eChapters

Advertising is a crucial component of any marketing strategy. It helps businesses communicate their value proposition to their target audience, build brand awareness, and drive sales. However, effective advertising requires a well-thought-out strategy. In this chapter, we will explore the essential steps to creating an effective advertising strategy for marketing success. Step 1: Define Your Objectives Before launching any advertising campaign, it is essential to establish clear objectives. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Common advertising objectives include: • Increasing brand awareness • Generating leads • Driving sales or conversions • Enhancing customer engagement

What is Case Analysis?

Case analysis is basically a real life problem-based learning method. It requires the readers to become active participant in the process and apply their analytical skills including critical skills, reflections, ability to inter-relate multiple aspects of the situations and issues, apply divergent and convergent perspectives in order to identify most feasible solution under constraints and limitations.

How to go about Analysing Case?

Every case and anecdotes have certain core and peripheral issues. Identifying critical incidence is very important to clearly understand the context and problem. Therefore, the participants need to be very active and involved when reading and analysing the cases and anecdotes. The goal is to follow a structured and logically organized format for analyzing every aspect of the case.

Abstract

The two most important tasks for a patentee to undertake after being granted a patent, in any patent regime, would be to pay the renewal fees necessary to keep the patent alive, and provide proof of having worked the patent in the jurisdiction. This article seeks to highlight features of India’s legal requirements with regard to the working of patents on a commercial scale. The number of patents granted in a country is an indicator of the technological strength of the country. However, it should be noted that actual technological growth depends upon the working of patents. Working of a patent means the commercial exploitation of the invention that is embodied in the patent.

Introduction

BOGL had set up its wholly owned subsidiary company Bikas Oil Inc. (BOI), Moscow, Russia. Mr. Atanu Saxena and Mr. Samish Batra were recently selected for being deputed to BOI. Being a foreign location, this posting was considered as monetarily rewarding and good for career growth of employees. Subsidiaries of other oil and gas companies were also present in Moscow as this location was considered as the oil and gas business hub of Russia.

Banks and Banking

On account of multifarious activities of modern banks, the Bank and Banking has been defned by several economists as follows:

The defnition of a banker given by Dr. L. Herber and L. Hart is “one who, in the ordinary course of business, honours cheques made upon him by persons from and for whom he receives money on current accounts.”

Chamber’s Twentieth century Dictionary defnes a bank as an, “institution for the keeping, lending and exchanging etc. of money”.

The purpose of a banker, in Crowther’s words, is to produce money by accepting other people’s loans in exchange for his own.

A bank, according to Professor Kent, is “an entity whose main activities entail the collection of the momentarily idle money of the general public for the purpose of advancing to others for consumption.”

Introduction

In the perspective of the accelerating national growth rate of 8% recorded at the end of the 10th Plan to a projected growth rate of 10% by the end of the 11th Plan, yielding an average GDP growth rate of about 9% it was appearing that the nation is going to have a strong footing of development. However, it could not be fully achieved due to several reasons including the global recession and other factors related to international economic setback which may deter achieving a projected growth rate of 10% in the 12th Plan. In consideration of the international scenario of growing complicacy in economic growth more emphasis should be given on further efficient utilization of natural resources and intellectual properties of grass root innovators to improve per capita income leading to a promising national structure of economics ensuring wide spread benefits to the society. In this regard, true development of a nation like India can be primarily realized by recognition of wide spread enthusiasm of its innovative human resources living in village and rural areas. It can be made possible only through working with them by appreciating their struggle for survival using all round innovative measures coming out of their daily life experiences and traditional knowledge. Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) is a unique scheme of Government of India for development of society especially by promoting the intellectual properties of grass- root level innovators coming out from the society with a source of inspiration arising out of their daily life struggle for existence. In spite of its limited publicity in remote areas an awareness of this programme has often been found to raise great hope to the villagers to do something for their society exploring the ideas generated from the experiences of life with the help of local resources. Such naturally grown innovation can be found undoubtedly novel and the idea can change their world of dreaming for a more prosperous life by bringing changes in socioeconomic pattern of trade and employment in rural areas with proper support from Government if India through the scheme like TePP.

1. Village market is based on the classification of ________________

a) Volume of transaction

b) Location

c) Time span

d) Area coverage

2. Regional Markets are based on ___________

a) Location

b) Time span

c) Area coverage

d) Volume of transaction

3. The prices of commodities are controlled mainly by the extent of demand for the commodity rather than the supply of the commodity.

Pulses are important food crops due to their high protein and essential amino acid content. Pulses are used as food and animal feed. India is the world’s largest producer, importer and consumer of pulses. Many exporting countries are dependent on India for marketing their pulses. Even though India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses still there is a gap of 2-3 million tonnes between the production and consumption of pulses in the country and the gap is met through imports.

1. At times of distress sales

a) Marketed surplus < Marketable surplus

b) Marketed surplus > Marketable surplus

c) Marketed surplus = Marketable surplus

d) Zero marketed surplus

2. For durable goods, under normal pricing conditions

a) Marketed surplus < Marketable surplus

b) Marketed surplus > Marketable surplus

c) Marketed surplus = Marketable surplus

d) Zero marketed surplus

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an outline on the patenting system prevailing in India. 

INTRODUCTION

Ideas and knowledge are increasingly important parts of trade. Most of the value of new medicines and other high technology products lies in the amount of invention, innovation, research, design and testing involved. Hence, protection of such values is paramount. This paper details how these values are protected in India.

5.1 Pruning
One of the most crucial aspects of mulberry farming is pruning. It involves methodically cutting off some branches in order to give the mulberry plants a manageable size and form as well as to encourage the bud to sprout and develop new branches. The primary goal of pruning is to increase leaf output and quality. In addition, it is used to harvest the shoots for silkworm rearing and to do various inter-cultivation tasks including weeding, ploughing, applying manure and fertilizer and proper timing of the rearing of silkworms. To prune without breaking the bark or stem, use a sharp secateur, pruning saw or sickle. The plants in rainfed environments are only ever trimmed once a year, at a height of 10–20 cm above the ground level in June or July when the monsoon season begins. After that the plants are let to grow into bushes with many branches till the next year. Leaf harvesting is limited to the leaf picking method.
a) Pruning Types: Pruning is categorized according to the height of the stem at which it is cut. Bottom pruning is the practice of cutting the main stem at ground level after each harvest so as not to allow a stump to emerge. When low-cut pruning is used, the main stump of the plant is developed by cutting it 10 to 30 centimetres above the ground. At around 60 and 100 centimetres above the ground, medium and high cut pruning is performed respectively.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents few measures to be taken up by academic institutions, professional societies, industrial bodies and governmental agencies for the propagation of information of IPR in terms of encouragement of publication of books on IPR, establishment of IPR cells in academic and professional institutions and making IPR education as part of curriculum in Universities and institutions of higher learning.

The total milk production in the country for the year 2013-14 has been estimated at 126 million metric tonnes and the demand is expected to be 180 million tonnes by 2020. To achieve this demand annual growth rate in milk production has to be increased from the present 2.5 % to 5%. Thus, there is a tremendous scope/potential for increasing the milk production through profitable dairy farming.

a. Requirements of project report for setting up dairy units

Project report can be prepared by a beneficiary after consulting local technical persons of State Animal Husbandry Department, DRDA, Dairy Co-operative Society / Union / Federation / commercial dairy farmers.

13.1 Incubation
The silkworm eggs are to be incubated properly to avoid irregular hatching. An ideal incubation is to maintain a temperature of 25oC and 75-80% humidity continuously. In most of the places incubators are not available. In such cases, the eggs are kept spread in wooden trays provided with paraffin paper for base and the cover and foam pads kept wet all around inside the trays to maintain 70-80% humidity. In each chawki tray of 90 cm × 120 cm about 4 sheets of eggs can be kept for incubation. The room temperature is maintained at 25°C. On 9th day the egg sheets are rearranged. About 25 dfls (disease free layings) are kept in a chawki tray of 90 cm × 120 cm to enable brushing and proper spacing for young worms later. The egg sheets are covered with a sheet of black paper or paraffin paper. On the due date of hatching and when a few larvae have started hatching, black paper and the paraffin paper are removed and the eggs are exposed to dim light for about an hour. This facilitates the uniform hatching of larvae.
13.1.1 Methods of Incubation
There are two methods, i.e., constant temperature incubation and raised temperature incubation

Introduction
Demand of dairy products is on the rise in India. India‘s demand forecast for milk and milk products is more than the current supply of these products. To meet this demand entrepreneurship initiatives are need of the hour. Further, younger generations of India are more interested in commercial dairy farming rather than subsistence based farming. Therefore, scientific as well as commercial dairy entrepreneurial training to farmers about advanced technology used in breeding, feeding, housing and healthcare is essential.

a. Barriers for Entrepreneurship in dairy

An average dairy entrepreneur faces several barriers to start a new enterprise. Some of them are as under

    1.    Lack of financial support: A major stumbling block for many dairy farmers to expand production or diversify into new high value enterprises is lack of access to finance. Farmers who are starting new enterprises often face difficulty raising investment capital.

15.1 Silkworm Bed Cleaning
Bed cleaning is an important silkworm rearing process to ensure the hygiene in the immediate vicinity of silkworms in order to protect from disease infection and to ensure them good feeding appetite. Hence, timely bed cleaning is critical to maintain the worm
In a study observation on larval mortality, larval period, single cocoon weight, shell weight, length of silk thread and silk ratio were carefully noted for each treatment and replication. Three replications were used for each treatment of different eri silkworm races. Treatments were once bed cleaning frequency per day, twice bed cleaning frequency per day, and three times bed cleaning frequency per instar of Vietnamese eri-silkworm races, Indian eri silkworm races, Kenyan bivoltine silkworm races, Korean bivoltine silkworm races, and Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races. Long spinning silk thread, robust silk cocoon and shell weight and higher percentage of silk ratio of silkworm races were registered from one time bed cleaning frequency per day and two times bed cleaning frequency per day. The rearing tray of silkworms accumulates some unconsumed leaves after each feeding, exuviae after moulting, excreta, dead or diseased larvae, etc. All these if not cleaned, combine to form a thick and damp litter which promotes the growth of different micro-organisms, generation of heat and injurious gases and depletion of oxygen. Hence, it is very necessary to remove the litter periodically and the process of its removal is called bed cleaning.

16.1 Process of Ripening of Worms
Closer to the end of the fifth stage, the silkworm stops ingesting and turns into the so-called mature larva and starts spinning the cocoon. Properly reared worms, when ripe, will attempt to spin true cocoons even below incorrect conditions. However, it needs to be remembered that the worm spinning the cocoon is to defend itself from outside disturbances and enemies all through the maximum crucial period of its metamorphosis. The rearer can get the reward for his labour most effective, if he cooperates by making the situations such that, through spinning a commercially good cocoon it also most correctly protects itself. This cooperation is composed in imparting the ripe silkworm with appropriate mountages to facilitate its spinning of suitable cocoons. The eating duration throughout the fifth instar may close for 5 to 7 days in the case of multivoltine and bivoltine races in the tropical regions and 7 to 9 days in the case of bivoltine and univoltine races in sub-tropical areas. The mature worm is effectively distinguishable by its translucent colour. The frame also shrinks with duration; there is also a constriction seen on the 4th and 5th segments. The worm loses appetite and begins to look approximately as although on the lookout for a appropriate area to which to attach itself. Generally, the ripening worms circulate in the direction of the periphery of the rearing trays in search of anchorage to begin spinning of cocoons. This is the time for selecting the ripe worms and putting them on mountages. This process is known as ‘mounting’. It has to be remembered that all the worms in a tray do not ripen simultaneously. It commonly happens that by the time all the worms in a tray are ripe, a number of the early worms can be over-ripe. They could have misplaced a quantity of silk by the point they are picked up, and they are furthermore in a hurry to spin their cocoons that they continue to do it anyways, without ready to select a right location, and as a consequence produce irregularly formed and flattened or sticky cocoons causing loss to the rearer.

    a.    General Principles and practices
    b.    Analyzing project appraisals and reports
    c.    Capital Expenditure decisions, reinvestment and payback
    d.    Assessing project profits.

a. Financing the dairy enterprise

Dairy rearing provides triple benefits of income, employment and nutritional security to the society and is important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural laborers. Finance is a prerequisite and of paramount importance for setting up of a dairy enterprise whether a dairy farming unit for milk production, sheep or goat unit/piggery unit, dairy/poultry processing unit etc. Decisions about credit are often most important judgments that people in the agricultural industry must make. These decisions often determine whether individuals operating in input, production, processing, and services based dairy enterprise would succeed in making profit.

7.1 Investment Analysis for Agribusiness Projects

Financeis the Art and science of managing money. Financial Management is the manage rial activity concerned with the planning and controlling of the firm’s financial resources. Finance can be classified as Public finance, Private finance (Personal & Business), and finance for Non-Profit organizations. The objectives of financial management are Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization.

The Cash flow is the net amount of cash and cash-equivalents moving into and out of a business.The types include Operating Cash Flows, Investing Cash Flows and Financing Cash Flows. Annuity cash flows are a series of periodic cash flows of equal amount. The time value of money is the change in the value of money as a result of change in the time duration. They are broadly classified into Future Value of Money and Present Value of Money.

Capital Budgeting is long-term planning form aking and financing proposed capital outlays. It is the process of making investment decisions in capital expenditures. The influential factors ofCapital Budgeting are Urgency, Degree of certainty, Intangible factors, Legal factors, Availability of funds, Future earnings, Obsolescence, Cost considerations, R&D projects and Competitivepressure.

13.1 Meaning of Dummy Variables

In econometrics, particularly in regression analysis, a dummy variable is also known as “Indicator variable or Binary variable or qualitative variable”. It is one which takes the value (0 or 1) to indicate the absence or presence of some categorical effect that may be expressed to shift the outcome, e.g.

i) Literate (1) and Illiterate (0)

 ii) Male (1) and female (0)

iii) Farmers in a cross sectional data in terms of year with normal weather condition (1) and year with abnormal weather condition (0).