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Coleus (Solenostemon spp), commonly known ‘Painted Nettles’ / ‘Flame Nettles’ is a genus native to tropical Africa and Asia. They are best known for their stunning foliage in various colours, patterns and texture. Flowers though available in different colours, are unable to create substantial effect being inconspicuous. The group includes herbaceous, semi-herbaceous annuals and perennials. They are grown in beds, pots, hanging baskets and many other ways as per season and climate. In tropical and sub-tropical climate, Coleus is grown during mild period (October to March). However, there are perennial species also which are grown round the year.

The ornamental effects exhibited by Coleus particularly in tropical climate are no way less than other flowering plants grown during that season. The popularity of coleus, therefore, is huge and exclusively used in Indian gardens.

Introduction
Similar to the procurement of raw materials in a factory, milk collection is one of the initial and essential steps for a milk processing or marketing company. A successful milk collection system combines efficient route planning, quality control, and effective farmer engagement. By prioritizing technology integration, cold chain management, and regulatory compliance, dairy companies can establish a reliable and sustainable milk procurement system that meets both operational and quality standards.
India dairy sector depends on smallholder individual milk producers, each contributing between one to a few litres of milk per day. Typically, milk production takes place in rural areas, while the demand is concentrated in urban centres. However, rural producers often face significant marketing challenges due to the dispersed nature of milk production, scattered settlements, and inadequate supply infrastructure. Therefore, milk needs to be collected, transported, and marketed from villages to cities to ensure profitable returns for producers. Milk is usually collected from producers at designated collection points in rural areas, which serve a large number of small suppliers. This approach minimizes the need for individual chilling and storage facilities. Collection points should follow the same hygiene standards as dairy processing facilities. Milk should arrive at a chilling station within four hours of milking, especially in warmer climates. There, it must be quickly cooled to below 4°C to preserve its quality. Bulk milk coolers of required capacity are installed for the chilling and storage of milk at low temperature till it is transported to the processing plant.

Understanding the principles involved in plant growth and development is prime important for managing agronomic practices for higher productivity of dryland crops sustainably. Systematic study of plant growth based on the variability and interpreting plant development based on biometric methods is called as growth analysis. Plant data in turn biometric data is collected from the field and analysed over the period to know the growth condition of the plants. Based on biometric data, agronomic practices like application of fertilizers, irrigation and weed management practices were employed. Several growth indices are devised for identifying environmental or genetic factors as sources of variation in plants. Both whole plant and their component organs (leaf) are basis for calculating growth indices.

The most common parameters used in growth analysis are leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area duration.

Specimens serve as enduring records of a species or population as they existed at a specific time and location. The future value and utility of any specimen are heavily influenced by the meticulousness with which the collector selects, gathers, and prepares the specimens. The following guidelines and recommendations on specimen preparation, field equipment, and field records are provided to help collectors produce high-quality herbarium specimens with comprehensive field notes.

Collecting Objectives and Planning

The specimens you collect should align with your specific objectives, which will determine the techniques used, the amount of material collected, and the type of field data recorded. The following suggestions can help you maximize the benefits of valuable field time:

1. Outline Objectives

• Clearly define the goals for your specific expedition.

2. Prepare Equipment List

• Make a comprehensive list of all equipment needed for the field expedition.

3. Identify Localities

• Use herbarium specimens to determine specific localities if needed materials are known.

• Have multiple localities in case some areas are disturbed.

• Check flowering and fruiting dates on herbarium specimens.

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Grafting and budding are horticultural techniques used to join parts from two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. In the budding process, a bud is taken from one plant and grown on another. The practice of grafting can be traced back 4,000 years to ancient China and Mesopotamia. As early as 2,000 years ago, people recognized the incompatibility problems that may occur when grafting olives and other fruiting trees.

7.2 ROOT STOCK

The part of the graft that provides root system to the grafted plant is known as rootstock. It is, normally, raised by seeds in the seedbed and then, transplanted in the nursery bed for budding and grafting. Rootstocks are also raised in pots and polythene bags.

This chapter explains how representative soil samples should be collected, labelled, transported and prepared for analysis. It identifies essential sampling equipment, including spades, khurpis, augers, trays, sampling bags, markers and polythene sheets. The recommended procedure involves dividing land into uniform sampling units, collecting soil from several well-distributed locations and combining these portions into a composite sample. The chapter describes V-shaped sampling cuts, suitable sampling depths and sample reduction through quartering. It also lists the field information that should accompany each sample. Procedures for air-drying, grinding, sieving and mixing samples are presented, together with precautions for avoiding unusual areas and contamination.

The collection, transportation, and preservation of fish samples for laboratory analysis in India demand strict adherence to standardized protocols. In a country where aquaculture contributes significantly to the economy, improper sample handling can result in inaccurate diagnoses, compromising disease surveillance, biosecurity, and productivity.
Accurate diagnostic outcomes begin with the proper selection of specimens. Ideally, moribund fish or those freshly dead (within six hours) should be chosen, as decomposition rapidly degrades tissue quality. Samples may include whole fish or tissue from critical organs such as the gills, liver, kidney, spleen, and skin lesions.
Dissection must be conducted using sterile instruments—scissors, scalpels, and forceps—and tissue samples should be placed in sterile containers or cryovials. To prevent contamination, aseptic techniques are crucial: sterilize instruments between each sample and disinfect the fish’s external surface using 70% ethanol prior to sampling.
Maintaining the biological integrity of samples during transit is essential. Most samples must be stored at approximately 4°C using insulated boxes with ice packs. If live fish are needed, they can be transported in oxygenated plastic bags or aerated containers.
Samples should ideally arrive at the laboratory within 12 to 24 hours of collection. For extended transit times, special media—such as brain heart infusion broth for bacterial samples or viral transport medium for virology—should be used. Every sample must be accurately labeled with details including collection date, species, location, and observed symptoms. A submission form should accompany the samples, including environmental data and mortality history.

Introduction Colostrum feeding • Colostrum is rich source of gamma globulins (antibodies), vitamins and minerals • Colostrum Temp.: 99ºF-102ºF • Colostrum feeding: first 3-5 days. • Whole milk: after 5 days • Feed the total amount of milk at 3 or 4 equal intervals up to the age of 7 days and then twice daily • Quantity of colostrum: 10 % of body weight. • Overfeeding: calf scour/diarrhea. • Around 0.5% of a cow’s yearly milk production is made up of colostrum. • After birth, the amount of immunoglobulins that can be absorbed from colostrum drops by 1/3 as soon as 6 hours, by 2/3 after 12 hours, and an intestinal barrier forms after 24 hours. • Colostrum must be given in sufficient amounts to the newborn calf because during the first 24 hours after parturition, the permeability of the stomach and the concentration of immunoglobulins drop sharply. • Cow colostrum must meet minimum requirements for both immunological and bacteriological characteristics:

Predatory journals undermine the integrity of academic publishing by charging exorbitant fees without providing rigorous peer review. These deceptive entities exploit the academic community, especially targeting early-career researchers, those from underfunded institutions, and scholars in developing countries. By prioritizing profit over quality, predatory journals erode trust in the research ecosystem, dilute scientific knowledge, and tarnish the reputation of genuine academic endeavors (Fig. 11.1).
This chapter delves into the multifaceted challenges posed by predatory journals and outlines comprehensive strategies for researchers, institutions, and policymakers to combat their pernicious effects.
11.1. Understanding Predatory Journals
Predatory journals are characterized by their lack of transparency, absence of editorial rigor, and aggressive solicitation of authors. They often masquerade as legitimate open-access journals but fail to adhere to the ethical standards of scholarly publishing. Unlike reputable journals, which uphold rigorous peer-review processes to ensure the validity and originality of research, predatory journals accept articles with minimal or no scrutiny. This results in the dissemination of low-quality or even fraudulent research, undermining the credibility of academic literature.
Several red flags can help researchers identify predatory journals. These include:

Commercial farming is an increasingly vital component of agricultural development strategies in many states. State governments often implement various livelihood models aimed at promoting commercial farming to enhance agricultural productivity, boost local economies, and improve farmers’ livelihoods. Here are some common commercial farming-based livelihood models that state governments may employ:
1. Cooperative Farming
• Description: Farmers form cooperatives to pool resources, share equipment, and access larger markets. This model strengthens bargaining power and reduces costs.
• Government Role: States may provide technical assistance, financial support, and facilitate access to markets.
2. Contract Farming
• Description: Farmers enter into agreements with corporations or buyers for the production of specific crops. This model often guarantees a market for the farmers’ produce.
• Government Role: Facilitation of contracts, monitoring compliance, and providing legal support.
3. Agribusiness Incubators
• Description: Establishing incubators to support startups in the agricultural sector, providing mentorship, training, and resources for innovative farming techniques.
• Government Role: Funding, infrastructure support, and partnerships with educational institutions.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed various commercial farming-based livelihood models to enhance the income of farmers, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and improve the overall
socio-economic conditions in rural areas. While specific models may vary by region and crop, here are some key features and themes observed in ICAR’s initiatives:
1. Integrated Farming System (IFS) Models
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed a wide range of Integrated Farming System (IFS) models tailored to various agroclimatic zones of India. These models aim to enhance farm productivity,
ensure sustainable livelihood, and improve resource use efficiency by integrating different components like crops, livestock, poultry, fishery, horticulture, agroforestry, etc.
Key Objectives of ICAR’s IFS Models
• Enhance income and employment from small and marginal holdings.
• Ensure year-round productivity and food security.
• Recycle resources within the farm to minimize external input dependency.
• Promote sustainability through organic integration and ecological balance.

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) plays a pivotal role in strengthening India’s rural economy by facilitating credit flow, infrastructure development, and livelihood enhancement in agriculture
and allied sectors. Among its many initiatives, the promotion of commercial farming-based livelihood models stands out as a dynamic and sustainable approach to empower rural communities—especially small and marginal
farmers, tribal populations, and rural women. These livelihood models are scientifically designed, economically viable, and socially inclusive, aiming to generate income, create rural employment, and ensure food and nutritional security. They also align with national programs like the Doubling Farmers’ Income mission, National Livestock Mission, PM Matsya Sampada Yojana, and the Agri-Infra Fund.
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in India has been instrumental in promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing rural livelihoods through various commercial farming-based
livelihood models. These models aim to empower farmers, increase production efficiency, and ensure better income through diversified agricultural practices. Here are some of the notable initiatives and models promoted by NABARD:
1. Dairy Farming as a Commercial Livelihood
Dairy farming is one of the most prominent models promoted by NABARD. Small dairy units with 2–10 crossbred cows or buffaloes are encouraged under schemes such as the Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
(DEDS). These units produce milk daily, generating regular income, and provide by-products like dung for compost or biogas. NABARD facilitates credit through banks and provides back-ended subsidies, especially for SHGs, youth, and women farmers. Technical training on fodder management, disease control, and scientific milking practices is also provided.

Across India, various NGOs have developed and implemented innovative commercial farming-based livelihood models aimed at improving the economic status of rural communities. These models often focus on sustainable
agricultural practices, value addition, and market linkages. Here are a few noteworthy examples:
1. BAIF Development Research Foundation
• BAIF has implemented programs focused on dairy farming, agroforestry,  and watershed management. They provide training, resource support, and market access to farmers, optimizing their income through diversified
agricultural activities.
2. Pradan (Professional Assistance for Development Action):
• Pradan works primarily in tribal and backward regions, focusing on enhancing agricultural productivity and promoting non-farm livelihoods. They encourage the use of traditional knowledge, organic farming, and community-based seed banks, facilitating sustainable farming practices.
3. Sambhaavnaa Institute of Public Policy
• This organization focuses on promoting organic farming and the production of high-value crops. They empower local farmers by training them in organic agriculture techniques, enhancing market access for their produce, and developing cooperatives for collective bargaining.

Modern fruit and vegetable processing industry is by and large, employing sophisticated machinery and equipment and efficient technique of production. There is still a scope for expansion of the industry by developing and exporting value-added products and on more foreign exchange. The choice of products to be manufactured will depend on the readily availability of raw materials in the area where the Processing Unit is supposed to be set up and the consumer preference in the neighbouring market. Preservation of food has to be established in the developing countries for other reasons also such as to generate both rural and urban employment, improve farmers nutrition by allowing them to consume their own processed fruits and vegetables during the off- season, stimulate agricultural production by obtaining marketable products, reduction of imports and meeting of export demand and to develop new value-added products. The food processing industry has now become more of a necessity than being a luxury. It plays an important role in the conservation and better utilisation of fruits and vegetables. To avoid the glut and utilise the surplus during the season, it is necessary to employ modern methods to extend storage life for better distribution and processing techniques to preserve them for utilisation in the off season on both large scale and small scale. Fruit and vegetable processing was first started in an organised manner in 1857, mainly to make pickles and chutneys with a view to meeting the export requirement.
Mango Processing Technologies
Mangoes are processed at two stages of maturity. Green fruit is used to make chutney, pickles, curries and dehydrated products. The green fruit should be freshly picked from the tree. Fruit that is bruised, damaged, or that has prematurely fallen to the ground should not be used.

Commercial Advertising

In today’s highly competitive market, businesses rely on advertising as a vital tool to promote their products and services. Commercial advertising plays a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions, driving sales, and building brand identity. It is a strategic communication process designed to inform, persuade, and remind potential customers about a company’s offerings. This chapter explores the definition, objectives, types, strategies, and impact of commercial advertising in modern business environments.

Definition of Commercial Advertising

Commercial advertising refers to paid marketing communications that aim to promote a product, service, or brand to consumers. It is executed through various media channels, including television, radio, print, online platforms, and social media. The primary goal of commercial advertising is to increase awareness and influence consumer purchasing decisions.

Milk, on reception at the dairy factory is subjected to various unit operations on its way to product manufacture. Processing is applied as a means to convert liquid milk into products or to render the milk (and products) safe from harmful organisms. The basic processing operations to which milk is subjected at processing units have been described in this chapter. The common processing operations employed are depicted in Fig. 4.1. Several of these operations are routine compulsory processes common to all dairies, while certain others are undertaken for specialized purposes in some dairies.

4.1. Filtration and Clarification

At the time of milking various foreign materials such as dirt, feed, manure, dandruff, hair, flies, dust particles, worn out cells, cell debris and many other undesirable substances may find their way into milk. The process of removal of this extraneous matter (solid particles of higher density than that of milk) is called filtration or clarification. This can be achieved either by simple filtration through specially woven filter cloth or continuous process of centrifugal clarification that helps

The recent social, political, and economic challenges worldwide necessitate the adoption of new strategies by governments and development agencies to enhance people's livelihoods. These challenges underscore the importance of understanding and appreciating the growing significance of livelihood issues, particularly sustainable livelihood mechanisms. Addressing issues such as poverty, hunger, food security, gender equality, and economic growth—which are central to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 17)—requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex nature of livelihood challenges, livelihood diversification, and sustainable livelihood strategies.

Governments and non-governmental organizations, especially in developing nations, are under increasing pressure to develop coordinated strategies and interventions aimed at livelihood diversification. These efforts are crucial to sustainably improve the livelihoods of the poor, disadvantaged, vulnerable, and excluded populations.

Communication is not merely the transfer of messages between a sender and a receiver. It involves the construction of meaning influenced by the social environment or domain in which it occurs. In both non-work and work domains, communication often has specific intents and purposes. In the workplace, the role of power significantly influences communication, creating opportunities for message distortion.

Power Dynamics in Workplace Communication

In work settings, power dynamics play a crucial role in shaping communication. This power is typically asymmetrically distributed, often leading to the distortion of messages. To distort a message means to alter its original shape, resulting in linguistic abnormalities or deviations from the proper meaning of a sign. Intentional distortion manipulates the perception of a message, facilitating pre-designed and purposive misrepresentations.

Impact of Distortions on Language

Distortions in communication impact the language used in the workplace. Management, which generally has greater access to communication channels and language use, is more likely to construct messages with intentional purposes. These purposes are usually aligned with organizational goals, primarily profit. In hierarchical work structures, management leverages its power to align communication with its objectives, making communication a tool for achieving instrumental purposes.

Language and Power in Workplace Communication

The language used in workplace communication often reflects the superior subordinate relationship. This dynamic is not limited to work-based relations but extends to non-work areas as well. Those with privileged access to media can achieve dominance over others, constructing meanings that subordinates must accept, even if those meanings are against their interests.

Introduction
Communication is an essential component of any organization’s functioning. The ability to convey information accurately, succinctly, and in a timely manner affects every aspect of business, from operations to strategic decision-making. Efficient and effective communication is fundamental to achieving organizational objectives, enhancing productivity, and fostering collaboration. While “efficiency” refers to the speed and resourcefulness of communication, “effectiveness” focuses on the accuracy, clarity, and impact of the message conveyed.
Defining Communication Efficiency and Effectiveness
• Communication Efficiency: Efficiency in communication is about minimizing the time, energy, and resources needed to convey a message. It involves optimizing communication channels, minimizing redundancies, and streamlining processes to ensure that information is delivered as swiftly and resourcefully as possible.
• Communication Effectiveness: Communication is effective when the message is clearly understood, achieves its intended impact, and facilitates desired actions or outcomes. This involves ensuring clarity, relevance, and accuracy in messaging, as well as selecting appropriate channels and formats to engage the target audience.
Theories of Communication in Organizations
This section will provide an overview of several foundational theories of communication that inform both efficiency and effectiveness.
1. Shannon-Weaver Model (1949): Introduced the concept of the “noise” affecting communication efficiency and the importance of feedback loops.

Aristotle, Shannon and Weaver, Schramm, Berlo, Westly and Maclean, Leagan, Rogers and Shoemaker, Littererls model and Dance’s Helical Model-Elements of communication-communication barriers

Introduction

Models are symbolic representation of structures objects or operation. They can be used to show the size shape or relationship of various parts or components of an object or process. It helps to explain the working of a system. A model helps to get a whole idea of the system.

Model help to illustrate, predict and explain the concept

They can be structural or process oriented

Make us to understand the way how to interpret the process