eChapters

The important events involved in seed development and maturation include

• Pollination
• Fertilization
• Development of the fertilized ovule by cell division
• Accumulation of reserve food material
• Loss of moisture content

4.1. Area approach

National Credit Council was set up in December, 1967

Study group in October, 1968 under chairmanship of Prof. D R Gadgil found that Commercial Banks had penetrated only 5000 villages as of June, 1967 and its share was 1% compared to co-operatives.

Recommended the adoption of an area approach for bridging the spatial and structural credit gaps.

All India Rural Credit Review Committee 1969 also endorsed the view the Commercial Banks should increasingly came forward to finance activities in rural areas.

RBI accepted recommendation and formulated Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) in December, 1969

Each district had been assigned to different banks (Public and private) to act as a consortium leader to coordinate branch expansion and credit planning.

Nationalization of 14 major Commercial Banks in July 1969 (Another 6 banks in 1980), paved the way for branch expansion network in unbanked rural and semi urban areas.

INTRODUCTION

The term open source describes the practices in production and development that promote access to the end product’s source materials. Open Source Software (OSS) came into existence with the development of ICTs. The services and the collections of the libraries and information centres are becoming global due to the application of Information Communication Technologies. Information can now be accessed from even the remote places with the help of internet. The term “open source” refers to software that includes the original source code, used to create it so that users can modify it writing to their requirements.

It also includes the right of redistribution; therefore, there may be products that are based on other open source products. While the software may be free, a developer or distributor may charge for services such as special programming, installation, training and technical support, etc. In general, the source code of OSS is widely accessible, freely available and reusable. Now the institutions especially the academic institutions are starting to build their own repository to serve their community locally and globally.

Learning Objectives

1. To evaluation of actual functioning of the District Rural Development Agency (DRDAs)
2. Guidelines for implementation of the various Rural Development Programmes.

Theory/Principle/Background of the topic

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) is the district-level entity that oversees Ministry of Rural Development anti-poverty programmes. This organisation was initially founded to execute the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).

DRDAs were later given state and central government programmes. DRDA’s job is to identify rural needs and implement relevant programmes has a technical, administrative, and financial role in scheme implementation. DRDA disburses cash for programmes and offers management and technical assistance.

These beans are mostly found in China, Korea, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Indonesia, and are not frequently cultivated for commercial purposes. Sword bean pods can reach a length of over a foot and a width of one to two inches. It is grown as a minor vegetable for local use throughout South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. Sword bean is typically planted as an annual vegetable crop because it is a perennial climbing legume. Sword bean is grown for its soft pods, which can be eaten raw or cooked.

India is primarily an agriculture based economy, which implies, agriculture dominates the nation’s economic landscape. In the course of socioeconomic growth, agriculture is crucial. Around 58 per cent of the population in India rely only on agriculture for their livelihood. In India, agriculture acts as an important source of living for about 60 per cent of the population (India Brand Equity Foundation, 2021) and almost 70 per cent of rural households depend on farming. The farming sector in India contributes significantly to the economy, making up about 29 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Balkrishna et al. 2021).

A database is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or more related organisations. Biological database is meant for storing and organising biological data, collecting information from life sciences, scientific experiments, computational analysis and contents from published literatures.

Biological databases play a vital role in bioinformatics, since it helps varieties of researchers to access and analyse data from different parts of the world. The knowledge obtained helps to solve disease oriented and environment related issues and to make vital policy decisions. Biological databases remain as tool to identify insect species as well as in comparing their relationships with related species. The biological knowledge distributed among different general and specialised databases, can be retrieved with efficient queries.

Various information like genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microarray, genes expression, phylogenetics etc. are also stored and maintained as biological databases in terms of genome databases, protein structure databases, taxonomic database etc. These computerised web databases facilitate effective data management and analysis help in knowledge transmission, make coherent information exchange between the studies and public audience.

Introduction

Meaning of Entrepreneur

The term “entrepreneur” is derived from the French verb entreprendre, which means “to undertake.” Historically, its meaning has evolved. In the early 16th century, it referred to individuals involved in engineering tasks like construction. By the 18th century, the term came to describe those engaged in economic activities. Over time, the concept of an entrepreneur shifted from someone participating in military ventures to someone actively involved in business and economic pursuits. Today, an entrepreneur is defined as an individual who innovates, organizes resources, and takes on risks to create new ventures or products with the goal of generating profits.

Richard Cantillon was the first who proposed the term “entrepreneur is an agent who buys factors of production at certain prices in order to combine them into a product with a view to selling it at uncertain prices in future.”

Scientific name: Acorus calamus L.
Family: Acoraceae
Acorus calamus, commonly known as Sweet Flag, is a medicinal plant with a long history of therapeutic use. Various names in Hindi, Sanskrit, and other languages know it. The plant has a distinctive lemon-like scent in its leaves and a pleasant aroma in its roots. Sweet Flag is highly valued for its essential oil used in the perfume industry. Unfortunately, the plant is now classified as an endangered species due to over-exploitation.
Origin and distribution Acorus calamus, commonly known as Sweet Flag, is native to northern latitude countries worldwide. It is widely dispersed across the USA and can be found growing wild or cultivated in India and Sri Lanka up to 1800 meters.
Botany
Sweet Flag is a perennial, semi-aquatic herb that exhibits a distinctive morphology. The rhizome, which serves as the plant's stem, is cylindrical in shape, measuring 19-25 mm in diameter and 10 cm in length. The exterior of the rhizome is light brown in color, while the interior is white and spongy. The rhizome is also highly aromatic, emitting a sweet, pungent scent when bruised. It is a creeping, highly branched structure that allows the plant to spread rapidly.

It is a must for the research scholars to attend scientific conferences of the Parasitology associations, after being members. It is advisable to become life-members of all three Parasitology associations, in India i.e. Indian Society of Parasitology, Lucknow, Indian Association for Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, IVRI, Izatnagar and Indian Academy of Tropical Parasitology, JIPMER, Pondicherry. The annual conferences expose better chances to interlink with Parasitologists of the country and at times foreign scientists.

ABSTRACT

ICT innovations are bringing new information services to rural areas on which, farmers, as users, will have much greater control than ever over current information channels. A greater opportunity to access the services of ICT innovations is crucial requirement for the sustainable development of the farming system, which is the demand of the time. ICT when applied to the rural and agricultural conditions can improve the linkages between research and farmer sub-systems. The variety of new ICT tools for agriculture is impressive, but the tools need to be placed in an overall context of agricultural information and service needs. By looking at the critical information needs of agriculture and farming communities, the focus should be on applicable and relevant ICT tools for the specific purpose to serve the rural community without compromising with their individual applications towards understanding of their overall role in promoting productive, equitable, and sustainable agriculture. Extension workers well equipped with the ICT can prove more efficient in gathering, storage, retrieving, adaptation and dissemination of broad range of information needed by farmers, thus transforming them from extension workers into knowledge workers. Emergence of such knowledge workers will result in the realisation of the much talked about bottom-up, demand driven technology generation, assessment, refinement and transfer.

A. Somatic Embryogenesis
 
In plant tissue culture, the developmental pathway of various well organised, small embryoids resembling the zygotic embryos form the embryogenic potential somatic cell of callus tissue or cells of suspension cultures is known as somatic embryogenesis. The capability of somatic cell of a culture to produce embryoids is known as embryogenic potential.

Embryoid: Embryoid is a small, well organised structure comparable to the sexual embryo, which is produced in tissue culture of dividing embryogenic potential somatic cells.

The dream of having genomes completely sequenced is now a reality. The complete sequence of many genomes including the human one is known. However, the understanding of probably half a million human proteins encoded by less than 30’000 genes is still a long way away and the hard work to unravel the complexity of biological systems is yet to come. A new fundamental concept called proteome (PROTEin complement to a genOME) has recently emerged that should drastically help to unravel biochemical and physiological mechanisms of complex multivariate diseases at the functional molecular level. Proteomics involves the systematic study of proteins in order to provide a comprehensive view of the structure, function and regulation of biological systems. Coupled with advances in bioinformatics, this approach to comprehensively describing biological systems will undoubtedly have a major impact on our understanding of the phenotypes of both normal and diseased cells. Initially, proteomics focused on the generation of protein maps using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

1. Preparation of diluents 

The diluent is prepared one hour before semen collection so that it is stabilized. The diluent is prepared by mixing the ingredients and kept ready in water bath at 30oC. One of the diluents is detailed below

The word communication comes from the Latin communis meaning common. This implies that when we communicate, we are trying to establish commonality with someone through a message. Communication then is a conscious attempt to establish commonality over some idea, fact, feelings and the like with others. In essence, it is a process of getting a source and a receiver tuned together for a particular message or a series of messages.

According to Thayer (1968) there are four types of communication. They are:

Intrapersonal Communication

This refers to communicating with one’s self. It refers to organizing and converting sensory data into meaningful messages having some relevance or utility for an individual’s past, present or future behaviour. Because the psychological system of a human being is constantly engaged in making sense of its environment in the service of that orgnaism’s adaptive and goal seeking needs, the question is not whether communication is going to occur, but what communication and with what consequences. Communication is a continuous process and is determined by an individual’s take-into-account abilities and take - into - account susceptibilities. However, these take - into - account abilities are a function of the capacity of an individual’s conceptual system to ascribe meaning or significance to certain patterns and sequences of the events going on in his internal and external environment.

Intrapersonal communication is a co-function of the individual and of what is going on in his environment that has immediate relevance for him. All that we perceive and comprehend, must be perceived and comprehend through ourselves.

5.1. Emergence of Service Area Approach

During the five years ended 1985-86

Gross value added in agricultural sector: 2.70% per annum.

Share of agriculture in total net domestic product declined from 39.80% to 35.40%.

Food grains production increased from 133.30 million tons to 150.50 million tons by 18%

In contrast, there was 41% increase in outstanding level of credit for agriculture from rural lending agencies viz., Co-operatives, RRBs and CBs between June 1981 and June 1986.

Share of Haryana, Punjab and U.P. in total food grains production was around 38% accounted for 75% increase in food grains output.

However, their share in the total institutional credit was 22% only.

Robots can replace human efforts in the future. Discovery of robots in agriculture is going to accelerate the growth of agriculture 4.0. Nursery planting needs robust and profitable solutions. Nursery plants deals with the direct consumer, which is the primary stage of agriculture. An intensive care is required to look after the nursery plant before going to be planted. Now a days robots are used to monitor the plants, essentially to maintain the health standard of a plant. This chapter illustrate the applications of the robots in nursery planting.

6.1 Introduction

Nursery is the primary stage where seeds are grown in to the young plants. Nursery planting involves many activities like seeding, potting and monitoring. The process required high attention to look after at this stage [1]. As the food demand is increasing day by day, it is necessary to adapt unconventional way of farming. Bringing robots in to the farming will bring a lot of changes in the traditional agriculture. The robotics in agriculture is not new, it has started with evolution of autonomous vehicles [2]. The usage of robots are increasing exponentially. So the researcher and scientist also started use of robots in agriculture. They found a phenomenal result in term of easy to handle the agro tasks, seeding, weeding, automatic irrigation and harvesting. It draws the farmer attention down the line [3].

RISE OF INFORMATION INDUSTRY

Market place created by the convergence of computers, telecommunication and microelectronics. The whole business is depend on marketing, therefore marketing of any product is the whole business seen from the point to point of view of its final result, that is from the customers point of view. Thus marketing means art of selling of working with market to actualize potential exchanges for the purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. It is the systematic gathering, recording and analysis of data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and services.

GLITCH IN INFORMATION INDUSTRY

Today information industry is a buss word every day user vista is opening. Some companies believe there are no new opportunities. They believe this information industry in mature that they are selling a commodity. But there is no such thing as a mature market or a commodity. It’s only getting in the way of imagination. Starbucks didn’t see the coffee market as mature.

Lateral marketing is to think of product in relation to another product service or idea. Through the thinking across two products rather than cereals plus a snack. Instead of putting loose cereal in a box, they use the cereal in the from of a snack bar that can be carried and eaten any time. This health bar suddenly people are able to consume cereal any time of the day in a conrenient form.

Marketing Guru Philips Kotler defines marketing as the analysis, planning implementation and control of carefully formulated programmes, designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with targets, markets for the purpose of achieving on designing the organization offering in terms of target markets need and desired on using effective pricing communication and distribution to inform, motivate and service the markets. Marketing brings in an element of competition. This will result in providing better services.

In terms of their contribution to human nutrition, the dairy industry is very important. Since dairy farming has the ability to offer meaningful selfemployment and stable income, it is a dependable source of subsistence for the rural poor. Additionally, it requires less labour and cash to maintain. Dairy cattle feeding directly affect the animals’ ability to reproduce and produce. Therefore, the addition of a mineral mixture is necessary to maximize the animal’s productivity and milk output.

Learning outcomes

• To understand national and international NGOs and their functioning.
• NGO types and rules governing them.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as the name suggests, are free from the government in its functioning. NGOs are groups or organisations of voluntary persons who do not represent any government action, and their members and associated persons manage all the functions. These numbers work as per the rules and regulations prescribed by the government, but they are independent of governmental control.