eChapters

Abstract

This paper focuses on the paradigm shift that our information economy is witnessing from generic leadership to electronic leadership in a disruptive, holistic, fast changing and turbulent business environment consisting of algorithms, programs and codes, to track user movement over the digital platform. The organizations need not to choose one best way to lead in order to gain the momentum over its competitor’s. In the digital age, the organizations have started tracking user over web, his movements, his browsing information pertaining to his liking’s and disliking are been used by the leaders in order to strategize and the greatest digital minds are providing support to these organizational leaders for strategizing and flooding user with choices based on his likings. Moreover the future leadership will get more and more personalized and advanced with a conglomerate blend of cutting edge technology, leadership and strategy within the existing paraphernalia. This paper suggests a new leadership model that is the coded model, wherein the leadership gets more and more personalized based on the codes that traps user movements and his behavior over the web.

Abstract
This case study investigates that how HR policies and practices are aligned with the respective business strategy of ABC Ltd. The strategy classification of M. Porter were used to analyze the different approaches used by organizations for competing in the market and the way they use HR policy and practices to support their business strategy. Data collection instrument (questionnaire) has been used for collecting the data form employee as well as HR manager. Based on the qualitative study of various functional managers and secondary data (annual report, press release, websites content etc), this study highlights the internal as well as external synergy of HR policies and practices. Different SHRM models were used to find out the strategic alignment. Study presents number of implication for lubricant industry and HR professional in emerging economy like India.

Alpinia is an important tropical ornamental crop valued for its attractive flowers and foliage and its potential as a cut flower and cut-green crop. This chapter introduces the botanical characteristics, species and commercially useful types of Alpinia. It discusses climate, soil, propagation, planting, nutrient management, irrigation, cultural operations, pest and disease management, harvesting and postharvest handling. Attention is given to maintaining quality stems and extending vase life for commercial markets. The chapter provides practical information for growers interested in producing Alpinia under suitable tropical and subtropical conditions and highlights its role in diversifying commercial floriculture enterprises. as a high-value ornamental crop.

Alstroemeria, commonly associated with Peruvian lily, is a valuable commercial cut flower appreciated for its attractive colours, long stems and excellent vase life. This chapter discusses its origin, distribution, genetics, botanical characteristics and commercially important cultivars. Production aspects include climate and soil requirements, propagation through rhizomes, planting, irrigation, nutrition, crop management and greenhouse production. The chapter also explains physiological problems such as flower abortion, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest treatment, grading and yield. Particular emphasis is placed on commercial-quality stems and management practices required to achieve consistent production under protected conditions.

Introduction

In Puducherry, the first KVK was founded in 1974. In the newly constructed districts and several larger districts, 106 additional KVKs will be established, bringing the total number of KVKs to 645. KVKs are approved for use by Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes, associated Government Departments, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) engaged in agriculture. The KVK initiative is fully funded by the Government of India. KVK, which is a crucial component of NARS, aims to evaluate location-specific technology modules in agricultural and related companies through technology assessment, refinement, and demonstrations. As a knowledge and resource centre for agricultural technology, KVKs have supported public, private, and non-profit sector efforts aimed at enhancing the district’s agricultural economy(1).

The KVK’s mandate has changed from vocational training to technology assessment and demonstration for its application and capacity building in a district in preparation for its growing contribution to NARES in India. Though technologies were developed at ICAR Research Centres or State Agricultural Universities, KVK carried out location-specific technology assessments, micro location refinements on farms with genuine problems, and final technology certification for widespread adoption by farmers(2).

Introduction

21^st century challenges like climate change, water scarcity, increasing world population, rising food prices, and other socio-economic impacts are expected to generate a great threat to agriculture and food security worldwide, especially for the poorest people who live in arid and sub-arid regions. Millet is one of the oldest foods known to humans and possibly the first cereal grain to be used for domestic purposes. Millet has been used in Africa and India as a staple food for thousands of years. Typical grain texture and hard seed coat of millets increase their keeping quality but make them difficult to process as well as to cook in convenient form. Absence of appropriate primary processing technologies to prepare ready-to-use or ready-to-cook (RTC) products and also the secondary as well as tertiary processing technologies to prepare ready-to-eat value added products from millets are the major limiting factors for their diversified food uses.

Millets have relatively poor digestibility and low bio-availability of minerals due to the presence of inherent anti-nutritional factors. The difficulties in millet grain processing present a challenge but nutritional as well as health benefits and consumer demand for health foods provide opportunities in processing, develop suitable technology for newer products and process mechanization. This change in technology and consumer food preference would help in increasing the area under millets, maintaining ecological balance, ensuring food security, prevent malnutrition and increase the scope for utilization of millet grains on industrial scale.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an outline on the patenting system prevailing in India. 

INTRODUCTION

Ideas and knowledge are increasingly important parts of trade. Most of the value of new medicines and other high technology products lies in the amount of invention, innovation, research, design and testing involved. Hence, protection of such values is paramount. This paper details how these values are protected in India.

Introduction

The vast natural and cultural resources of India contribute to the country's abundant growth. Taking advantage of this, the tourist industry in India has experienced one of the most rapid growth rates seen anywhere in the world. The travel and tourism industry accounts for a significant portion of overall economic growth around the world, and over the past nine years, India's rate of economic expansion has consistently been higher than that of the whole economy. In 2019, the sector expanded at a pace of 3.5 percent, which was much higher than the world GDP growth rate of 2.5 percent. The tourist industry has a considerable bearing on India's overall economic performance. India is ranked as one of the top ten tourist destinations in the world. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) disclosed information indicating that the Indian tourism sector contributed INR 194 billion to India's GDP in 2019. Additionally, the tourism industry in India supported 87.5 million jobs, which accounted for 12.75 percent of total employment. However, for the past two years, due to COVID-19, the tourism sector worldwide, as well as in India, has faced huge losses and is in distress. So, it’s the right time to focus on developing tourism under different wings.

Objectives
• Understand the concept and structure of analogy-based questions.
• Recognize different types of analogies used in reasoning.
• Develop strategies to approach analogy questions effectively.
• Enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills through practice.
Introduction
An analogy is a comparison between two things that highlights a relationship or similarity between them. Analogical reasoning is frequently used in verbal reasoning sections of competitive exams, as well as in day-to-day problemsolving.
In analogy-based questions, pairs of words are given, and the goal is to identifythe relationship between them and apply the same  relationship to another pair. Analogies test your ability to comprehend relationships, draw logical inferences, and think critically.
Structure of an Analogy Question
Typically, an analogy question follows this format:

Objectives
• Understand the concept and structure of analogy-based questions.
• Recognize different types of analogies used in reasoning.
• Develop strategies to approach analogy questions effectively.
• Enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills through practice.
Introduction
An analogy is a comparison between two things that highlights a relationship or similarity between them. Analogical reasoning is frequently used in verbal reasoning sections of competitive exams, as well as in day-to-day problemsolving.
In analogy-based questions, pairs of words are given, and the goal is to identify the relationship between them and apply the same relationship to another pair. Analogies test your ability to comprehend relationships, draw logical inferences, and think critically.

Analytical testing provides objective evidence of the composition, safety, physical structure, and sensory quality of ice cream. This chapter introduces the major analytical approaches used in industrial ice cream manufacturing, including chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory evaluation. Important parameters such as fat, milk solids-not-fat, protein, sugars, ash, acidity, pH, overrun, meltdown, fat destabilization, texture, and product weight are discussed. The chapter explains how different tests support routine quality control, product development, troubleshooting, research, regulatory compliance, and shelf-life studies. It emphasizes that no single analytical parameter can define overall quality. Effective product evaluation requires integrated interpretation of chemical, physical, sensory, microbiological, and storage data.

6.1. Introduction

This chapter deals with the sample survey conducted on cotton, turmeric and castor seed farmers and recorded various benefits observed by them by using Futures market as a platform for price information. Further, it tries to examine the price discovery efficiency of commodity futures market with the help of secondary data.

It is often believed that future price is a forecast of the price of a commodity during the maturity month of its futures contracts. It is far from true. The futures price of a commodity traded at an exchange market is not so much determined by the anticipated supply of and demand for that commodity in the maturity month of its futures contracts as by the cost of carrying the commodity till the maturity of such contract. That means the spot and future prices of any commodity are always determined by the same basic forces of the present and prospective demand and supply. The difference between the two prices represents merely the cost of carrying the commodity from the present to the future. Such cost may be positive or negative depending on whether the current (not the future) supplies are abundant or scarce respectively when the price of futures contracts of any commodity is in reality relied upon by the physical market functionaries in that commodity as a “reference” price for executing their forward transactions in either the domestic or export market, that price may deem to be “discovered” in the true sense. The application of such reference price for transacting a forward transaction in the physical market in that commodity, in fact facilitates the use of the same future contract for managing price risk for such forward transaction. Hence, the price discovery and price risk management are the two sides of the same coin and efficiency of price discovery is directly related to the price risk management. A commodity exchange or a derivative market is not a mechanism for controlling prices. An efficient futures market is one that discovers prices and provides effective mechanism for managing price risk arising from unavoidable price variations owing to shifts in demand and supply schedule. Prices are determined by the basic demand and supply forces and not the market. Markets reflect the supply and demand conditions from time to time through variation in prices.

Abstract
The assistance/credit provided by banks is classified as priority sector lending and non-priority sector lending. Priority Sector Lending (PSL) is one which has got the order of preference over other sectors by the target groups in availing bank credit as per the directives of RBI. It is one of the important steps taken by the government for the cause of rural development. It involves rising the socio-economic status of the rural population on sustainable  basis through the optimum utilization of local resources. In the words of Planning Commission1 rural development could be achieved through strategies, policies and programs  for the development of rural areas and the promotion of activities carried out in such spheres as agriculture, forestry, fishing, rural crafts and industries, the building up of social and economic infrastructure, with the ultimate aim of achieving a fuller utilization of available physical and human resources and earns higher income and better living conditions for the population. According to Desai2, the preamble to the Bank Nationalization Act, 1970 clearly lays down that the banking system has to function in alignment with priorities and objectives. According to Srinivasan3  during 1969-89, the PSL has considerably increased and radical transformation has taken place in the allocation of pattern of credit. The trend analysis in between 1969-89 indicated that banking system has achieved a good blend of social and commercial banking.

Introduction

In recent past vegetable cultivation took enormous turn over because of increased population, inflow of tourists and increased per capita income in the Bay Islands as well as India. Population in these islands is increasing due to immigration of people from main land and the land area is limited.

Introduction

India has shaped its economic growth and transformed through information technology and digitalisation/ The Digital India initiative has tremendously improved its economic development. India’s efforts to revolutionize its information technology have taken the road ahead among the developed countries/ The contribution in the digital payment system has shifted in the banking and financial services sector. The emergence of technology upgradation through the internet has gained momentum in shifting towards internet and mobile banking technologies. The advent of technology has revolutionized the banking system through the evolution of financial technology with sustainable technological architecture through artificial intelligence which has enhanced ease of access for customers in the banking and financial sector. Artificial intelligence revolutionized various industries especially in the banking sector which has enhanced the way for interact the customers. The AI technology helps in reducing the cost for the Financial Sector. The Banks are welcoming the new age technology to serve betterment of the modern banking services.

What is AHP

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-making methodology that helps individuals and groups systematically analyze and prioritize complex decisions.

Developed by Thomas L. Saaty (1987), AHP breaks down a decision problem into a hierarchical structure and uses pairwise comparisons to assess the relative importance of different criteria and alternatives.

Anthurium is one of the most important tropical cut flowers, valued for its colourful spathes, distinctive inflorescences and long vase life. This chapter presents its origin, distribution, genetics, botanical description and commercially important varieties. It explains greenhouse requirements, shade, temperature, humidity, growing media, propagation and crop establishment. Detailed attention is given to nutrient management, irrigation, cultural practices, pests, diseases, harvesting, grading and postharvest management. Modern breeding developments and commercially important cultivars are also discussed. The chapter provides an applied foundation for producing high-quality Anthurium flowers under protected cultivation and meeting domestic and export market requirements.

Introduction

Gamhian concept of development gained inspiration from villages where local resources met the optimum needs of the poorest of the poor. Gandhiji was of the view that the process of development of the Nation must begin from its villages. In a country like India, where villages are in the majority the prosperity of the Nation can only be ensured when fanners are considered as development managers. The economic liberty of individuals and villages in effect will lead to the prosperity of the Nation. The anomaly in this regard in our country can be seen in the overcrowded cities and desolated a village that is indicative of major gaps in our approach. Acute migration has created a dearth of strong hands in the villages resulting in overcrowded cities, putting tremendous strains on its infrastructure. Thus economy and-ecology of most regions in the country, both rural as well as the urban areas are threatened.

The Independence has been attained by the nation 65 years ago but Economic Slavery is pervasive everywhere in the Rural India. There must be an Economic Independence drive in the country. This will check rising Economic inequity between rural urban regions.

Abstract

The paper discusses patentability aspect of subject matter. Patentable subject matter must satisfy three basic criteria i.e. novelty, inventiveness and industrial applicability, though few subject matter satisfying all the three basic criteria stated above may still be not patentable in specific jurisdiction based on certain circumstances or as stated in the patent act of the specified jurisdiction. Therefore grant of a patent is subject to certain limitations mentioned in the section 3 and 4 of the Indian Patent Act for Indian jurisdiction. The aim of this paper is to study such limitations in detail.

Introduction

Global economies have witnessed very deepened financial integration in past decade and have more room for leverage. However, these integrations have also witnessed various turmoil in the economy in the form of Russian- Brazil debt crisis, Asian financial crisis, Dot com bubble, Argentina debt crisis, Global financial crisis and many more since 1990s. Due to the existence of globalization, these crises have impacted not only a particular economy but has extended its scope.

The previous studies have found the credit growth and asset prices as a leading indicator. Some studies also showed that the foreign exchange reserve, broad money supply and trade as variables were also statistically significant. These studies have used either the Signal Extraction Approach used by Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) which used a threshold value as a limit for multiple variables beyond which a crisis signal is given. Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE)in Romania (Brezinski and Stephen, 2011) lost its attractiveness among foreign investors. However, there are not enough resources which focuses on Asian economies or India. The emergence of novel technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, cloud computing, big data analytics, machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT), and 3-D printing, commonly known as Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0), offers developing nations like India both significant opportunities and challenges. IR4.0 technologies, sometimes referred to as the “digital revolution,” have numerous uses in the industries of services, industry, and agriculture.