eChapters

Q.1.    What is an experiment ?

    Answer
    
    An experiment is a means of getting an answer to the question that an experimentor (researcher) has in mind. This may be to decide which of the several pain relieving drugs that are available in the market, is the most effective or whether they are equqlly effective.
    
    An experiment may be planned to compare the yield of different varieties of wheat. so that the varity giving the maximum yield may be recommended to the farmers to increase their production.

Checks and Balances in Biotechnology Applications
    
Biosafety Issues in Animal Biotechnology Application
    
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
    
Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines (1990)
    
Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (2006)(Draft Amendment)
    
Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants and Guidelines for Toxicity and Allergenicity Evaluation of Transgenic Seeds, Plants and Plant Parts (1998)
    
Guidelines for Generating Preclinical and Clinical Data for rDNA Vaccines, Diagnostics and other Biologicals (1999)
    
The Food Safety and Standards Act (2006)
    
Transgenic Animals Bioreactors
    
First Patent in Biotechnology
    
Biotechnology - Ethical Concerns
    
Some Priority Areas in the Field of Biotechnology
    
Suggestions for Future Development of Biotechnology Activities in the Field of Animal Health and Production in India
    
Epilogue

1    Vaccination schedule for cattle and buffaloes

2    Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats

3    Vaccination schedule for dogs

4    Deworming schedule for dogs and cats

5    Vaccination schedule for poultry

6    Vaccination schedule for broilers in different seasons/situations5

1.     Centrifuge
    
2.     Spectrophotometer
    
3.     Microscope

1    Consent form for surgery

2    Consent form for euthanesia

3    Slaughter certificate

4    Wound certificate

5    Proforma for export certificate of dogs

Q.1.    What is progeny row trial ?

    Answer
    
    The replicated experiment designed to compare a number of parent plants with respect to any characteristic under study is known as progeny row trial.

11.1 Total DNA Extraction by cTAB Method
    
11.2 Extraction, Purification Estimation of DNA
    
11.3 Potassium Acetate Procedure
    
11.4 DNA  Estimation
    
11.5 Restriction Enzymes

In our previous chapters, we have discussed various sampling designs or techniques such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling recently we have discussed unequal probability sampling i.e., probability proportional to size sampling. In all these sampling designs the variable of interest (generally there is only one variable of interest) which we have considered and perform our estimation based on that single variable. There are some other variables which are related to our variable of interest and if we utilize those variables, we may gain some efficiency in our estimator i.e., if we take some correlated variables with our variable of interest or study variable by this, we can enhance our estimation. The variable which is correlated with the study variable is usually known auxiliary variable or supporting variable or supplementary variable or benchmark variable. This auxiliary variable is utilized in two stages either in the design stage or estimation stage.

Graunt (1662) was the first who used auxiliary information to estimate the population size of England. After this Laplace used auxiliary information for the estimation of the population in France.

Introduction

Development of feeding strategies that are more efficient and more eco-friendly by reducing waste is one of the key priorities in poultry production today. Thus, there is a focus on reduction of the crude protein content in a diet fortified with adequate amounts of currently available free amino acids (e.g. L-Lys, DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Val and L-Trp) in order to optimize protein utilization efficiency while maintaining production performance and reducing nitrogen excretion in chicken. Baker et al (1978) reported that animals do not need dietary protein to provide amino acids. Since, then numerous studies have been conducted to study amino acid requirement of poultry. They are components of tissue proteins and provision at insufficient levels leads to reduced protein synthesis. Provision of the different essential amino acids is therefore a prerequisite for maintaining optimal rates of protein synthesis. However, optimizing amino acid nutrition requires consideration of the different functions of amino acids, which are recognized to have several significant influences. Amino acids are precursors of important molecules.

Introduction

Minerals are essentially required for growth maintenance, egg and meat production, health, nutrient metabolism, physiological function, reproduction, skeletal growth and development and maintenance of normal immune function. There are 25 essential minerals, seven are major minerals, as they are present in relatively higher amount in the body than the trace minerals and need to be supplemented in higher quantities in the feed. These major minerals are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulphur. The micro minerals are present in small quantities in the body and their requirements in the diet are below 100 mg/kg. The 18 trace minerals are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, tin, vanadium, fluorine, silicon, nickel, arsenic, aluminium, lead and rubidium. Among these, the first nine micro minerals have been identified to play a significant role in birds. Total minerals in diet include feed sources and supplementary sources. 

After the Second World War, the 1940’s and 1950’s was the wide spread establishment of artificial insemination and the introduction of frozen semen in cattle breeding.  In the late 1960s came revolution in measurement of hormones in the body fluid with the introduction of sensitive radio-immuno-assay (RIA) techniques, which provided a new approach to early pregnancy diagnosis, emerging around the same time were early forms of the ultrasonic which could also employed in the detection of pregnancy. The 1970’s were to see embryo transfer and freezing of embryos in cattle becoming commercial realities and their incorporation into increasingly effective breeding improvement programme with the availability of prostaglandins (PGs) and Gonadotrophin releasing hormones (GnRH) that decade also witnessed new possibilities for estrum control in cattle and horses.  Few years later came the ability to produce the cattle embryos in the laboratories in large numbers and at low cost.

1. Introduction
The era of genome sequencing was exploded by the upcoming of Human Genome Project (1989), coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health to identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes, 3 billion chemical base pairs, store this information in databases, improve the tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. The dawn of genome sequencing began with Fredric Sanger’s sequencing almost twenty-five years ago. The time consuming and labor intensive gel preparation and their running, as well as the cost of such experiments replaced the conventional sequencing by “shotgun” sequencing.

Production is based on reproduction and health of reproductive system. Economy of livestock industry is directly attached to the maintenance of high fertility in the herd so controlling the reproductive diseases in cattle is a must.  Reproductive health may be disturbed by reproductive infections like Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Bovine viral diarrhea.

1    Large animals

2    Canines

3    Suggested antimicrobial/antifungal agents for intra-uterine administration

4    Commercial preparations of hormone(s) and recommended dosage protocol in cows

5    Drugs safe & contra indicated in pregnancy

The  information on normal reproductive traits in domestic animals like calving interval, age at first calving etc, is essential for getting the maximal reproductive efficiency of the animal by the farmer. It also helps in improving the reproductive efficiency of the animals by different required means viz nutrient/mineral supplementation, antibiotic, hormonal therapy etc.

Climate change is a statistical variation in properties of the climate system that includes changes in global temperature, precipitation, etc due to natural or human drivers over a long period of time. It may affect distribution and quality of natural resources thereby influencing livelihood security of the people (Status of Indian Agriculture, 2013). Recent climate change activities is the increase in earth’s temperature by 0.74^ºC between 1906 to 2005 (IPCC 2007) due to increase in anthropogenic emissions of green house gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), ozone (O₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs). Increase in concentration of green house gases influence future climate as well as agriculture (Mall et al., 2006; IPCC, 2001; Aggarwal, 2003: Bhatia et al., 2004). For Indian region under South Asia, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007 projected a rise in temperature from 0.5-1.2^ºC by 2020, 0.88-3.16 oC by 2050, and 1.56 - 5.44^ºC by 2080. This may anticipate greater instability in agricultural production (Aggarwal, 2008). Beside this, climate change also affects the dynamics and frequency of extreme events like tropical cyclones, associated storm surges, and rainfall events. Low lying regions are more vulnerable to climate change as increase in temperature melt down the glaciers causing floods, submergence, and degradation of these regions. Therefore, there is a need for a ‘wake up call’ at this stage to aware farmers about the climate change, extreme weather events like hailstorm, heat and cold waves, drought, flash and river floods and landslides, and its affect on crop and agriculture, and strategies to overcome it.

Vaccines
    
Veterinary v/s Human Vaccines
    
Modern Veterinary Vaccines
    
rDNA Technology to Prepare Vaccines
    
Veterinary Viral Vaccines
    
Live Vaccines
    
Killed Vaccines
    
Genetically Engineered Viral Vaccines
    
Veterinary Bacterial Diseases Vaccines
    
Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines
    
Vaccines against cancer
    
Swine Flu
    
Foot and Mouth Disease
    
Adenovirus Vector Vaccine
    
Johne’s Disease
    
Diseases of Poultry
    
Newcastle Disease in Poultry
    
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
    
Rabies
    
Disease Diagnostics
    
The Nucleic Acid-hybridization Technique
    
Diagnostics Based on pcr
    
Diagnosis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms and Related DNA-based Approaches
    
Diagnosis by DNA Probes and DNA Microarray Technology
    
Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Proteomics
    
Disease Diagnosis Kits Developed
    
Brucelosis
    
Rabies
    
Canine Distemper and Canine Parvo Virus
    
Canine Hepatitis Virus
    
Foot and Mouth Disease
    
New Castle Disease
    
Egg Drop Syndrome Virus-76 (EDS-76)
    
Proteomics for Disease Diagnostics
    
Nanotechnologies in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development
    
Monoclonal Antibodies
    
Immunotherapy
    
Problems
    
Animal Genomics for Disease Resistance
    
Gene Knockout Technology
    
Gene Pharming
    
Gene Therapy
    
Types of Gene Therapy
    
Germ Line Gene Therapy
    
Somatic Gene Therapy

In our country livestock are mostly dependent upon cereal by-products or the crop residues such as straws, stovers etc., which are low in nutritive value. According to the National Commission on Agriculture (1989-90), there is a shortage of 40% of concentrates, 20% of dry fodder and 40% of green fodder for meeting the nutritional requirements of livestock. Consequently the livestock is surviving on low weight, low energy and thereby leading to problems in the production and reproduction. Nutritional deficiencies as well as imbalances are implicated as the cause of infertility in animals. The clinical signs observed with the deficiency of a specific nutrient as variable depending on the degree of the deficiency. The information on the important relationship between nutrition and health is necessary for recognizing and correlating the reproductive problems.

Several cryogenic agents have been used in many countries for freezing and preservation of bovine semen like solid carbon-di-oxide (-79°C), liquid air (-183°C), liquid helium (-268°C) and liquid nitrogen (-196°C).  Liquid nitrogen is 4th coldest substance known and its small amount is converted into a very large amount (near about 700 times) of its volume when exposed to atmosphere.  It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritant, non-toxic, non-caustic, non-corrosive, non-inflammatory and inert gas having boiling point -196°C temperature.  Being a liquid it comes into good contact with the surface of the semen straws and constant storage temperature is maintained throughout the straw and due to these properties LN2 is most widely used refrigerant in the world.

Sample Design

Sample design is a specific system for obtaining a sample from a given population. For the effective planning and sample survey, this sample design is the framework or road map that serves as the basis for the selection of the survey sample and affects many other important aspects of a survey as well. It is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Sampling design refers to the procedure that the researcher would adopt in selecting items as the sample. Also, sampling design is a working plan that specifies the sample frame, sample size, sample selection and estimation method in detail. The blueprint for obtaining a sample from the sampling frame and this technique used in drawing a sample is known as sample design or sampling design. This whole process is done before the determination of data collection.