eChapters

ABSTRACT

This study addresses the many ICT-based services provided to readers as well as access to E-resources by Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, University users. It raises awareness of technology in libraries and why it is important to comprehend the usage of ICT in libraries in order to provide better library services and information to users. Essentially, the article describes several technologies and their applications in library operations. The study has discussed how library services are spurred by the use of technology such as OPAC, E-ShodhSindhu, E- books and E-journals, and so on. The current study examines several library activities that make use of ICTs. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the use of various ICTs and E-resources by user of the university for rapid and easy information retrieval.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to utilize thermal infra red remote sensing data to find the location of heat processing units which contribute to high temperatures. These industries occur as anomalous pixels in urban area on the temperature map derived from the thermal remote sensing data. The night scenes of ASTER thermal infra red data were used for this study. It is concluded that analysis of temporal thermal remote sensing data can be used as a tool in environmental impact assessment and management. The temperature maps can be helpful in decision making process of siting / relocation of heat producing industries in and around cities.

1. INTRODUCTION

For sustainable industrial development, management and regular monitoring of the industries is needed. Knowledge of industrial impacts on the environment is an essential for environmental impact assessment and management. Thermal remotes sensing techniques can be applied for this.

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to identify and delineate the groundwater potable zone in and around Madurai region. The study area is composed of Charnockites and Khondalites of Archaean age. The information of lithology, geomorphology and land use/land cover was generated using the Resourcesat (IRS P6 LISS IV data) and Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of scale 1:50,000 and integrated them with GIS to identify the groundwater potable zones of the study area. On the basis of hydrogeomorphology, groundwater potential zones was identified and delineated. From the overlay analyses landuse and EC, it is inferred that, poor category groundwater is found in the scrub forest, current fallow, canal and scrub with land areas.

Abstract

Geochemical processes occurring within the groundwater and reactions with aquifer minerals have a profound effect on water quality. Hydrogeochemical composition of groundwater can also be indicative of its origin and history of passage through underground materials which water has been in contact. Assessing groundwater quality and developing strategies to protect aquifers from contamination are necessary aspects for proper planning and designing water resources. Anthropogenic activities like explosion of population, industrial growth, inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation has been a crucial factor for determining the quality of groundwater. In this scenario, 43 groundwater samples were collected from the Dindigul district of Tamilnadu, a Hard rock terrain. The samples wereanalyzed for major cations and anions along with heavy metals to derive the different quality parameters and to obtain the pollution indices of different samples. This study focuses to find out the spatial relationship between the analyzed fluoride concentration in groundwater and pollution indices derived from the heavy metal concentration in the groundwater of the study area and their variation with respect to season.

Abstract

A study on the Subsurface groundwater discharge (SGD) in the coastal Cuddalore region of south east India has been carried out. Measurement of surface water Radon, Water level, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH for a total of twenty four hours, by hourly interval the measurement has been calculated and promote correlated with tidal values calculated by WX Tide 32 software. The SGD measurements were made by using a modified seepage meter. The study reveals a match with water level variation and tide with minor variation due to influx of surface water. Saline discharges, fresh groundwater discharges and surface water mixing processes were identified along the coast. Lower SGD (37.24 – 79.16 cm/day) were observed during fresh groundwater discharge.

The sensors present over remote sensing satellites are designed to collect energy or radiance from the varied surface features having wide range of radiance i.e. from features like water bodies having very low radiance to features like sand or snow having very high radiance. But, most of the time, the study area may not have all these features; therefore, radiance values may remain confined to a narrow range. This reduces the contrast of the image, thereby decreases its visual quality. In this context, image contrast enhancement techniques are used for effective visualization and display of remote sensing image on computer screens or hard copy so that maximum amount of information can be derived through its visual interpretation.

Contrast enhancement of a digital image is a technique to modify the original grey levels of input image to the entire available range of the grey levels. This increases the contrast between various features in the image which improves the visual quality of original image. Contrast enhancement can be done by both linear and non-linear methods. Some of the commonly used contrast enhancement techniques with their implementation in R software are discussed in this chapter.

We need following packages for performing this exercise in R. raster package is required for importing of raster image and for performing contrast enhancement. RStoolbox package is also required for contrast enhancement as well as for visualization of raster data with ggplot2 package. rasterVis package is mainly used in this exercise for plotting histogram of the raster data.

The information of image is perfectly accepted by eyes when the image will be in convenient form. Always pictures accurately detail about information related to their position, sizes and inter-related with each other is objects. Actually images portray positional information which can be recognized as objects. Human eyes are exact example for differentiating that information from images to innate visual and mental ability.

Types of Biomedical Waste

1. Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids (e.g. from discarded diagnostic samples), cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work (e.g. waste from autopsies and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from patients with infections (e.g. swabs, bandages and disposable medical devices)

2. Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and contaminated animal dead bodies

Introduction

The COVID-19, the Global Pandemic has affected the world and is still continuing with its various mutations even today. This has created a long-lasting impact and many sectors like energy, transport, industries, and residential buildings, have critically experienced impacts from the pandemic (Qarnain, Muthuvel, and Bathrinath 2020). It has directly and indirectly impacted every household’s operations. The mandatory COVID – 19 protocols, lockdowns, Work From Home (WFH) schedules and the major fear of every one of contracting the disease if going out itself has forced people to stay indoors and forced residents to use more energy for their daily routine activities, (routines like watching more TV, using environment control devices like fans, AC, room heaters etc.) giving rise to higher energy usage resulting in high energy bills and subsequent scarcity in the energy supply.

Background and Technology Intervention

To increase the water use efficiency coupling piped network and micro irrigation, Department of Agricultural Engineering along with the Tamil Nadu Government introduced a project on “Water conveyance works of modernization of on-farm irrigation network in 5(R) and 7(R) sluices Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP)” covering a total area of 109.86 acres in both the sluices.

Significance of this project is to improve the water use efficiency in canal command areas where the farmers were unable to cultivate annual / long term crop due to alternate supply of water in each zone. PAP command area has 4 zones and each zone receives water once in 135 days in a 2 year span through open channel leading farmers to adopt flood irrigation.

INTRODUCTION
Hitching and detaching implements from a tractor is a crucial aspect of tractor operation, whether in agricultural, industrial, or construction work. This process involves attaching various implements, such as plows, harrows, or trailers, to the tractor’s hitch system, ensuring proper functionality during operation, and safely detaching them once the task is completed. Mastering the correct procedures for hitching and detaching is vital for safety, operational efficiency, and preserving the tractor and implement lifespan.
The tractor hitch system plays an essential role in connecting the prime mover (tractor) to the implement, creating a cohesive working unit. Both the tractor and the implement rely on each other to perform, much like the two wheels of a cart.
A “hitch” is defined as a single articulated point or a combination of points and links that allow the tractor to exert tractive effort in the form of pushing or pulling to counteract the draft force of the implement. The hitch point, whether virtual or real, represents the specific location on the tractor through which the “line of push” must pass to ensure effective operation. Proper understanding of this system ensures smooth, safe, and efficient work.
HITCHING IMPLEMENTS TO THE TRACTOR
Hitching implements to a tractor is an essential process, and the method can vary depending on the type of implement being used. The most common method involves using two hydraulic arms and a third high point to attach and level the implement. The hydraulic arms serve as the main tie-down, allowing the implement to be raised or lowered, while the third point is connected through a double-nut bar, which can adjust the length of the tie-down. For larger tractors or implements, this third point can also be hydraulic for easier adjustment. An alternative coupling method is the cup and pin system, commonly used for trailers, balers, or tanks, where a pin is driven through the tractor’s cup and

1.1. Definition

Alteration in one or more of physiological processes culminating in a loss of coordination of energy utilization in a plant as a result of the continuous irritation due to presence or absence of some factor or agent.

A plant is said to be diseased when there is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process (Federation of British Plant Pathologists, 1973).

Objectives
• To understand the critical role of language and communication skills in engineering.
• To explore how communication impacts the effectiveness and efficiency of engineering work.
• To examine the types of communication skills necessary for engineers
• To highlight the significance of these skills in teamwork, leadership, and project management.
• To discuss the challenges engineers face in communication and how to overcome them.
• To encourage students to develop and enhance their communication skills for better academic and professional outcomes.
Introduction
Language and communication skills are integral to the engineering profession, often determining the success or failure of projects. Engineers are required not only to excel in their technical expertise but also to effectively convey their ideas, collaborate with diverse teams, and manage complex projects. This necessitates a high level of proficiency in both language and communication skills.

1.1. Weeds

Plants that are unwanted in a given situation and may be harmful, dangerous or economically detrimental.

Weed invasion ranked second to habitat loss in causing biodiversity decline.

Major threat to both the productivity of land and water and integrity of natural ecosystems.

    1.    Control points are the points in the food processing chain where it is possible to control or remove hazards.

    2.    Critical control points are the control points in the processing chain where it is essential to a hazard, usually because there is no later step at which to establish control.

    3.    Preventative measures are the actions and activities needed to remove hazards or control them by reducing them to acceptable levels.

    4.    Critical limits for critical control points are measurements such as temperature and time, that must be met, or characteristics such as appearance and texture. Critical limits need to be validated.

    5.    Monitoring is the regular measurement or observation of a critical control point to ensure it is not beyond its critical limits.

    6.    Take corrective action to bring the process back under control before the problem (‘deviation’) leads to a safety hazard. Consider proper management (disposition) of any adversely affected product.

    7.    Verification procedures are tests and programmes that make sure the HACCP system working properly

    8.    Record keeping and documentation systems must meet the needs of the business and be adequate to show that the food safety programme is working.

In this chapter we will cover all the basics libraries and some frameworks of machine learning, deep learning and computer vision. We will discuss all about their use with an example and instruction which will states the commands to install to those libraries for building any project in our system. So let’s begin

What is a Library?

Library is an aggregate of features and methods that allow you to take many actions without getting your own code written.

For instance, the libraries that you have to know are if you work with data, numpy, scipy, pandas, etc. They have very simple data processing functions that save you time for small tricks.

The primitive people were living as part of the environment along with other f lora and fauna in a perfect synchrony. Prior to industrialisation the people were living in an environment friendly manner without causing much damage to natural resources. During the time they were making good progress and were building huge structures which are of technical excellence even today. Post industrialisation the whole scenario changed very fast. The population increased many fold, people started making more goods than required to have a market hold to earn more – the human greed increased beyond limit.

14.1 Introduction

Indoor air pollution causes significant health problems for the two billion people worldwide who rely on biomass fuels for their cooking and heating needs. Over the last 30 years awareness of the environmental and social costs of using traditional fuels and stoves has grown. At the same time, studies of the problem have resulted in proven strategies to reduce both fuel use and harmful emissions. Unfortunately, the local stoves currently available do not always represent the best designs that modern engineering can offer. Although open fires are often used wastefully, carefully operated open fires can be fuel efficient and clean burning when tested in the lab. In many situations, cooks are not overly concerned with fuel use, and studies have shown that when fuel is plentiful three-stone fires can use an excessive amount of wood to cook a small amount of food. But in other places where fuel is scarce, open fires can be carefully controlled so that fuel efficiency rivals many first generation improved cook stoves.

Modern cook stoves are designed to clean up combustion first. Then the hot gases can be forced to contact the pot and increasing efficiency without increasing harmful emissions. Fires can be clean burning when expert cooks push the sticks of wood into the fire as they burn, metering the fuel. The open fire can be a hot fire useful when food or drink needs to be prepared quickly. The energy goes into the pot, not into the cold body of a stove. The open fire can burn wood without making a lot of smoke; hot fires burn smoke as it is released from the wood (Fig.14.1). Unfortunately however, many fires used for cooking are built emphasizing simplicity of use and are wasteful and polluting. Modern stoves score higher when tested than even the most carefully operated fire in the laboratory.

Protected cultivation was introduced in India during 1985 but its progress is slow during the last 25 years due to lack of suitable varieties and hybrids for protected cultivation. Presently, area under polyhouse in India is 2000 ha, therefore, knowledge of polyhouse vegetable production technology of tomato and cucumber with intervention of drip irrigation and fertigation along with suitable varieties will be quite effective for enhancing their productivity. Therefore, it is imperative to develop hybrid seed and production of suitable varieties/hybrids at affordable prices to small and marginal farmers to achieve the targeted production potential of vegetable crops. Keeping in view some genotypes were isolated and pure line and hybrid breeding programme were adopted for improvement of these genotypes. After three years of multilocational testing at tarai, midhills and higher hills under polyhouse condition, four genotypes were identified and released. They are: Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 2 (1,755 q/ha) and Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 3 (1,605 q/ha) of cucumber and Pant Polyhouse Hybrid Tomato 1 (1,616 q/ha) with average fruit weight of 130-140 g and Pant Polyhouse Tomato 2 (1,291 q/ha) of tomato with single fruit weight 100-105 g. These genotypes were released by Uttarakhand State Variety Release Committee during May 2011 for commercial cultivation.