eChapters

India over several millenniums has been the treasure land of biological wealth, intellectual knowledge and spiritual wisdom. During both pre and post Vedic periods, arts, science and technology had flourished well in various fields. Indian agriculture to some extent is much traditional and dates back to about 10,000 years. India with its traditional crop varieties and crop production technologies was able to feed its population and also exporting some selected produces to other continents. All the Indian villages had been the self sufficient, self sustained and self reliant units. The development of modern agricultural production was achieved by creating large scale specialized farm production units, increased mechanization and use of chemical inputs.

Abstract

The increase incidence of plant diseases have created challenging troubles in commercial agriculture and posed economical threats to both conventional and organic farming systems. To combat these problems there has been indiscriminate use of the synthetic chemicals that created different types of environmental and toxicological problems. Therefore attention has been directed towards exploitation of plant products or phytoextracts as novel chemotherapeutants in plant protection. Numerous botanical pesticides have been used globally and more has been discovered in due course of time. Pyrethroids, neem, etc are well established commercially as botanical pesticides and recently some essential oils of higher plants have also been used as antimicrobials as they are safe and widely accepted by the consumers. Use of phytoextracts may thus offer a new source of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents against microorganisms. Botanical pesticides are best fitting for organic food production in industrialized countries and can plays greater role in the production and post-harvest protection of food products in developing countries.

Abstract 

A field investigation entitled, “Studies on growth and yield of aerobic rice in summer season under various moisture regimes and planting techniques in upland condition” was carried out at Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya. The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of three irrigation regimes in main plots viz., IW/CPE =1.0, IW/CPE =1.5 and IW/CPE = 2.0 and four treatments on planting techniques in sub plots viz., P1: Sprouted seeds, P2: Non-sprouted seed, P3: Soaking seeds overnight (12 hrs), P4: Soaking seeds overnight (12 hrs) followed by shade drying.

• Agriculture Database Concepts and Importance
• The Orientation of Topic Selection for the Construction of the Agricultural Database
• The Principle of Specialization in the Construction of the Agricultural Database
• Top Quality Principle of Building Databases
• Agriculture Database Types
• Agriculture Libraries
• Agriculture Journals
• Technical Reports
• Conference Papers
• E-Books in Agriculture

Abstract
 
The word “sustain” is derived from the Latin verb ‘sustinere’(to keep in existence or maintain) and implies long-term support or permanence. The accepted definition of sustainable agriculture has proved to be elusive, given the extraordinary diversity and complexity of agricultural land use, and the perspective taken including producers, consumers, policy makers and workforces. Sustainable agriculture is defined as ‘the ability of farmland to produce food grain and other agricultural products to satisfy human needs indefinitely as well as having sustainable impacts on the broader environment and maintained equilibrium in productivity level’. That in other words, requires agriculture to avoid severe or irreversible damage to the endogenous or external ecosystem services upon which it depends, notably soil fertility, irrigation water, genetic variability and pollinating agencies and have acceptable impacts on the broader environment under the environmental stewardship.

• Agriculture Information Systems
• Major Trends
• Agriculture Information System
• Importance
• Internet Based Agriculture Information System
• Support Provided by Agriculture Information System
• AGRIS/CARIS
• AGROVOC
• Agriculture Research Information System (ARIS)
• Agriculture Research Information Center

• What is Intelligence?
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Branches of AI
• Natural–Language
• Natural Language Processing 
• Natural Language Recognition
• Simple Natural Language Grammar
• Intelligent Technologies in Agriculture
• Intelligent Animal Houses
• Agricultural Robots

• What is a Neural Network?
• How does an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) work?
• Characteristics of Neural Networks 
• Architectures of Artificial Neural Networks
• Learning Process
• Classification of Learning Algorithms
• Artificial Neural Networks in Agriculture -Intelligent Agent 
• Classes of Intelligent Agents
• Characteristic of Intelligent Agents

Introduction

Road traffic in cold snowy regions during winter season faces problems, like icing of road, snow compaction and snow storms that obstruct visibility. In snowy region there is also danger of damage due to snow avalanches. Avalanches often severely damage road service facilities or road structures. Quick response and corrective actions are required to cope with the damages, if any avalanche occurs.

Abstract

The bio-drainage system used to control the water logging hazards and restore the ground water table depth at a level favourable for other crops to grow. The water utilization efficiency per unit area of land improved through bio-drainage and associated cropping activities. The huge quantity of shallow and good quality groundwater that remains perpetually unutilized by the prevalent lowland cultivation system was effectively used by the biological drainage system. Thus the bio-drainage is expected to alleviate the land degradation problem due to high depth of water stagnant, to restore the crop cultivation programme on a sustainable way, to improve the water management practices, to improve the economic conditions of the lowland farmers and finally, to conserve the ecological values of this fragile agro-ecosystem.The objectives of efficient bio-drainage system are to evaluate ET and depended on growth characteristics of different trees and vegetation species having bio-drainage potential in the waterlogged land thereby to study the water table behaviour in the land under plantation and in the surrounding region and use the result in developing suitable plantation geometry to ensure desired water table draw-down, to assess interaction between bio-drainage plantation and co-existing crops and/or companion crops, to assess the value of the tree species through fodder, fuel wood and timber use, and to development of a new technology for land reclamation and evaluating its impact on soil, water and plant bodies in the basin.

Abstract
 
Adoption of agricultural practices is cost effective bioremediation techniques to mitigate arsenic problems and can contribute substantially to the cause of removal of arsenic and other heavy metal contamination of soils and water thereby quality enrichment in marketable agricultural produce leading to increased crop productivity in the area of intensive cropping under irrigated eco system. Though the farmers are already practicing some traditional techniques to mitigate the arsenic problems in soils and water, like cultivation of crops which are less affected to arsenic and heavy metals pollution, growing hyper accumulating crops and so many practices wherein the modern methods are not prevalently used by the farmers due to the lack of scientific validity of these techniques, particularly in the context of prevailing socio-economic conditions. Moreover, acceptance of these improved practices by the small farmers of this region is an evolutionary process and should be intensively proved. Hence, extensive studies need for bio or phyto-remediation of heavy metals including arsenic contamination for quality marketable agricultural produce, which ultimately can realize better crop productivity.

Abstract

Biological drainage relies on vegetation, rather than engineering mechanisms to remove excess soil water through evapo-transpiration. It is often considered attractive because it requires only an initial investment in site development (planting of a “bio-drainage crop”) and (potentially) returns a benefit when the bio-crop is harvested for fodder, wood or fibre. Presently about one-third of the world’s irrigated area faces the threat of waterlogging. Considering long-term viability of bio-drainage, the systems would be subjected to the same scrutiny as other plant-based biological systems with regards to nutrient and salt-balance and soil considerations. Moreover, large-scale adoption of bio-drainage crops could include considerable tracts of land and socio-economic considerations.

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in an aericendoaquept (pH, 6.67; organic carbon,  CEC,) to study the relative efficiency of different organic manures on the changes in some selected soil properties growing rape (cv. B-9) in a randomised block design replicated thrice using different combinations of organic and inorganic chemical fertilizers (T1- NPK 100%, T2- Compost 100%, T3- Compost 50% + NPK 50%, T4- Vermicompost 100%, T5- Vermicompost 50% + NPK 50%, T6- FYM 100% and T7- FYM 50% + NPK 50%). However, the objectives of the study was to assess the relative efficiency of organic manures with respect to availability of nutrients in relation to yield of rape affected by combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers. The results show that the amount of available N, organic carbon content, CEC and K contents were found highest in the treatment T5 where Vermicompost 50% + NPK 50% was applied combinedly.

Appendix-'F'    :    Chemical and Industrial Disaster Mitigation
    
Appendix-'G'    :    Emergency Procedure for Handling Chemical Disasters
    
Case Study    :    Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984

Abstract
 
The climate is one of the main determinants of agricultural production. At present, climate change has been appeared as a tremendous global crisis and modern agriculture is responsible for anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) which are important causing factors.  The ill effects of global warming and climate change have been reflected adversely in agriculture causing threat to food productivity and security. Thus there is an urgent need for adoption of ecologically sound and economically viable farming practices to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming as well as climate change. Organic agriculture is one of the most prominent and widely practiced ecologically sound farming systems and it might be a suitable option as it is based on the principles of ‘care, health, ecology and fairness’ with the capability to reduce emission of GHGs. Moreover, organic agriculture provides several gains like contribution to the conservation of biological diversity and animal welfare, supply of local products of natural origin, reduction of fossils fuel energy and protection of the environment from pollution with chemicals, carbon sequestration and restoration of soil fertility, assurance to agricultural sustainability, and thus ensuring food security to ever growing population of the world.

Appendix-'I'    :    Mock Drill Reporting Format
    
Appendix-'J'    :    Suggested Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

Case Study    :    Orissa Super Cyclone 1999

• Database
• Data Model
• Database Software
• DBMS Facility 
• Architecture for a DBMS
• Data Modeling
• Components of a Data Mode
• RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
• Client/Server Model of Computing
• Entity Relationship Diagram (E-R diagram)
• Entity Relationship Diagram Notations - Front-end and Back-end
• Codd’s Rules
• SQL - Structured Query Language
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• DCL
• Data Control Language
• Transaction Control (TCL)

• Introduction
• Types of DSS
• Scope of DSS
• Benefits of DSS 
• Common Uses of Decision Support Systems
• Decision Support System for Farm Management

Introduction

Drought is temporary reduction in water or moisture availability significantly below the normal or expected amount for a specific period. This condition occurs either due to inadequacy of rainfall or lack of irrigation facilities, unexploitation or deficient availability for meeting the normal crop requirement in the context of the agro-climatic conditions prevailing in any particular area. This has been scientifically computed as Moisture Index (MI). Drought in this context can be defined as adverse MI or adverse water balance which may be attributable not only to a prolonged dry spell due to lack or sufficient rainfall but also due to such other factors as excessive evapo-transpiration losses, high temperature, low soil holding etc.

Appendix-'C'    :    Damage Prevention and Rehabilitation by Retrofitting
    
Appendix-'D'    :    Dos and Don'ts While Constructing Buildings
    
Case Study    :    Bhuj Earthquake 26th January, 2001
            Eyjafjallajoekull (Iceland) Volcano - 2010

Abstract

Jute is known as golden fibre of Bengal and the most important bast fibre of the world. Jute is a natural fibre crop and is second in the world after cotton in terms of global production, consumption and availability. It is a completely biodegradable, recyclable and eco-friendly lingo-cellulose fibre. The genus Corchorus belongs to the family Tiliaceae, which is composed of approximately 100 species. Two species (Corchorus capsularis L. and Corchorus olitorius L.) are widely cultivated for natural fibre. The field experiment was conducted in Pre-Kharif season of 2014 in Mondouri Research Farm, of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal. This farm is located very close to the tropic of cancer having approximately 89º E longitudes, 23 º N latitude and about 9.75 in altitude above the sea level. The experiment was in a Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with first factor variety i.e. V1-JRC 321, V2- JRC 698, V3- JRCJ 2 and V4-NDJC 2011 and Second factor fertilizers with three levels i.e. F1-60:13:25, F2-80:17.5: 33.3 and F3- 100:21.8:41.7. The plant height was not significant at the harvest stage. 

• What is Meant by the Term Expert?
• Building Blocks of Expert Systems
• Designing Expert Systems in Problem Solving 
• Applications of Expert System
• An Expert System for Decision Problem
• Advantages of Expert System
• Cases of Expert Systems in Agriculture

• Introduction
• The Concept of a Farm Management System

Appendix-'A'    :    Standard Operating Procedure for Administration
    
Appendix-'B'    :    Standard Operating Procedure for Individuals
    
Case Study    :    Assam Floods 2004
        :    Peerchu Lake - A Disaster

Introduction

Forests face many hazards but most common is forest fire. They pose threat to not only forest wealth but also to entire region of fauna and flora seriously disturbing the bio-diversity, ecology and environment of a region. During summer, forests are littered with dry senescent leaves and twigs which could burst into flames ignited by the slightest spark. Forest cover in India is 675,538 km and constitute 20-25% of geographical area.

Teamwork and collaboration is better than individual effort is a proven fact that human beings have realized since the Stone Age. Similarly, it was also recognized and applied in farming. The concept of farmer’s organization had emerged by realizing the power of unity. With the growing concern of present condition of decreasing size of land holdings the need for unity and collectivization has been prominently realized in agriculture. Agriculture sector is facing a rapidly overflowing basket of challenges. Population has increased 3.71 times from 350 million in 1947 to 1.3 billion in 2017; hence, demand for food has increased while total cultivable land has shrunk. The grain area per person has been shrinking steadily for several decades from 0.22 hectares in 1950 to 0.10 hectares in 2010 and it is projected to be as less as 0.06 hectares per person in 2050 (Larsen, 2003). So, the big and alarming question on food and income security has been raised.

• Introduction
• Features of Genetic Algorithm 
• Steps in Executing the Genetic Algorithm
• Applications of Genetic Algorithm
• Artificial Ant Problem

• Defining GIS
• Fundamentals of GIS
• Mapping Concepts, Features and Properties
• Geographical Data Sets
• Spatial & Non-spatial Data
• Attribute Data
• Remote Sensing in Agriculture
• Remote Sensing in Farm
• Principles of Remote Sensing
• How Does Remote Sensing Work?
• Global Positioning System
• Components of a GPS
• GPS Positioning Types
• GPS Applications
• Remote Sensing and GIS
• Use of GPS in Agriculture
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Network 
• The GPRS Network
• Benefits

Appendix-'E'    :    How can Cummunity Reduce Carbon 
            Footprints

Abstract

Water is the elixir of life, livelihood, food security and indispensable to all economic activities. It is going to be a constraint in agriculture in near future due to the competitive demands from other sectors. Agriculture is the largest user of limited water resources. The Gangetic Bengal basin once described as the areas of excess water now suffers from acute dearth of water during the drier months. Water management holds the key for maximum agricultural production through optimizing the utilization of available water resources in a systematic manner. Drip-irrigation provides unique agronomic, water and energy conservation benefits that address many of the challenges facing irrigated agriculture. In intensive agriculture, both fertilizer and irrigation management have contributed immensely in increasing the yield and quality of crops. The method of fertilizer and irrigation application affects the efficiency. Drip-fertigation is the most efficient and less expensive agronomically sound method of fertilizer application along with irrigation water. It has the potential to ensure that the right combination of water and nutrient is available at the active root zone, in synchrony of the plants’ total and temporal requirements and stabilizes the yield and quality of produce. Fertigation saves fertilizer nutrients as it permits applying fertilizer in small quantities at a time matching with the plants’ nutrients’ need. To address these problems, AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, 

Abstract

Nadia district covers 3927 sq km of West Bengal State and forms lower part of Indo-Gangetic alluvium of Quaternary age. The district is entirely affected by arsenic contamination in ground water. Population explosion, rapid agricultural growth and inadequate surface water resources has put tremendous thrust on ground water development. 80% of the population is dependent on agriculture. Ground water plays a key role to yield substantial agricultural growth. Irrigational potential of the district is 3356 sq km, of which major contribution belongs to ground water only, i.e., 3100 sq km. Summer season (boro) (lean period crop) paddy cultivation demands huge ground water. Shallow tube wells within 80 metre depth are major in numbers than deep (beyond 100 metre) tube wells. Dynamic ground water resource calculation indicates that net ground water available in the area is 198948 ham, of that for irrigation purposes ground water draft is 167617 ham. Net ground water available for future irrigation development is 34996 ham. Out of 17 blocks of the district, six blocks have already been listed under semi-critical category. 

Abstract
 
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season at the Baruipur Research Farm of the Calcutta University using treatments as T1-NPK 100%, T2- Compost 100%, T3- Compost 50%+NPK 50%, T4-Vermicompost. 100%, T5- Vermicompost 50%+NPK 50%, T6-FYM 100%, T7-FYM 50%+NPK 50%, in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice.  The results show that the amount of available N content in soil  has been found to be increased with the progress of crop growth upto 45 days of crop growth and thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the crop growth irrespective of treatments. The amount of P content in soil has been found to be increased with different treatments, being maintained highest amount (18.30 kg/ha) in the treatment Vermicompost 50%+ NPK50% followed by the treatment where 100% NPK and 100 % vermicompost were applied. The results show that the amount of K content in soil was increased initially and thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of crop growth.

Abstract

Chhotanagpur plateau is well-known for its quality vegetable production, however, indiscriminate uses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in different vegetables lead to more yields but of their inferior quality of produces. The over uses of agro-chemicals also drastically affect the soil bio-physico-chemical properties. In this context, an alternative approach was taken into account through present study in order to address such problems. For the purpose, cabbage cv. Golden Acre was grown in organic experimental plots of the university by using ‘Sasyagavya liquid organic formulation’ to observe its effects over the crop and soil bio-chemical properties of the experimental site.Theexperiment was designed after CRBDby adoptingseven treatments i.e.T1: 1% Sasyagavya; T2: 5% Sasyagavya; T3: 10% Sasyagavya; T4: 15% Sasyagavya; T5: 20% Sasyagavya; T6: 25% Sasyagavya and T7: Absolute Control withtheir three replications. Different growth, yield and quality attributes of the crop and soil bio-chemical properties of the experimental soils were studied. 

Abstract

Water is an indispensable natural resource for sustaining the environment, supporting life and responsible for sustainable agricultural growth and development wherein agricultural sector is the major user of the water resource. The integrated management of water resources could only be possible through adoption of efficient and optimum use of irrigation water, which could only be ensured by judicious and economic use of irrigation potential whatsoever created to increase crop production. The integrated water resources management also includes the concept of rainwater management that has got an immense important on the way to develop the rainfed farming system. Previously, rainfed agriculture was associated primarily with conservational land treatments to check soil erosion and land degradation. But in the areas of medium to heavy rainfall, there is ample scope of tapping excess rain water through suitable water harvesting structures constructed for this purpose for its subsequent uses as irrigation or to apply lifesaving irrigation to the crops which should also come under the purview of water management for crop production.

• What is Agroinformatics?
• Agroinformatics
• Definitions 
• Objectives of Agroinformatics
• Information Systems Terminology
• Agroinformatics Tools

• Definition of Bioinformatics
• History of Bioinformatics 
• Structural Bioinformatics
• New Branch of Bioinformatics 
• Bioinformatics - Application in Agriculture
• Analyzing Protein Sequence
• Pairwise Alignment
• Multiple Alignment
• Blast - A Sequence Alignment Tool
• EMBL
• SWISS–PROT
• Rice Genome Project
• Software for Bio-informatics
• Major Categories of Bioinformatics Software
• Internet Sites For Bioinformatics

The aim of this book is to further strengthen the knowledge of readers on management of disasters so that they are better prepared to cope with more frequently occurring natural and manmade disasters.

The process that helps us to face disasters effectively is commonly known as disaster preparedness.  When a disaster strikes, it affects us directly and immediately. While as the government, international agencies such as United Nations, Red Cross Society, non government organizations, like Ramakrishna Mission, OXFAM, CARE, resident welfare associations in urban areas and panchayats in rural areas assist us when faced with disasters the community, invariably remains the first responders. Hence, the individuals as a part of community should prepare adequately to prevent, face and respond to disasters effectively. History has  shown that where communities have prepared adequately to confront disasters, losses to life and property have been less and environment could be protected. People living in an area may be prone to more than one type of disaster. For example Kutch District of Gujarat is vulnerable to floods, drought, cyclones and to earthquakes. Such an area is called ‘multiple hazard’ zone.

Introduction

Landslides are simply defined as mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope and have come to include broad range of motions whereby falling, sliding and flowing under the influence of gravity dislodges earth material. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. At times, prolonged rainfall cause heavy landslides, that block the flow of river for quite sometime.

Abstract 

Rainfed agriculture plays and will continue to play a dominant role in providing food and livestock for an increasing world population. Rainfed agriculture practiced on 80% of the world’ agriculture land area and generates about 70% of the world’s staple food including most of the food in poor communities in developing and least favoured areas. The most recent estimates have put global rainfed croplands at 1.75 billion ha (Bha) at the end of the last millennium, or about 5.5 times the irrigated area in the world . India ranks 1st among the countries that practice rainfed agriculture both in terms of extent 86 (mha) & value production. Agriculture water management deals with the administration of a key input to agricultural production & offers to hope that land and water use will be intensified .Scarcity of water resources and growing ofm competition for water many sectors reduces its availability for irrigation. Effective management of water for crop production in water scare area requires efficient approaches for increasing crop productivity and drought tolerance by genetic improvement and physiological regulation may be the means to achieve efficient & effective use of water. A single approaches would not be able to tackle the forthcoming challenge of producing more food and measures with engineering solutions (water saving ,irrigation method, deficit irrigation, proper deficit sequencing, modernization of irrigation system etc) and agronomic & soil manipulation (seed priming\ seedling age manipulation, direct or wet seeded rice. 

• Introduction
• Characteristics of Management Information System
• Management Information Systems Advantage
• Outputs of a Management Information System

Abstract

Soil acidity poses a great problem for crop production due to very poor fertility status and nutrient imbalances in eastern and north eastern region and hence, it needs a special attention to address such acidity problems in relation to crop production. The integrated nutrient management system for the maintenance of soil fertility, sustainable agricultural productivity and improving profitability through the judicious and efficient use of mineral fertilizers especially secondary and micronutrients, organic matters, green manures, bio-fertilizers in acid soils. Rainwater harvesting, efficient storage of excess rainwater and subsequent uses as supplemental irrigation especially in the areas of rainfed situations as well as selection of crops and cropping systems in different acid soils region need to be developed. The management of secondary and micronutrients in acid soils can be made either by the addition of cost-effective lime or liming materials to counteract the abnormalities of soils by raising pH as the first step and subsequently by modifying agricultural practices and applying balanced fertilizers including limiting nutrients viz. S, B, Mo and Zn at optimal levels based on soil test values for maximum crop production.

Abstract

Water Crisis or scarcity can be explained as when demand for fresh water goes high in comparison to the supply of fresh water. The condition is the cause when there is a high rate of aggregate demand from all water using sectors like food, agriculture etc. are compared with available supply under prevailing institutional and infrastructural conditions. It is evident from economic competition from water quantity and quality, disputes between users, irreversible depletion of ground water, and negative impacts on the environment. Water crisis is actually a relative and dynamic concept irrespective of any level of supply and demand. It is a social construct and its causes are directly related to human interference with the water cycle. This scarcity varies over time due to natural hydrological variability. But the stronger reasons could be more of functions of prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches. 

Abstract

Sundarban is the largest mangrove wetland ecosystems in the world. This World Heritage site along the Bay of Bengal has evolved over the millennia through natural deposition of upstream sediments accompanied by intertidal segregation. Indian part of Sundarbans is estimated to be about 4,110 square kilometres of which about 1,700 square kilometres is occupied by water bodies in the form of river, canals and creeks of width varying from a few metres to several kilometres, which together form the complex ecosystem of this Ganges delta.. Rivers in the Sundarbans are confluence points of salt water and freshwater. Environmental crisis is caused by severe cyclones sea level rise and storm surge followed by coastal erosion, flood and earthquake phenomenon. River water is saline. Shallow aquifer is brackish/ saline, which is not suitable for drinking. Fresh potable ground water is occurring in deeper aquifer, the exploitation of which is not cost-effective. Sundarbans houses around 500 different species of mammals, fish, bird and reptiles and it is the largest habitat of royal Bengal tigers. Conservation of flora and fauna in the typical ecosystem of Sundarbans in India with emphasis on judicious use of ground water resources along with retrospection of historical trend and future sustainable management strategies is a pre-requisite.

Abstract

Never ending additional need of farmers have forced them to grow more cash crop along with crops used for the staple food. The prime crops as per the food habit, social need has to be produced in the respective locality. The micro planning for agricultural and food production has to be planned for different blocks of a district to meet above needs. The production planning has to be simulated first and programmed for trial production. After successful trail, the same has to be replicated in larger area. Mathematical model development approach is one of the solutions to predict the need of the people and plan production depending on the availability of the input materials like natural resources and other inputs. In addition to this food and nutrient security for the people living in those different areas are very important in present context. Global population is growing fast with 1.2% per annum. Feeding these people increases the responsibility of farmers for growing more crops without considering the soil health. Improper crop sequencing has resulted in imbalance in soil nutrient which results in unsustainable production of forth coming crops. 

Appendix-'H'    :    Do's & Don'ts During Commercial Nuclear Disasters

Abstract

From very ancient time the farming was practiced organically without using any chemical pesticides or fertilizers. In the mid-19th century, the chemical farming was introduced and the adverse impact of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is in sight with deterioration of soil quality, quality of food and so on.The indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals in different crops causes numerous health hazards as well. In this context, organic farming came into existence in 20th century due mainly to produce quality foods through the rapid change in agriculture sector. Therefore, an attempt was taken through present investigation to cultivate potato without using any synthetic agro-chemicals by employing Kufri Pukhraj cultivar during kharif season. Potato is basically rabi season crop but due to climatic advantages of the south Chhotanagpurplateau of Jharkhand it can successfully grow during kharif season too.

Abstract

The per capita availability of fresh water in the World is continuously decreasing. It is reported that in the World about 69 percent of total water resources developed are used for irrigation, 23 percent for industries and the balance is used by the domestic sector. About 60 percent to 70 percent of water used in domestic sector is returned as waste water. Substantial quantities of water used by industries are also returned. To meet the increased food requirements of the global population, there is constant pressure for increase in food production. Since, agricultural productivity depends on availability of water; there is increased demand of water for irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, due to increased demand of water for other sectors, quantum available for irrigation sector is getting reduced. So, for meeting the increased irrigation demand, it is necessary to economise the use of water for irrigation by adopting improved technologies and improving the water use efficiencies. 

Abstract

Arsenic, although a non-metal, is very often referred to as a heavy metal. Its provenance and contents in recently formed or least weathered soils depend on the type of rocks and intensity of geochemical processes. The variation is exemplified in shale, where As content varies from 1 to 900 mg kg-1. In highly weathered soils, where pedochemical processes exceed geochemical processes, the content is generally below the levels that are toxic to life forms. In the Bengal basin, As content is low in soils, but high in the ground water (beneath the vadose zone). This suggests that As has been sufficiently leached from soils. The solubility of most of the As-bearing soil minerals is high, and it occurs as anions (AsO33-, or AsO43-) in soil solution. The soils of the Bengal basin are alkaline in reaction, mostly fine textured with almost even distribution of particle size fractions, and moderately drained. Minerals like micas and feldspars dominate their coarse fractions, whereas illite (40-47%) and smectite (24-30%) are dominant in clay fractions. Both inorganic and organic colloids are negatively charged that cannot retain anions. In many soils in the world, leaching of As is well documented. 

• A Brief Description of Visual Basic
• Types of Application in VB
• Creating the Project
• Steps in Building a Visual Basic Application
• Visual Basic Data Types
• Managing Variables 
• Constants
• String Functions
• Operators in Visual Basic 
• Controlling Program Flow
• Looping
• The InputBox( ) Function
• Methods
• Procedur
• Control Array
• Msgboxes
• Data Access
• Data Access Objects (DAO)
• Microsoft Jet Database Engine 
• Remote Data Objects
• Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects
• Data Control
• Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)