eChapters

A tissue culture laboratory can be placed in any geographical area. The internal controlled environmental conditions permit isolation with a minimum of external influence. To decide where to build the tissue culture laboratory, the following factors must be taken into consideration:

Purpose

To make a list on the requisites on materials required for preparation of rehabilitation mobile sling for large animals.

Many times, users have to work with raster datasets of different spatial and radiometric resolutions. So, there is requirement of bringing their resolutions to the same resolution in order to facilitate their processing. Resampling is the process of deriving pixel values from the existing image to the new raster image of different pixel size. Resampling is most common pre-processing step in remote sensing. It is done both at spatial and radiometric scale. At spatial scale, resampling is done either to increase the spatial resolution i.e. decrease pixel size known as Upsampling or to decrease the spatial resolution i.e. increase pixel size known as Downsampling. Radiometric resampling is performed to increase or decrease the radiometric resolution of the image. In R, resampling of raster image is performed by raster package. The details of the resampling methods and their respective R – code with examples are discussed in this chapter.

First of all, we need to import the raster image on which we wish to perform resampling operations by using following R – code. In R, resampling is feasible on one band only. So, we will import single band raster image.

Rescue of any wild animal during the occurrence of natural disaster regardless of the habitat / topography is totally difference when compared with any domestic animal species. The person engaging in the rescue activities of wild fauna in regions exposed to natural disasters or calamities need to understand about the general classification of wild fauna as a first step.

Results and discussion: concept Result is the outcome, consequences or conclusion of a problem, probe or experiment organized after a period of time. This conclusion can be one result, multiple results or no result as such. The length of time taken to find a result can vary from less than a second to many years. In this chapter, the result of the Research has been elaborated and also discussed later. The purpose of the discussion/revelation is to interpret and describe the significance of our findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, and to explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after we have taken the findings into consideration. The discussion will always connect to the introduction by way of the research questions or hypothesis we posed and the literature we reviewed, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the introduction and the discussion always explain how our study has moved towards the research problem.

A large number of arid and semi-arid fruit crops are used by the local inhabitants. These fruits are better known as protective food as cultivation is restricted and are grown mainly as wild. Being tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses, these fruit crops are suitable for growing in drought prone areas. Semi-arid fruits are the oldest fruit tree crops with wide distribution, reflecting their adaptation to a wide range of edapho-climatic conditions. Development of viable agro-techniques, propagation methods, canopy management, and biotic and abiotic stresses management are equally important for improving productivity and quality of arid and semi-arid fruit crops.

Introduction

Animal husbandry has been an integral component of Indian agriculture since time immemorial. It is still continuing as one of the major avocations in India contributing nearly 4.9% to the national GDP and 28.4% of the agricultural GDP. Livestock population in the country as per Livestock Census 2019 is 535.78 million which is an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census 2012 (BAHS, 2019; DAHD, 2019). Cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats are the major livestock in the country. Today, India is the global leader in milk and milk products with a production of 187.7 million tonnes (MT) and the availability of 394 ml milk per capita per day. The per capita availability of milk has increased substantially during last four decades. The anticipated milk demand is expected to be 266.5 MT by 2030 based on per capita consumption of 468 ml/day (Table 1). It has been made possible with the active involvement of farming community and by creating awareness about high yielding breeds of livestock, improved rearing methods and milking, management of pests and diseases and most importantly, the feeding of the animal. The crop residue constitutes a major chunk of fodder to the livestock in many parts of the country. However due to their low nutritive values and poor palatability, it is not helping to realize the full milking potential of animals. A huge opportunity exists in livestock sector as there is a growing demand for animal products particularly milk and meat (NDDB, 2019). In addition, for promoting organic farming particularly the need of farm yard manure has necessitated the farming community to keep livestock as a complementary component of his farming. It provides draught power and organic manure to crop sector and hides, skin, bones, blood and fibers to the industrial sector. Therefore, the importance of livestock goes beyond its food production function, and has become even more significant (Birthal et al., 2002).

The very basics in one’s life is whether he has judged his interests or decided goals of his life or has taken life casually. The first is to know what you wish to achieve in your life or in the words of our former president and Bharat Ratna APJ Abdul Kalam (14) what are your dreams ? If you have dreams than only you can achieve them hence it’s essential to know what is your passion ?, passion is the key to success. In pursuing your passion, all things become secondary ; in fact, desired changes occur within you, unnoticed and automatic to achieve your goals. It may not be out of contest to mention that basically I belonged to a business family and being eldest son in the family, my father asked me to join family business, after doing my intermediate, with the liberty to join part time BA classes while carrying business activities. But business was not my passion hence I struggled to join to the academics and carried all my Veterinary education with distinctions - because of my interests. I am not sure what would have happened to my life have I joined least interested business line- perhaps a failed business man.

Research methodology is a way of explaining how a researcher intends to carry out their research. It’s a logical, systematic plan to resolve a research problem. A methodology details a researcher’s approach to the research to ensure reliable, valid results that address their aims and objectives. It encompasses what data they’re going to collect and where from, as well as how it’s being collected and analyzed. The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which are utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the f indings for the revelation of truths and formulation of theories. This chapter deals with the method and procedure used in the study and consists of eight main parts

• Locale of research

• Pilot study.

• Sampling Design.

• Empirical measurement of the Independent and Dependent variable

• Preparation of interview Schedule.

Although there have been multiple biomarkers for mammary tumors both in human and canines reported over the time (Table 3), but no absolute biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of CMT has been found yet. Out of several studies on clinical applications of different mammary tumor biomarkers, some showed a particular promising biomarker, on the other hand controversial results also existed for the same. For example, HER-2, which is one of the most prominent bio-marker both in HBC and CMT. HER-2 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and reduced overall survival of the subject, but there are studies available which suggest no difference in HER-2 expression between benign and malignant tumors and studies showing HER-2 expression suggesting prolonged survival (Kaszak et al., 2018). Various biomarkers of mammary tumors are not mammary tumor specific such as p53, COX-2, PCNA etc. These markers undergo alterations in their expression level in all tumors. By keeping this in mind we need to device a panel of different markers to ensure the correct prognosis and diagnosis of canine mammary tumors. There are limited studies and only few commercial kits (for human) available using such combinations (Table 4).

In India there are many scattered case reports on the use of homeopathic drugs in the treatment of certain ailments in animals with individual claims but these reports suffer from lack of evidence, repeatability, documentation and scientific fervor. During last 2-3 decades some reports on the evaluation of homeopathic medicines in the management of animal diseases have appeared in the literature as well as in professional seminars and conferences in India. The abstract summary of these works are given in this chapter.

Clinical Studies

Clinical Management of Udder Diseases of Riverine Buffaloes With A Homeopathic Complex

J.P. Varshney and Ram Naresh (2004)

An uncontrolled observational study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a homeopathic complex in the management of clinical udder health problems of riverine buffaloes. Cases of subclinical mastitis were excluded from the study. A total of 102 mastitic quarters (fibrosed – 40, nonfibrosed – 62) and five cases each of blood in milk and udder oedema in lactating buffaloes were treated with a homeopathic complex consisting of Phytolacca 200C, Calcarea fluorica 200C, Silicia 30C, Belladonna 30C, Bryonia 30C, Arnica 30C, Conium 30C and Ipecacuanha 30C. The diagnosis of udder diseases and recovery criterion was based on physical examination of udder and milk and CMT/WST score. Bacteriological analysis and somatic cell count were not performed.Treatment was 80 and 96.72% effective in cases of fibrotic mastitis and non-fibrosed mastitis respectively. Recovery period was 21-42 days (fibrosed) and 4-15 days (non-fibrosed). Udder oedema and blood in milk responded favourably in 2-5 days. Cost of treatment was US$ 0.07 per day. The homeopathic complex medicine may be effective and economical in the management of udder health problems of buffaloes. Definitive conclusions are premature due to the limited number of observations and lack of control group.

A. ICAR Agricultural Institutes

• Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Post Box No. 181. Andaman Nicobar & Lakshwadeep Group of Islands, Port Blair.
• Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, (Rajasthan). Website: www.icar.org.in (Rajasthan).
• Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar, (Uttar Pradesh)
• Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore (West Bengal). Web site: www.cifri.com.
• Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR), P.O. No. 225, G.P.O., Panjari, Wardha Road, Nagpur (Maharashtra).
• Central Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), P.O. Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneshwar (Orissa).

A research methodology is a means to describe how a researcher plans to conduct their research. It is a rational, methodological approach to solve a research issue. A methodology explains how a researcher will conduct the study in order to produce accurate, legitimate, data that meets their goals and objective. It includes the data they will get, where they will get it from, how they will gather it, and how they will analyse it. The methodology has been thought through in order to comprehend the idea, processes, and procedures that are applied to design the study, information gathering, data analysis, and finding interpretation for the discovery of truths and creation of hypothesis. This chapter, which covers the study’s methodology and methods is divided into eight key sections:
• Research location
• Pilot study
• Sampling design
• Empirical measurement of the independent and dependent
• Preparation of interview schedule
• Pre-resting of interview schedule
• Data collection methods
• Tools for analyzing data using statistics

Research: The word research is composed of two words “Re” and “Search”.

“Re” - ‘Again or over again or a new’.

“Search” - ‘To examine closely and carefully’ or ‘to test and try’.

Research is a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field

of knowledge undertaken to establish principles / policies.

Science: It is a systematized knowledge derived through observation,

experimentation or any other systematic method or procedure in order to

determine the nature of phenomenon or process being studied or the causes

behind specific events.

Research Methodology: The study of conducting research is research

methodology.

Pure/Basic/Fundamental Research: Gathering, knowledge is termed as

‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research. Just to gather knowledge in order to formulate or

generalize theories or policies. Pure research involves developing and testing

theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but

may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.

A research methodology is the logical and systematic planning and directing of a research process to accomplish research goals. The components of research methods used in the present study are as follows:
5.1 Hypotheses
5.2 Sampling plan 
5.3 Variables and their measurements
5.4 The interview schedule
5.5 Statistical analyses

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

Locale of Research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Radhikapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Kaliyaganj block in Uttar Dinajpur District.

The characters and the factors under study have been well discernible to this area

• The researcher’s close familiarity with respect to area, people, officials and local dialects

• The highly cooperative and responsive respondents

• The profuse scope to get relevant information regarding entrepreneurship communication behavior, economical communication, information seeking & responding behavior, information flow in & flow out etc.

• The locale is located at the terminal point & beside the INDIA BANGLADESH border, so there is some cross border impact also.

The discussion on the methodology has been conducted to comprehend the idea, procedures, and approaches employed for outlining the study, gathering information, analysing data, and interpreting the findings for the disclosure of Concrete evidence and the development of hypotheses. This chapter focuses on the methodology and process employed in the study, which is divided into eight key sections.
The study randomly chose the villages of Bhomrapara, Mitrapur, and Maniktala in the Gram Panchayat-Kasthadanga-1 of the Haringhata block in the Nadia district of West Bengal as the research locale. The area was chosen for the study due to several reasons: a) There is ample opportunity to gather relevant data for the current study, b) The researchers are familiar with the local people and language, c) The area is easily accessible to the researcher, and d) The student researchers have close connections with the area, its people, officials, and local dialects.
Pilot Study
Prior to commencing field work, preliminary research was undertaken to gain insight into the area, its inhabitants, institutions, communication and extension systems, as well as the existing information. The perspective and attitude of individuals towards the notion of climate change.
Sampling design
The sampling design for this agro-ecosystem study is meticulously crafted to address the pressing issues of agricultural sustainability. At the state level, West Bengal is purposively selected due to its severe agro-ecosystem degradation from high-intensity agriculture, necessitating in-depth research. Within the state, Nadia district is chosen for its similar challenges, reflecting the broader concerns observed at the state level. Further, the Haringhata block is identified purposively because of its specific issues: intense rice and vegetable farming, significant groundwater depletion, declining productivity, and reduced levels of livestock and organic carbon. These factors highlight the urgent need for Conservation Agriculture in this area. At the gram panchayat level, Kastodanga-1 is selected for its accessibility, which facilitates efficient

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

5.1: Locale of research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Mitrapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Haringhata block in Nadia District.

Research methodology gives detailed justification about the research methods and procedures carried out in the present study. The present study focuses on the women’s involvement in the dairy farming and their empowerment. Keeping in view the specific objectives of the study and various aspects relating to these objectives the methodological framework has been formulated. The sub topic under the research methodology is as follow:

3.1 Locale of the study

The present study entitled “Retrospective Multidimensional Study on Magnitude of Participation of Women in Dairy Farming in East district of Sikkim” was carried out in the villages of East district of Sikkim. Sikkim is the second smallest states in India, with an area of 7,096 sq. km in size. The meaning of Sikkim is “The valley of rice”. It lies between 27 º33' 00" N and 88 º30' 00" E. The average annual temperature of the state is 18 ºC (64 ºF) and annual rainfall is 2739 mm. The state is situated in the Eastern Himalayas and it shares its border with countries like Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan. Mt Kanchendzonga (8585m) which is the third highest peak in the world is situated at Sikkim. According to 2011 census, population of state was 610,577 with male population of 323,070 and female population of 287,507. The literacy rate in the state is 81.40 percent. The density of the state is 86 people per km2 (Census,2011). The cattle population in the state was 264,860 in number (BAHS,2019). The state has four district- East, West, North, and South (Registrar General of India, 1989).

The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which are utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the findings for revelation of truths and formulation of theories. These chapter deals with the method and a procedure used in the study an consist of eight main parts-

A. Locale of research.

B. Pilot study.

C. Sampling Design.

D. Empirical measurement of the variables.