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ABSTRACT

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub, knownas ’Flameof the Forest’is used in Indian traditional system of medicine, such as Siddha Ayurveda, and Unani due to its medicinal properties. It is used in treatment of diabetes, diarrhoea, sore throat and reported to possess several biological activities such as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, antifertility, anti-tumor and osteogenic. Recent studies revealed the phytochemicals responsible for osteogenic activity in the bark of B. monosperma. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for identification and simultaneous quantitation of bioactive compounds from B. monosperma. Validation of the developed method was performed according to international conference on harmonization guidelines. Quantitative interpretation showed significant variations in the content of bioactive compounds in different parts of the plant and samples collected from three geographical regions. Principal component analysis was also used to study the quantitative variations of markers.

1. Introduction Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum (L.) belongs to the grass family Paniceae. It is a perennial cropthat grows in summer each year as late-seeded summer crop (Figure 1). Its origin can be traced back to at least 2000 B.C. when it was said to be grown in the Central European regions. Proso millet plant thrives in dry areas such as Africa, Central Russia, Manchuria, Middle East and Northern India and North America’s Great Plains. Proso millet was introduced to Canada in the 17th century and used sparingly as a feed crop in the early 1900s (Rajasekaran and Francis, 2021). This is a low-demand crop and is utilised in organic farming systems across Europe and as an intercrop in the United States. Its shallow root system and resistance to atrazine residue make it a great intercrop between two crops that need a lot of water and pesticides. The last crop’s stubbles entrap more heat into the soil which promotes faster and earlier growth of millet. Hence, it can help to evade summer drought and achieve continual crop rotation (Kalinova and Moudry, 2006). It is an erect herbaceous annual crop with a lot of tillering. Its plant can reach a height of 45-100 centimetres. The stem is thin, with prominently enlarged nodes. The roots are thin and fibrous.

A. General
        
B. Turf Grass
        
C. Indoor Plants

Introduction
Crop improvement is critical for tackling global food security challenges caused by population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change (Singha and Singha, 2024). Traditional breeding techniques, such as Sanger sequencing, have been around for a long, but their accuracy, speed, and usefulness are typically limited. Sanger sequencing is useful for small-scale inquiries, but its laborintensive procedures and limited throughput make it unsuitable for large-scale genome analysis. Molecular marker-based breeding strategies have proven to be effective tools for addressing these difficulties by increasing plant growth and overall quality (Bohar et al., 2020). In this respect, molecular markers like as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (indels), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and structural variations (SVs) are expected to be useful for future breeding operations (Panahi et al., 2024). The discovery and characterization of these molecular markers is strongly reliant on advances in sequencing technology, namely next generation sequencing (NGS). Furthermore, NGS technologies have shown to be crucial for functional genomics, allowing for large-scale transcriptome and whole genome sequencing across plant taxa (Singh et al., 2024). These vast databases give a comprehensive picture of gene expression and genetic variation, making it easier to identify functional markers linked with certain features (Figure 1). The integration of NGS and bioinformatics technologies has simplified the study of these datasets, enabling more efficient discovery of markers and improving the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs (Panahi et al., 2024).
The development of high-throughput genotyping technology has enabled substantial SNP-based research, which has improved our understanding of genetic diversity, population structure, and disease association (Yirgu et al., 2023). With the progress of genotyping by sequencing (GBS), SNPs have emerged as the most extensively utilized DNA markers in the twenty-first century (Thomson, 2014). SNP markers have significantly advanced plant breeding across a variety of crops, including tomato (Peterson et al., 2012), maize (Junta et al., 2020), rice (Razak et al., 2020), wheat (Wei et al., 2011), soybean (Kim et al., 2010), oil palm (Maryanto et al., 2020), cassava (Karim et al., 2020), and taro (Helmkampf et al., 2018). Overall, SNP markers have emerged as critical tools for genetic improvement and precision breeding across a wide range of crop species. SNPs initially trailed behind SSRs in DNA fingerprinting because they have fewer polymorphisms

Introduction 
To fight climate change and lessen dependency on fossil fuels, the world urgently needs renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Hydrogen has become a promising energy carrier due to its versatility and capacity to generate energy from renewable resources without releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The world's demand for energy has been steadily increasing as a result of urbanization, economic expansion, and population rise. With an estimated 10 billion people on the earth by 2050, energy consumption is only expected to increase. Fossil fuels, which include oil, coal and gas have been widely used to generate energy and are predicted to do so at least until 2050 (see Fig.6.1) [1]. Figure 1. Global primary energy consumption is broken down by energy source [2, 3]. These fuels generate a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) during combustion, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), which is connected to climate change and global warming. In addition, burning fossil fuels releases particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other pollutants that are harmful for human health. In addition, the unequal distribution of fossil fuel supply has led to increased instability globally and worries about energy security. Numerous nations started making investments in energy from renewable sources as concerns about the environment and energy security have grown. Because they emit little to no greenhouse emissions, renewable energy resources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power contribute to lowering the energy industry's overall environmental impact (see Fig.6.2) [4].

3.1 Introduction

Ozone (O₃) is present throughout the atmosphere and can have either positive or negative effect depending on where it is found. The stratosphere (15-50 km) has the largest (90%) concentrations of O₃ (Colls, 1997). Stratospheric O₃ is important as it regulates the transmittance of ultraviolet light to the surface of the earth. Hence reductions in stratospheric O₃ in Polar regions, particularly the Antarctic “ozone hole”, are of concern regarding the health effects of exposure to increased levels of ultra violet (UV) radiation. In the troposphere (0-15 km), O₃ is a toxic pollutant of global importance and it is a major constituent of photochemical smog. Interest in pollutant O₃ and in its effects on living organisms has increased in the last decades as a consequence of the rise in its ground-level concentration and of the widening of its diffusion (Ashmore, 2005). Economic growth requires more energy production, which would result in increased production of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) precursors for O₃ formation (Ghude et al., 2008).

A press release, also known as a news release, is a brief, compelling document that provides essential information about an event, product, service, or organization. Its primary purpose is to inform journalists, media outlets, and the general public about noteworthy developments in a way that garners attention and encourages media coverage.
Press releases play a crucial role in public relations (PR) strategies, serving as a bridge between organizations and their stakeholders. They are used across various industries to announce product launches, organizational changes, events, awards, and crisis responses, among other key moments.
The Purpose of Press Releases
Press releases serve as a vital communication tool in modern public relations. They enable organizations to connect with their audience, media, and stakeholders effectively. Below is a detailed exploration of the key purposes they fulfill:
1. Informing the Public
The primary goal of a press release is to convey significant updates, announcements, or achievements to the public.
• Sharing News: Whether it’s launching a product, announcing an event, or achieving a milestone, a press release acts as a formal medium to share this news in a professional manner.
• Transparency: Press releases help organizations maintain transparency by keeping their audience informed about developments. This is especially important for businesses, government bodies, and non-profits that engage directly with the public.

Summary

Bioenergy is the subject of increasing attention around the globe and represents an important issue in the present context. The rise of commodities prices, the negative impact on food security, and climate change represent different challenges to be overcome before the full potential of bioenergy can be realized. Bioenergy issues related to agriculture needs special attention for its development. Bioenergy development is always linked with rural economy. Farmers, having the choice to convert their food crops to fuels crops, naturally expect a high return from their farmland, thereby generating a scenario where food production gets depleted. The optimal production of bioenergy can be generated by using the wasteland present in different area. This way, food security for the future generation can be maintained along with optimal growth of bioenergy.

INTRODUCTION

Seed is one of the most vital and important inputs for increasing agricultural production. Commercial flower seed production is an international business involving highly specialized growers. Compared with the production of seeds of cereals, pulses oilseed even vegetable seeds, it is done on a relatively small scale. However, a large number of species are being produced under very different cultural conditions. It seems to have great scope for expansion in developing countries like India, especially under northern India climatic zones having favourable growing conditions, skilled and cheap labour.

Plants belonging to the Rhododendron subgenera Pentanthera (deciduous) and Tsutsusi and Azaleastrum (evergreen) are called azaleas. Azalea belongs to family Ericaceae. Azaleas are one of the favourite ornamental plants used by home owners and professional landscapers. They are used as foundation, accent, individual specimen plants, and as mass plantings. Azaleas are good companion plants, working well in designs with many trees, shrubs and ground covers, offering a variety of landscape options. Azaleas can be found in all ranges of colours, from delicately pink-tinged white to strong, bright red, and there are species that has the startling colour of flame. Its bold colour scheme has caused people to carry it far and wide, for use wherever a sudden note in strong hue is appropriate among the milder expressions of the rest of the flowers. The evergreen azalea, Rhododendron simsii  Planch., is one of the most important pot plants in Western Europe and the USA. The breeding history of this vegetatively propagated plant is a relatively short one, and breeding has been focused on flower characters because the public is continually asking for new flower colours and flower types.

The thoracic cavity (Fig. 3-3 A, B and C) contains lungs and pleura, the heart and pericardium, the great vessels connected with the heart (the aortae, azygos veins and venae cavae), the oesophagus, trachea, the lymph nodes, vessels, nerves and lymphatics. All of these contents except the lungs and pleural sacs are located in the mediastinum, while the lungs along with the pleural sacs are situated on either sides of the mediastinum.

Lungs

The right and left lungs (Fig. 3-3 A and B) are paired organs which occupy greater space of the thoracic cavity. Each lung is enclosed in a double layered bag of serous membrane called the pleural sac. The right lung is larger, almost double in size than the left one. The difference in size is mainly due to an additional lobe called the intermediate lobe and the greater size of an apical lobe of the right lung. Each lung is divided into different lobes formed by deep fissures extending from the ventral border to almost the area of the root of the lung. Each lung is soft, light weighted, spongy and elastic. The surface of the lung is smooth and glistening and it is mapped out into irregular areas indicating the lobules of the lungs. In the fresh, unpreserved cadaver the lung collapses to about one third of its original size and looses its normal shape. The colour in fresh state is pink, in bled animals it is pale grey and in unbled animals it is dark red. In embalmed specimens, the outer surface of the lungs is marked by the imprints of other organs and structures that are related to lungs in the thoracic cavity.

The scale of human settlements is dynamic; it ranges from farmstead to village to town to city and to metropolis. There is thus, a broad hierarchy of settlements. These hierarchies can be grouped according to size and function. Size hierarchies are ranked from the highest to the smallest settlements only in terms of population while functional hierarchies are essentially based on the extent to which settlements have an economic impact on their surrounding areas. Functional hierarchies rank the settlement according to the number of shops, the number of specialised services available or the most dominant financial organisations. Such hierarchies mayor may not have similar sized market areas. Despite their having the same population, one town might surpass another in functional importance.

In this context, two theories have been propounded-the Central Place Theory by Walter Christaller and its modified version by August Losch. These theories are two of the most important examples of the scientific approach to the study of settlements. These theories suggest that there is a definite link between the functions of a settlement and its spatial locations with regularity in the distribution pattern within an urban system.

15.1. Cereals

15.1.1. Oat (Avena sativa)

Pineapple is considered as one of the important tropical fruits which are extremely demanded in the international market. This is due to its various quality characteristics like sweeter taste, blemish-free flesh, a cylinder shape with golden yellow pulp, a very pleasant aroma when ripe, low acidity, and a longer shelf life compared to other varieties (Banful et al., 2011; Malezieux et al., 2003). Pineapple can grow well in low as well as high fertile soil but the best production is obtained with high fertile soils. Souza et al. (2007) found that a fruit’s weight is directly correlated with the plant vigour at the time of f loral differentiation with a minimum D-leaf length. Therefore, it is proved by Souza et al. (2007) that nutrients play animportant role in pineapple cultivation to increase the growth and yield of the crop. It is also noted that the pineapple plants have a large nutrient uptake demand, especially for potassium, followed by nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, and phosphorus.

The focus on pineapple production should not only aim for stable volumes but also sustainable growth while maintaining quality standards amidst a growing population. The ‘Green Revolution’ with high inputs has plateaued, emphasizing the need for a natural balance to sustain life and property. Effective plant nutrient management is crucial for environmental, economic, and social reasons. Pineapple’s nutrient requirements, high in nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and iron (Fe), with lower needs for phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), make soil organic matter desirable. Repeated cultivation exhausts soil nutrient reserves, leading to decreased yields. Heavy synthetic fertilizer use may cause soil impaction and acidification. Combining organic manure with chemical fertilizers is recommended for profitable and sustainable crop production while preserving soil fertility. However, excessive nitrogen application poses health risks. As farmers transition to organic farming, the negative impact of inorganic fertilizers on pineapple size, yield, and quality is evident.

Feature articles are an essential component of journalism and storytelling, offering an in-depth exploration of topics, people, or issues in an engaging and informative manner. Unlike straightforward news reports, feature articles provide context, detail, and a narrative that captivates readers.
Introduction to Feature Articles
A feature article is a detailed piece of writing that explores a particular topic, person, or event in depth, offering analysis, personal insights, or unique perspectives. They are typically longer than news articles and can cover a wide range of topics such as culture, science, lifestyle, technology, business, or human-interest stories.
Characteristics of a Feature Article
A feature article differs from other types of journalistic writing, such as news reports, by focusing on depth, creativity, and storytelling. Below are the key characteristics of a feature article:
1. In-Depth Exploration
• Feature articles provide a deep dive into a topic, exploring it from various angles.
• They go beyond surface-level reporting to examine the “why” and “how,” offering detailed insights and context.
• Example: A feature on climate change might include interviews with scientists, personal stories of affected individuals, and analysis of policy changes.

Introduction 
Carbon rich solid residue named as biochar produced by heating biomass in a procedure recognized as pyrolysis. During pyrolysis, biomass, including crop and forestry residues, manure, municipal and industrial wastes, is broken down at temperatures exceeding 400°C, with minute to no oxygen present. This procedure results in the making of syngas, bio oil, and biochar. Given its high carbon content, approximately 60% to 90%, biochar addition in soil has been recommended as an effective, long-term method for capturing atmospheric CO2 within terrestrial ecosystems. In addition to its role in reducing greenhouse gas productions and carbon sequestration, biochar offers various advantages for soil quality enhancement. Incorporating biochar into soils can boost crop yields by improvising the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil, such as increasing water retention, adjusting soil pH, and enhancing microbial activity (Zoghlami and Paës, 2019). The production of biochar offer several benefits such as carbon sequestration in which produced biochar captures carbon that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (Rahimi, Anand and Gautam, 2022). This helps mitigate climate change by locking carbon in a steady form for a lengthy period, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. When added to soil, biochar can enhance its physical, chemical, and biological properties. It improves water preservation, nutrient accessibility, and microbial activity, leading to increased soil fertility and crop yields (Saikia et al., 2015)perennial grass species Arundo donax L. was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor and characterization was performed for the liquid and the solid products. The effect of process parameters such as temperature (350-650°C. Biochar production can utilize various types of organic waste materials, including agricultural residues, forestry waste, and certain municipal and industrial wastes. This reduces the burden on landfills and promotes waste recycling. The pyrolysis process used to create biochar can be designed to minimize emissions of harmful gases and particulates, thus contributing to air quality improvement. These byproducts can be used as sources of renewable energy, further reducing the carbon footprint. Biochar can improve soil aeration, reduce soil erosion, and help prevent nutrient leaching, which contributes to overall soil health and ecosystem stability as described in figure 9.1. It can remain in the soil for thousands of years, providing long-term carbon storage benefits. Biochar

Tropical tuber crops are an important group of subsistence crops in tropical and subtropical zones.  Carbohydrates synthesised and stored in the form of starch in underground tubers are used as food by millions in under-developed countries.  It is also used as raw material by many industries.  Cassava, sweet potato, Chinese potato, edible aroids like elephant foot yam, taro, tannia and yams like greater yam, lesser yam and white yam are major tuber crops  grown in India.

Tuber crops are mainly grown as rainfed with minimum cost of production.  All are propagated through vegetative means and require fertile and well drained loose soil for proper root development. All roots crops require high dose of potassium for high productivity.

Bougainvilleas (Bougainvillea spp.) are tropical and sub tropical plants belonging to Nyctaginaceae family. They are thorny, evergreen and some are fragrant. Bougainvillea is named for “Louis A. de Bougainville”, a French navigator (1729-1811) who discovered the plant in Brazil in 1768. Bougainvillea plant spreading horizontally or hanging downwards as it is climbing upwards, it makes itself at home in almost any situation. It can be grown as a hedge, groomed as a ground cover, pruned as an espalier, trained as a tree or contained in a pot in a variety of shapes. Bougainvillea is ideal for bonsai. Red, violet, orange, yellow or white bracts appear at the ends of new growth.

Browntop millet (Urochloaramosa) is a warm-season crop that produces seeds that are heavier than other millet varieties. This crop is cultivated in several types of soils and climates. Browntop millet is an introduced grass that originated in Southeast Asia. It is grown in Africa, western Asia, Arabia, China, and Australia. It was introduced to the United States from India in 1915. It is also useful for controlling erosion, producing hay, feeding wild animals, and producing grain for human use. In addition, it is also utilized as a crop for wild animal food. In dry and semi-arid regions, millets constitute the main food supply. Although India is the main producer of millet, output and use have fallen. Browntop millets are nutrient-dense. Browntop millet is a miracle crop for arid and rainfed areas. Nearly all of the necessary nutrients are found in browntop millets.

Management is the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve a goal. Management is a built-in function of business. It is essentially a decision-making process based on information and experience, in order to achieve desired goals and objectives. It involves creating an internal environment. It is the management which puts into use the various factors of production. Therefore, it is the responsibility of management to create such conditions which are conducive to maximum efforts so that people are able to perform their task efficiently and effectively.