eChapters

As we know there are different branches of artificial Intelligence and machine Learning of one of them which has become a most advance and widely used branch of artificial Intelligence in every field of this generation whether it may be either electronics, civil, mechanics, Bioengineering, medical or agriculture etc., In this chapter we will study about machine learning and its types with the most common algorithms of machine learning which are being mostly used in different scenarios and their implementation using python language has been discussed in the implementation part of this book. Here we will also see where machine learning can be used.

i. Introduction

Machine learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence and one of the most important part of artificial Intelligence. It is a field of Computer science which is totally differs from traditional computational approaches. In traditional approaches, a set of instruction is explicitly provided to the algorithm to solve any problem. Whereas in Machine Learning is a domain of an AI which uses a statistical analysis and can enables a system to always learn from its data without any external inputs in order to give an essential output. Due to this machine learning makes computers in advance to make model which provide decision based on input data.

Machine Learning involves a lot of algorithms which usually based on their requirements and functionalities to use where and when. To make a machine learning model we always require the data on which model can be made. Machine learning uses the algorithm which continuously learns from the data available as training data. A machine learning model is generated after the training of algorithm from the data. After the training completes, when trained model is provided with other real-life data then you can get an essential outcome. For example, in figure 3.1 Machine learning Model we use a predictive algorithm and make a model by providing it with some data, and later on we can receive prediction’s based on real data as input.

1.    The term “macroeconomics” has been derived from a Greek word?

(a) MICROS

(b) MIKROS

(c) MAKROS

(d) MACROS

2.    Who coined the term ‘macro economics’?

(a) A. Smith

(b) Samuelson

(c) A. Marshall

(d) Ragner Frish

Madar, represented mainly by Calotropis gigantea and related species, is a hardy flowering plant adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, including marginal and dry lands. Its flowers are valued for religious purposes and loose flower use, while different plant parts have traditional medicinal significance. The chapter discusses the origin, distribution, genetics, botanical characteristics and important species of Madar. It emphasizes the crop’s drought tolerance and adaptability to arid and semi-arid conditions. Production practices include seed propagation, land preparation, planting, nutrient management, irrigation and cultural operations. The chapter also addresses pests and diseases, harvesting, special postharvest handling because of latex, yield and commercial opportunities.

Magnolia champaca, formerly known as Michelia champaca, is a highly fragrant flowering tree valued for loose flowers, religious offerings, garlands, landscaping and perfumery. Its strongly scented cream to yellow-orange flowers are an important source of fragrance and essential oil. This chapter discusses the origin, distribution, genetics and botanical characteristics of the crop, including important varieties. It explains climatic and soil requirements, propagation, land preparation, planting, nutrient management and irrigation. Cultural practices for maintaining growth and flowering are also described. The chapter further covers major insect pests and diseases, harvesting, postharvest handling and yield, highlighting the importance of Champak as both a traditional flower crop and a valuable raw material for perfumery.

Marigold is one of the dominant loose flower crops in India, particularly important for religious ceremonies, festivals, weddings, garlands and decoration. The principal cultivated types include African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and French marigold (Tagetes patula). The chapter discusses the origin, distribution, genetics, botanical characteristics and important varieties of marigold. It also highlights emerging applications such as lutein extraction, natural colourants, culinary uses and companion planting. Detailed production practices cover climate, soil, propagation, nursery management, land preparation, nutrient management, planting, irrigation, pinching and flower harvesting. Important pests and diseases, postharvest handling and yield are also discussed for efficient commercial production.

The word market is derived from the latin word “marcatus” which means “merchandise or trade or a place where business is conducted “. The term market has been widely used in various means, such as:

• A place or a building where commodities are bought and sold (e.g. Super market)

Indian agriculture – the back bone of our economy accounts for about 65 per cent of the country’s employment and 20 per cent the total export earnings. Despite a drastic increase in the food grains production during the last five decades, the profit margins of farmers particularly small and medium farmers has declined due to certain serious problems like declining water table, deterioration in soil health, outbreaks of new pests diseases and weeds, and environmental pollution etc. With the globalization of market, the farmers will have to change themselves from mere producers’ in the domestic markets to producer cum seller in a wider market sense in order to best realize the returns for his investments, risks and efforts. Now the focus should be on high quality produce, low cost of production and high productivity.

When it comes to the fow of goods and services from the point of production till they reach the hands of fnal consumers, marketing is defned as “the performance of all business operations involved in that fow.”

Market structure is defned as “those aspects of the market’s organisation that appear to strategically infuence the nature of competition and pricing inside the market.”The market structure is decided by the following factors in general.

1. Number and size of the frms.
2. Degree of product differentiation.
3. Conditions for entry and exit.
4. Flow of market information.
5. Degree of integration.

Concept and Meaning of Market

Agricultural marketing management offers key insights into the agricultural and rural development today. Agricultural marketing and its management is an essential element of every economic activity. It is a most creative, dynamic and challenging activity for every kind of enterprises. Agricultural marketing management has significantly changed and it comprises numerous aspects of the needs of the customers over the selling and distribution of agricultural goods and services to customer and adds value to agricultural products and facilitates marketing and agribusiness opportunities in the economy. It deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs.

Marketing Channel

Marketing Channel is an organised network of agencies and institutions which in combination perform all the activities required to link producers with users to accomplish the marketing tasks.
Marketing channel is the route taken by a product as it moves from the producer to the consumer.
It is a part of value chain – what the customers are prepared to pay for goods and services and all activities carried out in chain.
Marketing channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use/consumption. Channels normally describe a forward-movement of products from sources to user. Reverse flow channels is used to reuse or recycle products, and to recycling or disposal of solid waste (ecological goods).

Marketing Information System (MIS)

Market information is crucial to effective marketing management. Business success now requires a sustainable and cutting-edge knowledge base. Information becomes knowledge when it is discriminated, classified, processed and assembled in an appropriate manner. Knowledge is the final entity in the sequence.
Marketing decisions are based on marketing information and research. The scientific decisions are based always on the facts and figures. The information based decisions are useful for solving day to day problems. Marketing information are the facts and figures required for taking the marketing decisions. Marketing information assists marketing decisions in right perspectives. The marketing managers are expected to get all the relevant information. They have to evaluate the information for their purposes. The utilities of each source of information are assessed to have optimum use of the resources. Good information improves decision making process. The marketing managers have to make decisions based on available information and try to collect adequate and correct information from all sources. Establishment of an effective marketing information system (MIS) is essential for adequate and correct marketing decisions.

Marketing Strategy

Marketing strategy is an integral part of marketing planning. In modern day business terms, strategy refers to the matching of the activities of an organization to the environment in which it operates and to its own resource capabilities.

Definition: Marketing strategy is the complete and unbeatable plan, designed especially for attaining the marketing objectives of the firm/business unit. The marketing objectives indicate what the firm wants to achieve, the marketing strategy provides the design for achieving them. e.g. marketing objective of a business unit in the next year (2016) to achieve sales revenue of Rs. 2,000 crore and net profit will be 15 per cent on sales revenue. Then it is the job of marketing strategy to indicate how and where from this sale and profit will come, which product lines/products/brands will accomplish this task and how?

Meaning of Marketing

Marketing is an important function of management. Marketing makes the economy strong. Production is meaningless unless the goods and services are exchanged for money. Marketing is related with movement of good from producer to consumer.

Various people have defined marketing differently. A majority of people consider it as selling while some people prefer to call it shopping. Similarly, some people call it merchandising. All these meanings of marketing are partially correct.

Marketing is the sum total of all those activities which move goods and services from the producers to the consumers.

Marketing is a critical component of loose flower production because flowers are highly perishable and subject to substantial seasonal price fluctuations. This chapter examines important local and national markets, export opportunities, transportation systems and marketing channels. It explains direct marketing, commission-agent systems, wholesaler-retailer networks and emerging contract arrangements. The role of APMC markets in price discovery, grading, auctioning and market access is discussed along with online trading, e-commerce and digital payment systems. The chapter also considers institutional support, export promotion, value addition and crop insurance. Improved packaging, cold-chain infrastructure, processing and market information systems are highlighted as important strategies for reducing losses and improving farmer profitability.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful and versatile analytical technique through which mass of an atom, or a molecule is assessed. It helps for identification and structure elucidation of various complex compounds. The instrument used is known as Mass Spectrometer. It serves the purpose of qualitative identification, confirmation as well as the quantification of an atom or a molecule. MS identification is conclusive because the mass spectrum of each substance is unique. In general, MS instruments are composed of a sample inlet, an ionization source, a molecule accelerator, a detector, an amplifier, and a recorder (Figure 7.1)

8.1 Matrix

An arrangement of m×n elements into m rows and n columns is called a matrix. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers usually represented by enclosing the array in brackets.

Order of a Matrix : The number of rows and columns is called the ‘dimension’ or ‘order’ of the matrix.

5.1 Introduction

In many problems of economics, we may want to know how small or how large a certain quantity may become. In other words, we may want to know the minimum and maximum values of some functions of variables.

The term ‘optimisation’ may be used in general, both for maximisation and minimisation. The term ‘optimal position’ is often applied to the ‘equilibrium position’ resulting from the balancing of the forces.

All over the world, when people get richer their life style change and they consume more animal protein, especially meat. We may add value by good genetics and know how in farm and feed management. There would be huge demand for poultry products and meat in coming years in India as per capita income of middle class people is gradually increasing and for that production of meat and meat products is required to be increased to meet the demand. Meat of goat, buffalo chicken are generally sold in India. Marketing of meat and meat products, chicken and poultry products such as eggs are the main challenges for the new farmers as there is no ready market in India. Recently there is huge demand of Chicken in Northern India. The initial problem faced by farmers is getting the special chicken feed for the different age groups. There is no well equipped dedicated slaughter house available in every city. New technology for animal slaughter is required so that all parts of animal are used properly without losing valuable protein. The idea should be to use innovated technology to optimize the profits in the chain.

2.1. Rainfall

Rainfall is one of the prime natural resource that decide the economy of a country. Inadequate and improper distribution of rainfall during cropping period will have serious threat to crop production resulted in food insecurity of growing population. So each and every action must be focused to conserve every drop of rainfall in an effective way and the conserved rainfall should be utilized in an efficient manner for crop production.

Introduction

Impact assessment is the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed action. It is used to ensure that projects, programmes and policies are economically viable, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable. Programme Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) efforts are critical issues in management of agricultural research and development (R & D). In times of fiscal constraint, more emphasis is placed on accountability and programme effectiveness. As a management tool, PME is an integrated approach that incorporates the viewpoints of clientele, policy-makers, researchers and donors to address the intended goals. Public and private support to research will depend largely on efficiency issues and ability to reckon with multiple objectives, ranging from food security to sustainability, poverty alleviation, gender issues, export, etc. The PME of agricultural R & D projects is critical when the intended R&D has multiple outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of development activities provides government officials, development managers, and civil society with better means for learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning and allocating resources, and demonstrating results as part of accountability to key stakeholders (World Bank, 2004).