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(New duck disease, Duck septicemia, Anatipestifer syndrome, Infectious Serositis, the disease in goose is called “goose influenza”)

Etiology

The disease was first described in ducks from 3 farms in Long Island, N.Y. in 1932. R. anatipestifer (Pasteurella anatipestifer) is a gram negative, non- motile, non-spore-forming rod occurring singly, in pairs and occasionally in chains. To date, 19 serotypes are reported.

Natural and experimental hosts: primarily a disease of domestic ducks. Outbreaks also reported in turkeys. Bacteria have been isolated from pheasants, chickens, guinea fowl, quail, partridge and other waterfowl.

ILIUM

The ilium are almost parallel to each other and form a much smaller angle with the horizontal plane than in the horse. They are relatively small. The gluteal line is prominent and is nearly parallel to the lateral border; it join the ischiatic spine. A rounded ridge separates the two parts of the pelvic surface. The surface for articulation with the sacrum is triangular. The tuber sacrale is truncated, does not extend so high as the vertebral spines, and is separated from the opposite angle by a wider interval than in the horse. The tuber coxae is relatively large and prominent; it is not so oblique as in the horse, and is wide in the middle, smaller at either end. The shaft is short and compressed from side to side.

I. INTRODUCTION

Over the last few decades, protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a global issue. The existing international intellectual property rights regime has been governed by the Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.1 Inspite of maturity of intellectual property laws in post TRIPS era it still desiderate to established coherence with human rights laws particularly right to health and maintain a distance with the socio-economic dimension of intellectual property protection. On the other hand the international human rights instruments from the very beginning appear to be considerable to make certain links with intellectual property rights.2 The issue that is now debated that the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement provisions have serious impact on the realization of certain basic human rights such as the right to health because of non availability and affordability of much needed medicines for the poorer populations of the world particularly in majority of developing countries. Meanwhile TRIPS flexibilities as confirmed by the Doha Declaration on Public Health were adopted in 2001 by the global community to address medicines as public health issue.3 Keeping in view the above developments the problem of right to health and the relationship between medical patents and access to medicine in the case of the HIV/ AIDS and T.B epidemics is complex challenge in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 adopted by Member States of the United Nations in Sep, 2015. One of the aims of the agenda is to ensure healthy lives and promote the well-being of people of ages.4 In such a situation it is high time to revisit the existing intellectual property regime in the broader context to protect everyone who is likely to be negatively affected by intellectual property standards imposed by developed nations. Under this backdrop the present paper wishes to examine the various kinds of potential impacts of intellectual property regime on the realization of access to medicine as part of human right to health as universal entitlements amongst the most disadvantaged and marginalized peoples and communities in the broader context of sustainable development goals.

Ripe

This word is derived from Saxon word ‘Ripi’, which means gather or reap. This is the condition of maximum edible quality attained by the fruit following harvest. Only fruit which becomes mature before harvest can become ripe.

Ripening

Ripening involves a series of changes occurring during early stages of senescence of fruits in which structure and composition of unripe fruit is so altered that it becomes acceptable to eat. Ripening is a complex physiological process resulting in softening, colouring, sweetening and increases in aroma compounds so that ripening fruits are ready to eat or process. The associated physiological or biochemical changes are increased rate of respiration and ethylene production, loss of chlorophyll and continued expansion of cells and conversion of complex metabolities into simple molecules.

There is loosening of cell wall of climacteric fruits during ripening. The enzyme pectin methyl esterase (PME), is responsible for the de-esterification of pectin (major constituent of cell wall) into pectic acid (or Polygalacturonic acid) and methanol. Polygalacturonic acid serves as a substrate for PG (Polygalacturonase) enzyme. This enzyme (PG) starts depolymerization of pectic acid leading to the formation of small chains of tri, di and monogalacturonic acids.

A large number of pathogens also have been reported to produce pectic enzymes to macerate the plant tissue. Hence, in addition to its role in ripening process and shelf life of fruits, the enzyme PG is also studied in relation to the diseases of the plants.

A healthy life is ensured by having access to safe, nutritious and balanced food. World health organisation (WHO) ensures its contribution in developing food safety systems that are sustainable to reduce health risks from farm to consumer. Thus, safe food, its quality and consumer protection are the priorities of this organisation (FAO and WHO, 2021)

Introduction

Biological, physical, chemical and other hazards associated with food have been detailed in Chapter 4. This chapter would address the risks associated with these hazards as well the scientific approach is assessing them. Risk analysis is an inevitable platform for food safety assurance which measures the impact of hazards on the health of consumers. To improve public health and maintain consumer trust in the food supply and to provide a sound regulatory foundation for national and international trade in food, an efficient food safety management system is essential. Therefore, World Trade Organization (WTO) developed food regulations governing international trade in foods based on science and risk assessment. A sound knowledge of food hazards and risks they pose to consumers, along with the capacity to take appropriate interventions, deserve top priority of a responsible authority and industry.

Risk

The word ‘risk’ is used to describe a situation that involves a possibility of something undesired to happen (Rowe, 1977). In food processing, hazards are considered as risks. Hazards are often thought of as synonyms of risks, however, hazards are quite different from risks.

A food borne hazard is defined by Codex as “a biological, chemical or physical agent in or condition of food, with the potential to cause an adverse health effect”. A risk is the chance, low or high, that any hazard will actually cause harm. Some of the emerging food hazards that must be assessed and managed are listed in table 1. Assessment and management of risks posed by these hazards is the responsibility to be urgently addressed by the scientific community.

23.1 Introduction

The following Frank Kright, the knowledge situation can be classified into the following logical possibilities:

23.2 Perfect Knowledge

There would be no need for farm management experts if knowledge was perfect. If there were so technology, prices and institutional behaviour would be known with certainty for any period of time in the nature. But the concept of perfect knowledge is a fallacious one and does not represent the real world situation.

9.1. Risk

Situation in which one knows both possible future and probability outcomes.

11.1 Principles and Framework for Risk Assessment
11.1.1 Introduction
Risk assessment is an indispensable scientific tool in evaluating the safety and potential impacts of genetically modified (GM) crops on human health, animal welfare, and the environment. It provides a structured, evidence-based framework for identifying hazards, characterizing risks, and proposing mitigation strategies before the approval and commercialization of GMOs. In the context of biotechnology and regulatory biosafety, risk assessment ensures that GM crops meet both national and international standards for biosafety and sustainability.
11.1.2 Definition of Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is defined as the systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and characterizing the potential adverse effects arising from exposure to a GMO or its products, under specified conditions of use.
Risk = Hazard × Exposure
Where hazard is the potential to cause harm, and exposure is the likelihood of encountering the hazard.
11.1.3 Objectives of Risk Assessment in GM Crops
• To evaluate the safety of GM crops for human and animal consumption.
• To assess the potential environmental impacts, including effects on biodiversity, gene flow, and ecosystem interactions.
• To ensure that regulatory decisions are science-based, transparent, and precautionary.

Introduction

The risk assessment is gaining importance as the scientifically-based approach for the development of food safety and quality standards. It is a logical extension of HACCP revolution. In hazard analysis, first the hazards likely to occur in foods are identified, then an assessment is made of the severity of each hazard, and an evaluation is done of its likelihood to occur. Severity and likelihood are the two factors involved in risk assessment. Second, the increase in international trade has raised new safety and quality challenges. New approaches address the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious and hazardous agents with emerging food-borne diseases and quality problems. This has led to the development of a new safety and quality regulatory framework in 1995, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In these two Agreements, two provisions are of importance to fish safety and quality:

• National SPS and quality requirements should reflect standards agreed on in the international standards setting bodies i.e. Codex Alimentarius for food quality and safety.

• Domestic standards can be developed based on scientific risk assessment.

Risk assessment of microbiological hazards is identified as a priority area by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). In 1999, the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH) in the 32nd session, identified a list of 21 pathogen commodity combinations that require expert risk assessment advice. FAO and WHO jointly launched a programme with the objective to provide an expert advice on risk assessment of microbiological hazards in foods to their member countries and to the CAC. Under which, expert groups are established to examine four priority pathogens: product pairings, e.g. Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food; Salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens; Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens; and Vibrio spp. in seafoods. Risk assessment is therefore important throughout all aspects of the seafood industry - for companies, national governments and for international regulators.

Introduction

Aquaculture uses a variety of chemicals for a number of functions, including sediment and water management, improving natural aquatic productivity, transporting living organisms, creating feed, manipulating and enhancing reproduction, promoting growth and health, processing, and adding value to the finished product (GESAMP, 1989). Aquatic systems are thought tobe suitable places to recycle and dispose of hazardous and sewage wastes, with any excess being drained into the ocean. To fulfil the demands of the ever-increasing population, the water resources are overused for potable supplies, irrigation, industry, and thermal generating plants, which drastically diminishes their assimilative capacity.

This chapter identifies the physical, environmental and psychosocial risk factors that can compromise worker health and performance. Repetitive movements, awkward postures, excessive force, static positions, contact stress, vibration, poor lighting and unsuitable temperatures are examined as common ergonomic hazards. Their consequences include musculoskeletal disorders, fatigue, reduced concentration, stress, absenteeism and chronic disability. The chapter introduces ergonomic risk-assessment methods and tools such as REBA, RULA and the NIOSH Lifting Equation. It also presents a hierarchy of control measures covering engineering redesign, administrative controls, safer work practices and protective equipment. Workplace examples demonstrate how systematic intervention can reduce injuries while improving productivity and employee satisfaction.

Farming-based livelihood systems are complex and variable, influenced by a wide range of factors that can pose risks to agricultural production and the well-being of farming communities. Here are some key risk factors:
Environmental Risks
1. Climate Change: Increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events (droughts, floods, hurricanes) can dramatically affect crop yields and livestock health.
2. Soil Degradation: Erosion, loss of soil fertility, and contamination can reduce agricultural productivity over time.
3. Water Availability: Both the scarcity and pollution of water sources can impact irrigation and livestock, leading to reduced yields and livestock health.
4. Pest and Disease Outbreaks: Invasive insects, diseases in crops or livestock, and a lack of pest management practices can threaten production.
Economic Risks
1. Market Fluctuations: Volatility in prices for crops and livestock can affect farmers’ income stability. Dependence on a single crop can exacerbate risks.
2. Access to Credit: Limited access to financial services can hinder the ability to invest in necessary inputs or recover from crop failures.
3. Rising Input Costs: Increases in costs for seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural machinery can affect profit margins.
4. Trade Barriers: Changes in policy, tariffs, and trade agreements can affect market access and profitability.

Introduction 
In healthcare settings, risk management is not a novel idea. There is a wealth of research on risk control in the supply of medications, in-vitro diagnostics production, pharmaceutical manufacture, health information protection, & healthcare process management. Risk management is an important part of patient safety programs in developed countries. An important aspect of quality improvement in laboratories is risk management, which requires an evaluation of every testing method. All the working laboratories must perform this repeated preventive means at least once a year. The safety of laboratory workers, the caliber of results, and environmental preservation all depend on risk management in good laboratory practices (GLP). These are a few GLP risk management techniques. GLP- The Concept In accordance with excellent laboratory practice, risk management should be implemented by evaluating every laboratory procedure to guarantee the safety of both patients and staff. When a GLP facility implements a risk-based inspection procedure, risk assessments will be documented. QA inspection programs will frequently cover widespread operations, but the frequency & extent of the inspection may not take into account or represent the risk associated with each action. By putting quality control procedures into practice, one can learn about the shortcomings of a particular activity and use this information to focus the quality assurance program. According to the OECD Principles of GLP, or “the principles,” there are three different kinds of quality assurance inspections: process-, study-, and facilitybased. Risk Management The process usually begins with the creation of management committee for risk, which consists of important Laboratory staff members and a few ad hoc people chosen by the primary members. All technical laboratory procedures (pre-, examination-, & post-examination) will undergo a process flow analysis

1. In ____________ market, future buying and selling of commodities will take place at current time

a) Forward

b) International

c) Perfect

d) Spot

2. Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act

a) 1952

b) 1962

c) 1958

d) 1963

3. _____________ had also recommended strengthening of existing commodity exchanges and forward markets commission

a) Kuhsro committee

b) Rangarajan committee

c) Forward market committee

d) Kabra committee

River-training works guide and regulate the flow of a river to achieve a stable channel alignment, protect banks, improve navigation, prevent erosion, and reduce flood damage. Rivers naturally change their course through sediment deposition, bank cutting, meandering, and variations in discharge. Engineering interventions must therefore account for hydraulic forces, sediment movement, channel morphology, and long-term river behaviour. This chapter defines river training and explains its objectives, benefits, limitations, and key design principles. It discusses guide banks, groynes or spurs, embankments, revetments, pitching, launching aprons, cut-offs, and related protective works. It also considers structural placement, classification, construction materials, maintenance, and environmental consequences.

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global concern, rendering many once-effective antimicrobials useless and threatening modern medicine’s foundations [1]. RNA-based therapies offer precision, programmability, and modularity—tailoring interventions directly to microbial genetic machinery [2, 3].
Main RNA-based modalities include
• Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs): Short synthetic single-stranded RNAs that bind complementary mRNA in bacteria to inhibit translation or induce RNase H–mediated degradation [15].
• RNA Interference (RNAi): Though classically applied to eukaryotes, siRNAs or crRNAs delivered via nanoparticles (also termed “nanoantibiotics”) can silence microbial resistance or virulence genes while the carrier materials physically damage microbial membranes— enhancing lethality [3, 4,5].
• CRISPR-Cas Systems: Adapted as antimicrobials, CRISPR-Cas tools can precisely target and cleave resistance genes in pathogens via conjugative plasmids or phages [6].
• Ribozymes / External Guide Sequences (EGSs): Engineered noncoding RNAs that harness RNase P or ribozyme activity to degrade specific bacterial mRNAs [16].
Key strengths
• Target specificity—can silence essential microbial or resistance genes while sparing beneficial microbiota.
• Rapid design and adaptability—once delivery systems are in place, targeting new genes requires sequence change alone.
• Synergy potential—combining gene silencing with antibiotics or physical antimicrobial actions increases efficacy.

Principle

RNA is negatively charged at neutral pH and when an electric field is applied, it migrates towards the anode. RNA retains much of its secondary structure during electrophoresis unless it is first denatured. The addition of formaldehyde to the agarose gel maintains the RNA in its linear (denatured) form. The following protocol is based on Formaldehyde Agarose Gel Method.

Abstract

As we have entered in the post genomic era where we have successfully completed the full genome sequencing of many important crop species and now the future challenge is to ascertain the functions of all genes present in plant genome.