produce a competent veterinarians. The veterinarians are involved in the diagnosis of diseases of livestock, poultry, wild animals and captive animal species. The study of diseases is essential component of pathology.

• Pathology (Gr. Path(o) - Disease; logos: science, treatise, sum of knowledge in a particular subject) • Pathology is the subject linking basic subjects of anatomy, histology, embryology, physiology and biochemistry to clinical subjects of medicine, surgery and obstetrics and gynaecology.

• Pathology is a subject of terminology.

• It is important to familiarize with different terminologies used in describing events/ disease conditions. The definition of each terminology is the gateway to understanding the particular disease process.

Dr. Chauhan, a dedicated veterinary scientist, has built a remarkable reputation for his tireless efforts in animal welfare. His journey into veterinary medicine was not just a career choice but a calling, deeply rooted in his compassion for animals and a firm belief in their right to a healthy, dignified life. Over the years, he has not only saved countless animals but also played a crucial role in shaping community attitudes towards animal welfare. His engagements span various domains, including free medical camps, rescue missions, awareness campaigns, collaboration with NGOs, and advocacy for animal rights.
Free Veterinary Camps in Rural and Urban Areas One of Dr. Chauhan’s most impactful contributions has been his organization of free veterinary camps. These camps, held in both rural and urban areas, provide essential medical aid to animals that might otherwise go untreated. Many pet owners and farmers struggle with the financial burden of veterinary care, and Dr. Chauhan’s initiative ensures that their animals receive timely vaccinations, deworming, and treatment for common illnesses.
In rural areas, where livestock plays a critical role in the livelihoods of farmers, these camps have been particularly beneficial. By treating cattle, goats, and poultry, Dr. Chauhan has helped improve the overall health of farm animals, leading to better productivity and economic stability for local communities. In urban areas, his focus extends to street animals, offering free treatments for injured or ailing stray dogs and cats.