eChapters

1. Introduction:- Understanding Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
1.1 Definition and Core Principles of GLP
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines Good Laboratory Practice as “a managerial quality control system that governs the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and thus, environmental safety studies are well planned, executed/ performed, vigilantly monitored, properly recorded, reported, and finally archived”. This definition highlights that Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) is a comprehensive framework focused on ensuring the quality and integrity of the entire study lifecycle, rather than dictating the scientific validity of the research itself. The primary goal of GLP is to ensure process integrity and data traceability, which are essential for the regulatory acceptance of safety data for a variety of products. These products include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, cosmetics, veterinary drugs, food additives, feed additives, and industrial chemicals, all of which undergo non-clinical testing to assess their potential health and environmental risks. It is important to note that GLP principles specifically apply to these non-clinical studies and exclude research involving human subjects. The OECD Principles of GLP are internationally recognized and serve as the basis for GLP regulations in numerous countries worldwide. These principles outline the responsibilities of key personnel involved in non-clinical studies, including test facility management, the study director, study personnel, and quality assurance personnel. Furthermore, they establish minimum standards concerning the suitability of facilities and equipment to perform studies, as well as the necessity for comprehensive Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to guide all aspects of laboratory operations. The core principles of GLP encompass a wide range of elements critical to ensuring the quality and integrity of laboratory studies. These OECD principles of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) include: the proper organization team and personnel staff members within the testing facility, the well establishment of a robust quality assurance programme, the better suitability and proper maintenance of various necessary facilities, the efficient management of apparatus, materials, and reagents, the characterization and control of test systems, the handling of test and reference items, the development and adherence to Standard Operating

Agarose gel electrophoresis is the easiest and commonest way of separating, capable of resolving mixtures of DNA fragment that cannot be separated conveniently by other procedures. The purpose of the gel might be to look at the DNA, to quantify it or to isolate a particular band. The DNA is visualised in the gel by addition of ethidium bromide. This binds strongly to DNA by intercalating between the bases and is fluorescent meaning that it absorbs invisible UV light and transmits the energy as visible orange light.

Agarose, which is extracted from seaweed, is a linear polymer whose basic structure is shown in figure.

After fertilization and zygote formation, in utero development can be divided into two stages, i.e. embryonic and foetal. Embryo period refers to the time between fertilization and the development of organ primordia. During the embryonic period, fast development occurs, and primordia of most organs are established. During the foetal stage, which lasts from the end of the embryonic period until parturition, the body’s systems begin to develop and function.

Introduction

However, most of the crops get damaged by pest infestation, microbial attacks, and insufficient nutrient availability. Currently, the primary goal of world’s agriculture is to fulfil the nutritional demand of the rapidly growing population. Nanotechnology tries to fill the gaps in agriculture to become more resilient, while making sure there is enough food for everyone. As a result, nanoparticles are evolving into a cutting-edge material that will change how contemporary agriculture is done. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture encompasses the creation of novel materials, devices, and systems at the nanoscale to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and sustainability of agriculture. This technology has the potential to bring a revolutionary change to the field of agriculture by offering innovative solutions to various agricultural problems.

A. Agronomic Considerations for Good Experimentation

For laying out of any experiment (Short / long term) at on-station and on farmers field, some of the agronomic considerations are very important for better results using experimental designs. Therefore, these are discussed here in this chapter.

1. Cropping History

The crop performance and its yield is affected by the crop grown and management followed during previous years. Therefore, for meaningful interpretation and factual reflection on yield trend due to the treatment proposed to be evaluated, the details of crop grown during previous 2 years/ seasons with details of management followed especially input applied needs to be recorded.

Artificial intelligence can detect subtle changes in animal health before they become apparent through conventional observation. This chapter examines machine learning, deep learning and predictive analytics for livestock disease prediction and diagnosis. Models use physiological signals, diagnostic images, behaviour patterns, environmental conditions and historical records to recognize abnormalities and estimate disease risk. Wearable sensors and IoT devices enable continuous monitoring and early-warning systems, supporting preventive veterinary care and outbreak management. AI-based detection can reduce mortality, treatment costs and production losses while improving decision-making. The chapter also evaluates challenges involving inconsistent data, model interpretability, rural infrastructure, technical accessibility and the practical implementation of diagnostic systems.

Abstract

Modern world is experiencing energy insecurity because of extreme population pressure and depleting energy resources. Fossil fuels though have highly applauded for contributing to today’s development, are non renewable energy and debated for not sustainable. This has posed serious challenges to the scientific fraternity for finding the suitable alternatives. A cheap, eco-friendly, sustainable or renewable type of energy is visualized for development with added advantage of mitigating green house gases.

History

Pauling and his colleagues coined the phrase "molecular disease" in 1949, based on their finding that a single amino acid shift in the β-globin chain causes sickle cell anemia, which is characterized primarily by repeated bouts of acute pain due to vessel occlusion. In theory, their discoveries laid the groundwork for molecular diagnoses, though the major breakthrough came many years later. At the time, when molecular biology was only rapidly growing, providing molecular diagnostic services was unthinkable and practically impossible. In the early days of recombinant DNA technology, many scientists from different f ields collaborated to provide the first seedlings of molecular diagnostics.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an outline on the patenting system prevailing in India. 

INTRODUCTION

Ideas and knowledge are increasingly important parts of trade. Most of the value of new medicines and other high technology products lies in the amount of invention, innovation, research, design and testing involved. Hence, protection of such values is paramount. This paper details how these values are protected in India.

Where Y is the average yield of a crop in a sequence over a period of years “n” and S is the standard deviation of yield over a period of years, Y max is the maximum yield of a crop in a certain year.

Example 1. Six crop sequences were evaluated in simple randomized block design replicated four times at Durgapura. The sequences tried are pearl millet-wheat, cluster bean-wheat, pearl milletmustard, cluster beanbarley, cowpea-mustard and pearl millet-Chickpea under irrigated conditions.

True/False

Q.1.    According to Prof. RA Fisher “ANOVA” is the separation of variance assignable to one group of causes from the variance assignable to other group of causes.
Q.2.    The basic purpose of ANOVA technique is to test the equality (homogeneity) of several population means from the same 
experiment.

Animal behaviour provides valuable information about health, welfare, reproduction, environmental adaptation and social interaction. Traditional observation is labour-intensive, time-consuming and vulnerable to observer bias. This chapter explains how machine learning automates behavioural analysis using video, sensor and bioacoustic data. It covers preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, clustering and recurrent neural networks for temporal analysis. Computer-vision techniques—including object detection, tracking and pose estimation—enable continuous and non-invasive monitoring. Case studies demonstrate applications in livestock management, wildlife conservation and laboratory research. The chapter also examines data labelling, model generalization, ethics, explainable AI, real-time processing and the integration of multiple behavioural data sources

Subject: Biostatistics and computer application (UNIT-I)

Write true (T) or false (F)

Q1. Write true (T) or false (F)

1. The mean and mode are always equal in case of normal distribution.

2. Pie diagram is circular diagram.

3. Skewness is the measure of asymmetry of distribution.

4. Mean sum of squares are the variances.

5. Coefficient of variation may be utilized for comparing two data of different unit.

6. Goodness fit is tested by t-test.

7. Variance is a measure of central tendency.

8. CRD can be use where experimental material is heterogenous.

9. Frequency polygon is made by joining the middle points of the top of each rectangle of histogram.