eChapters

Introduction

The production of seaweeds in 2018 is about 36 million tonnes were produced from the dominated by the species Japanese kelp, Laminaria japonica followed by Eucheuma spp mostly originated by mariculture (SOFIA, 2022). In India seaweed are widely present in the Gulf of Mannar in the Tamilnadu and Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat coastal region. Parallelly the work on the seaweeds is also unrestricted in India, being top in the area of research especially in their bioactive compounds(Fig.,1). Since the age of ancient Egyptians to our current generation, peoples towards the beauty conscious unrestricted. Currently the exposure of e-commerce platform to the all-aged groups makes them the urge to buy more beauty enhancing products. From the film stars, whom it’s their main line of work to the people it doesn’t costs any financial income the role of cosmetics is unavoidable. Though it’s not providing any physical health, the emotional sanity enduring self-confidence is one of the principal reasons. And so the beauty industry is considered as the a dynamic segment that is ripe for disruption and the well-known actors are their key for its premiumization. Nowadays peoples are concern about their health along with beauty which leads to many companies investing in green and ecofriendly cosmetic product development. Seaweed is one among them. Seaweeds are marine macro algal species includes Chlorophyceae (green algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) and Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) grown along the seashore which get differentiated based on the presence of carotenoids like chlorophyll, phycobiliproteins, fucoxanthins, beta carotene and so on. The presence of versatile bioactive compounds like diterpenes, proteins, antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols and especially polysaccharides (sulfated and non-sulfated) associated with seaweed makes them a good alternative to the synthetic cosmeceutical industry by producing novel beauty products (Couteau & Coiffard, 2016).

Climate Change - An overview The most studied topic in recent years was climate change, due to its increasing importance. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle or due to anthropogenic activities, since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. The process of raising the earth’s temperature is known as global warming. Climate change is one result of global warming in different places on the planet. Many people think that climate change means only global warming or an increase in temperatures. But the rise in the temperature is only the beginning of the story. Because in the Earth system everything is connected to one another, changes in one area or in one aspect of the system can influence changes in other areas. The consequences of climate change include flooding, intense droughts, water scarcity, wildfires, rising sea levels, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity. Adapting to climate change consequences protects people, businesses, livelihoods, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. It covers current impacts and those likely in the future.

Introduction

India is the second-biggest fish producer and fourth-largest seafood exporter in the world. It accounts for 7.96% of the total global fish production. It employs more than 28 million people across the value chain in harvesting, processing, packaging, marketing, and distribution in India (Handbook of Fisheries Statistics 2020 and Shyam Salim 2020). Further, this sector has prosperous growth by contributing about 1.24 percent to the country’s GVA and over 7.28 percent to the agricultural GVA (Economic Survey 2022). Also, the country exports seafood to over 123 countries. The US, China, and European Union being the top importers of Indian seafood.

Introduction

Drought is an evolutionary process often triggered by precipitation deficiencies and may result in enormous economic losses. Effective early drought warnings and predictions may be beneficial for the farmers. To determine drought and its severity level, meteorological drought indices such as the standardized precipitation index, effective drought index etc. are utilized. Drought events can be foreknown using prediction models and by predicting these indices. Many studies on prediction have primarily focused on statistical approaches such as Holt-Winters, auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), etc. These statistical techniques are insufficient for providing long-term predictions. However, with improvements in machine learning techniques, there seems to be a mechanism to forecast drought in the long run with high accuracy. Frequently used machine learning algorithms in drought forecasting are artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine, etc. Machine learning techniques have a powerful and versatile data-driven algorithm for capturing and representing complex input and output relationships.

Introduction

Aquaculture production is mainly reliant on the availability of high-quality seed and achieving mass production of superior juveniles is impeded by limited knowledge regarding their nutritional needs. Moreover, understanding the physiological aspects of larval nutrition is imperative for effectively substituting live food with inert micro diets. In India, the hatchery survival rate of carp larvae remains relatively low at around 40% (Warnecke and Pluta, 2003). The primary cause of this early larval mortality can be attributed to insufficient knowledge of the larval nutrient requirements and challenges in managing the transition to exogenous feeding.

Introduction Organ-On-a-Chip (OOC) is a developing trans-disciplinary technique that shares similarities with tissue engineering and lab-on-a-chip technologies. It has benefited from recent advancements in microtechnology (particularly microfluidics), cell biology, physiology, and tissue engineering and is motivated by the need for reliable, low-cost in vitro drug screening models. It can be characterized as a microfluidic-based perfusion device that facilitates an invitro cell (co-)culture and tries to reproduce certain structure(s), function(s), and important elements of human or animal metabolism of a particular tissue or organ in healthy and pathological physiology. Important features of live organs are such as extracellular microenvironments, spatiotemporal cell-cell interactions, and physiologically important tissue microarchitecture.

Introduction

Agriculture is backbone of India’s economy and is largely dependent on the monsoon. Rainfall plays a dominant role in agricultural production and productivity, despite advancement in many technological fronts. Forecast of rainfall is essential for planning and management of water resources especially in an agriculture-based country like India. About 65 per cent of the total cultivated land in India is under the influence of the rainfed agriculture system. Especially, monthly and seasonal rainfall forecasts provide useful information for water resource management, agricultural planning and its associated crop insurance application (Garbrecht et al., 2010).

The early prediction of rainfall is essential which help farmers to make decisions on crop production and harvesting, as well as help prevent flooding, protect human lives and resources. Rainfall forecasting is very challenging due to its uncertain nature and dynamically changing climate. It is an application of science and technology to predict precipitation in advance. It’s always been a challenging task for meteorologists. Prediction of precipitation is categorized into short-range prediction and long-range prediction. Forecasting is done through the collection and analysis of weather and climate data. Avinash et al. (2022) studied temporal variation of land use pattern in Karnataka through indices and concluded that due to fluctuations in the rainfall the forest land is degrading year by year.

Introduction

Aquatic habitats are essential to preserving the delicate balance of life in the complex web of ecosystems that make up our world. We must investigate novel and sustainable strategies to maintain the health and vigour of aquatic species because we are the custodians of these delicate ecosystems. In the course of this endeavour, an intriguing chapter titled "Green Medicine for Aquatic Wellness: Phytotherapy as a Promising Approach to Fish Health Management" is presented. A world filled with different aquatic life exists within the glittering depths of our lakes, rivers, and seas. Each species is a vital component of the aquatic ecology, from the colourful tropical fish that adorn coral reefs to the hardy creatures that live in freshwater streams. The peace of their environments might be disturbed by a number of diseases that these animals are prone to, just like any other living thing.

Introduction

Over the past two decades, seafood consumption and popularity have gradually increased. However, creating high-quality items necessitates paying close attention to the product's quality and safety as well as creating new products employing modern technologies. Through a variety of modern biotechnology advancements such as biomagnetism, biosensors, biomarkers, and bioassay methods are used to analyze and assess the quality of various seafood by f inding concentrations of compounds including allergens, nutritional and non-nutritional components, antioxidants, and the presence of microbial contaminants, biotoxins, and other contaminants significantly effective in food safety evaluation.

1.1    Cereals
    Maize
    
    1. Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    2. Asian maize borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    3. Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata Thunberg (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
         
    Sorghum
        
    1. Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
    2. Sorghum ear head bug, Calocoris angustatus (Hemiptera: Miridae)
    3. Sorghum shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
    4. Sorghum shoot fly / stem fly, Atherigona soccata (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
    5. Maize Stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    6. Other minor pests
    
    Ragi
    
    1. Pink borer, Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    2. Aphids: Schizaphis graminum, Hysteroneura setariae, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    3. Root aphid, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    4. Other minor pests
    
    Pulses
    Black gram / green gram
    
    1.  Pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Crombidae)
    2. Hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei (Butler): (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
    3. Stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    4. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Diptera: Aleyrodidae)
    5. Thrips, Caliothrips indicus (Bagn.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
    6. Green Jassid, Empoasca kerri (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
    7. Bean bugs, Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby (Hemiptera: lygaeidae)
    8. Bean mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acarina: Tarsonemidae)
    9. Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Agrotis flammatra Schiff.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    
    French bean (Rajmash)
    
    1. Hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
    2. Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
    3. Bean fly Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    4. Bean thrips, Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
    5. Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Agrotis flammatra Schiff.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    6. Bean mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acarina: Tarsonemidae)
    
    Oilseeds
    Til (Sesame)
    
    1. Hairy Caterpillar, Amsacta moorei (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
    2. Leaf hopper: Orosius albicinctus Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
    3. Aphids
    4. White flies, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
    5. Leaf webber or roller and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
    6. Gall fly: Asphondylia sesame Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
    7. Sphinx moth or Dead head moth: Acherontia styx (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
    
    Polyphagous Pests
    
    1. White grub Holotrichia consanguinea Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
    2. Rodents

1.1    Cereals
    Wheat/Barley
    
    1. Wheat aphid, Macrosiphum miscanthi (Hemiptera; Aphididae)
    2. Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    3. Ghujhia weevil, Tanymecus indicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
    4. Termites, Odontotermes obesus Ramb. (Isoptera: Termitidae)
    5. Shoot fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyidae)
    6. Wheat Gall nematode, Anguina tritici (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae)
    7. Molya nematode, Heterodera avenae (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)
        
    Pulses
    Chickpea
    
    1. Pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    2. Semilooper, Autographa nigrisigna Walker (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)
    3. Aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
    4. Hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
    5. Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    
    Fieldpea
    
    1. Pea leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    2. Pea pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)
    3. Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    4. Pea stem fly, Melanogromyza phaseoli Tryon (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    5. Pea blue butterfly Lampides boeticus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae)
    6. Pea green aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) S. lat. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    7. Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
        
    Lentil
    
    1. Lentil pod borer, Etiella zinckenella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)
    2. Black aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
    3. Cut worm,  Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
        
    Lathyrus
        
    1. Pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera
    2. Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
    3. Bean bugs, Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
    
    Horsegram
    
    1. Pod borer, E. zinckenella (Lepidoptera:Phycitidae)
    2. Hairy caterpillar, Amsacta sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    3. Aphids, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae)
    4. Whitefly and Green Jassid
    5. Plume moth, Exelastis atomosa (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)
        
    Oilseeds
    Mustard/Toria / Gobhi Sarson
    
    1. Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysismi (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
    2. Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    3. Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    4. Leaf miner: Chromatomyia horticola (Phytomyza atricornis)(Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    5. Cabbage head borer: Hellula undalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
    6. Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
    7. Painted bug: Bargrada hilaris cruciferarum (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
    
    Polyphagous Pests
        
    1. Rodents

2.1    Cereals
           Maize
    1. Turcicum leaf spot                
    2. Common rust
    3. Leaf spot or Leaf blight
    4. Head smut
    5. Common smut or Maize smut    
    6. Bacterial stalk rot
    7. Banded leaf and sheath blight
    8. Fusarium stalk rot of maize
    9. Downy mildew
      
    Bajra
    
    1. Green ear or downy mildew
    2. Ergot
    3. Smut
          
    Sorghum
    
    1. Anthracnose (foliar, head, root and stalk rot)
    2. Charcoal rot
          
    Pulses
           Moong/Mash
    
    1. Cercospora leaf spot
    2. Bean blight
    3. Anthracnose
    4. Web blight
    5. Powdery mildew
    6. Yellow mosaic disease
    7. Root rot
        
    Rajmash and Cluster beans
    
    1. Bean rust
    2. Bacterial wilt
    3. Common blight
    4. Halo blight
    5. Alternaria leaf spot
    6. Angular leaf spot
    7. Anthracnose
    8. Powdery mildew
    9. Rust
    10. Fusarium root rot
    11. Pythium root rot
    
    Cowpea
    
    1. Leaf spot
    2. Root rot
    3. Ascochyta blight
    4. Bacterial blight
    5. Brown rust
    6. Cercospora leaf spot
    7. Fusarium wilt
    8. Yellow mosaic virus
    
    Oilseeds
    Sesame or Til
    
    1. Phytophthora blight or stem blight
    2. Alternaria leaf spot
    3. Bacterial blight and bacterial leaf spot
    4. Phyllody
    
    Groundnut
    
    1. Collar rot
    2. Botrytis blight
    3. Charcoal rot
    4. Cylindrocladium black rot
    5. Circular leaf spot

2.1    Cereals
    Wheat
    
    1. Yellow rust or stripe rust
    2. Brown rust
    3. Loose smut
    4. Flag smut
    5. Karnal bunt
    6. Powdery mildew
    7. Leaf blight
        
    Barley
    
    1. Leaf stripe
    2. Covered smut
    3. Loose smut
         
    Pulses
    Chickpea
    
    1. Ascochyta blight
    2. Grey mould
    3. Dry root rot
    4. Collar rot
    5. Wilt
    
    Lentil
    
    1. Ascochyta blight
    2. Anthracnose of lentil
    3. Wilt
    4. Sclerotinia stem rot
    
    Field pea
    
    1. Powdery mildew
    2. Rust of peas
    3. Downy mildew of peas
    
    Rapeseed and Mustard
    
    1. Alternaria blight
    2. Rust or white blister
    3. Downy mildew
    4. Powdery mildew
    
    Linseed
    
    1. Rust
    2. Wilt
    3. Blight of linseed

3.1 Cereals

1.    List of weeds in kharif season crops
    
2.    Weed management techniques in cereals
    
    Maize
    Pearl millet / Sorghum
    Ragi
    
3.    Weed management techniques in Pulses
        
    Greengram / Blackgram
    Pigeonpea
    Cowpea
    Cluster bean
    Rajmash
    
4.    Weed management techniques in Oilseeds
        
    Sesame Til
    Major weeds of kharif season crops
    
5.    Non-crop lands weeds and their management
    
    1. Parthenium hysterophorus
    2. Saccharum spontaneum
    3. Lantana camara

3.1    Cereals
    List of weeds in Rabi season crops
    Management of weeds in Cereals
    
    Wheat
    
    Management of weeds in Pulses
    
    Chickpea
    Fieldpea
    Lentil
    
    Management of weeds in Oilseeds
    
    1. Rapeseed / Mustard / Toria
    2. Pictures of major weeds of Rabi season crops
    
    Non-crop lands weeds and their management
    
    1. Parthenium hysterophorus
    2. Saccharum spontaneum
    3. Lantana camara

4.1    Essential Plant Nutrients
    Macronutrients
    1. Nitrogen
    2. Phosphorus
    3. Potassium
    4. Calcium
    5. Magnesium
    6. Sulphur
    
Micronutrients
    
    1. Iron
    2. Zinc
    3. Boron
    4. Manganese
    5. Molybdenum
    6. Chlorine
    7. Nickel
    8. Sodium
    9. Cobalt
    10. Silicon

4.1    Functions of Plant Nutrient and Deficiency Symptoms Function of Plant Nutrient
    
    1. Nitrogen
    2. Phosphorus
    3. Potassium
    4. Calcium
    5. Magnesium
    6. Sulphur
    7. Manganese
    8. Molybdenum
    9. Copper
    10. Boron
    11. Zinc
    12. Iron
    13. Chlorine
    14. Nickel
    15. Sodium
    16. Cobalt
    17. Silicon

In simple words, Organisational Behaviour is the study of Individuals and Group behaviour within an organisation and indicates how these interactions affect an organization's performance toward its goals. It also examines the impact of various factors on behaviour within an organization and help in understanding and predicting organisational life.

Organizational Behaviour is a 'Specialised Stream' drawing inputs from multiple academic domains such as psychology, sociology, political science, anthropology, science, economics, and technology to name a few.

1.1. Terms and definitions

1.1.1. Landscape gardening

• Branch of floriculture deals with the study of ornamental gardening or garden features.
• Bringing an area or piece of land into a garden using naturally existing features like undulations, terraces and plain surface to have more naturalistic effect than artificial.

1.1.2. Ornamental gardening

• Place for growing plants which are consciously directed for ornamental or practical use.

1.1. Origin and distribution

• Also known as balsam pear or bitter cucumber.
• Old world origin and native of tropical Asia, particularly in Indo Burma region
• Widely grown in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, China and tropical Africa
• In India, it is cultivated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

1.2. Economic importance

• Bitter gourd contains bitter principle (Glucoside) momordicin.
• Important vegetable in South Indian states, particularly in Kerala and grown for immature tuberculate fruits a unique bitter taste
• Fruits are
  • Rich source of vitamins and minerals