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Abstarct

The Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) measure of radiant power is important in evaluating the effect of light on plant growth. The photosynthetic response correlates better with the number of photons than with energy. This is expected because photosynthesis is a photochemical conversion where each molecule is activated by the absorption of one photon in the primary photochemical process. PAR is defined in terms of photon (quantum) flux, specifically, the number of moles of photons in the radiant energy between 400 nm and 700nm. One mole of photons is 6.0222 x 1023 photons ( 6.0222 x 1023 is Avagadro’s Number). The Phtotssynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), i.e. the photon irridiance, is expressed in moles per squre meter and per second (formerly, Einsteins per squre meter and per second). The absorption of PAR by wheat varieties increased from 7.30 h to 11.30 h followed by a decline at 13.30 h at CRI, tillering and milking stages.

Definition-Purpose of abstract-Types of abstract-Abstract Styles-Steps for Writing Effective Abstracts- Some Do’s Don’ts in preparing abstracts.

Definitions

The word abstract comes from the Latin word abstractum, which means a condensed form of a longer piece of writing. Abstracts are important parts of reports and research papers and sometimes academic assignments. The abstract is often the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest you leave writing the abstract to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.

An abstract is a paragraph that provides an overview of a paper. Abstracts should be between 100 and 200 words long and usually contain a list of keywords at the end to help readers identify the main points of the paper. While abstract requirements differ across academic disciplines, there are two main types of abstracts: humanities abstracts and scientific abstracts.

Purpose of abstracts?

Abstracts typically serve five main goals:

Etiology

It is a rare idiopathic primary dermatitis condition seen mainly in Daschund.

Acaricides: Acaricides are agents that kill members of class Arachnida like ticks and mites.

Acaricides are used both in medicine and agriculture, although the desired selective toxicity differs between the two fields.

What is acaricide resistance?

The ability of a parasite strain to survive and/or to multiply despite the administration and absorption of a drug given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended but within the limits of tolerance of the subject.

How does resistance develop?

• Animals are treated with the chemical (Acaricide), exposing nearly all of the tick population to the toxin.

• Susceptible individuals are killed, and those rare individuals that have some genetic resistance, survive.

• They reproduce, and pass along those “resistance genes” to the general tick population.

ABSTRACT

Queens of 4 post-emergence colonies of primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia marginata were observed for their propensity to acquire and handle foraged material on naturally occurring free foraging nest. The queens were inclined to acquire pulp loads than food loads. 

Objectives of book keeping

How much have we earned this year?

How much during the past year?

Is our business improving?

Also, how much cash do we have?

How much our customers owe us?

Acetylcholinesterase activity in brain is measured by the method described by Ellman’s et al. (1961).

Reagents

1. Phosphate buffer (0.1M) (pH 8.0) Solution A: 5.22 g of K2 HPO4 and 4.68 g of NaH2 PO4 are dissolved in 150 ml of distilled water. Solution B: 6.2 g of NaOH is dissolved in 150 ml of distilled water. Solution B is added to solution A to get desire pH 8.0 and then finally the volume is made up to 300 ml with distilled water.

2. DTNB reagent 39.6 mg of DTNB with 15 mg of NaHCO3 is dissolved in 10 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer.

3. Acetylthiocholine (ATC) 21.67 mg of Acetylthiocholine is dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water.

Procedure

The brain tissue is weighed and 10% homogenate is made in 0.1M Phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Take 0.4 ml aliquot of homogenate in a cuvette containing 2.6 ml phosphate buffer (0.1M) and 100 µl DTNB. The contents of the cuvette are mixed thoroughly by bubbling air and absorbance is measured at 412 nm in a spectrophotometer. When absorbance reached a stable value, it is recorded as the basal reading .To this 20 µl of acetylthiocholine is added and change in absorbance is recorded for a period of 10 min at intervals of 2 min. Change in the absorbance per minute determined.

“Only those who attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible.”

- Albert Einstein

Motivation– An inner state of need or desire that activates an individual to do something that will satisfy that need or desire.

The processes that are responsible for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward the beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries

Introduction

The availability of food depends on the production and distribution while the access to food is determined by an individual’s purchasing power. Thus, the food security in the framework of economic welfare is the situation in which the lowest income strata has a near zero probability of being vulnerable to famine and in terms of calorie it requires a near zero probability of falling below the poverty line (Rentlinger and Selousky, 1978). Therefore, food security concerns every sovereign country, especially the developing and poor nations, owing to its profound implications for their socio-politico-economic stability and which co-exists with international diplomacy. According to 1998 annual report of International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), about 73 million people would be added to the world’s population every year between 19952020 increasing it by 32 percent to reach at 7.5 billion. Much of the population growth is expected to occur in the developing countries mainly in India where the population is expected to increase by 36 percent to touch at 1.27 billion by 2020 and is likely to overtake China by 2035. Therefore, meeting the food and nutrition needs of growing and urbanized population with rising incomes will have profound implications for agricultural production and food security of the country and Himachal Pradesh is no exception.

The acidifiers could be used to favourably manipulate the intestinal microbial populations and improve the immune response, hence perform an activity similar to antibiotics in feed. Acidifiers also improve the digestibility of nutrients and increases the absorption of minerals. The incorporation of organic acids also leads to thinning of the intestinal lining which facilitates better absorption of nutrients and its efficient utilization. However, their effect will not be similar among all types of organic acids as their mechanism of activity is based on its pKa value. At present, coated salts of acidifiers are available commercially for use in feed of poultry.

Actinobacillus species are non-motile, Gram-negative rods (0.3 to 0.5 x 0.6 to 1.4 μm) which occasionally have a coccobacillary appearance. They are non-motile, non-sporeformingand non-acid-fast. A surface slime is presentin the three major species (A. ligllieresii. A. equuli andA. suis) and may be related to the stickiness of theircolonies on agar. Surface cultures have low viabilityand die in 5-7 days. The actinobacilli ferment carbohydrates, without the production of gas, within 24 hours and most species produce urease and grow on MacConkey agar. Most species are urease and oxidase positive. The
reactions in the oxidase andcatalase tests are variable. The genus is still in a stateof flux, mainly because of the close similaritiesbetween actinobacilli and species in the genera Pasteurella and Haemophilus.
These facultative anaerobes ferment carbohydrates producing acid but not gas. Actinobacilli exhibit some host specificity and are mainly pathogens of farm animals.
Usual Habitat
Actinobacilli are commensals on mucous membranes of animals particularly in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. As actinobacilli cannot survive for long in the environment, carrier animals play a major role in transmission.
Colonial Appearance
• A. lignieresii: small, glistening colonies develop in 24 hours. They are usually slightly sticky (viscid) on primary isolation but lose th is characteristic on subculture. The colonies are non-haemolytic and develop to about 2 mm in diameter in 48 hours. The organism grows well on MacConkey agar, the colonies are at first pale but become pinkish as A. lignieresii is a late lactose-fermemer.
• A. equuli: some strains are haemolytic and the colonies are sticky with this feature remaining on subculture. I t is a lactose-fermenter onMacConkey agar.

The actinomycetes comprise a heterologous group of prokaryotes that have the ability to form gram positive, branching filaments of less than 1μm in d.m. The main animal pathogens in the actinomycetes are in the genera Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia and Dermatophilus. Nonpathogenic, prolific producers of antimicrobial substances – streptomyces are also included in Actinomycetes.
Actinomyces
Natural Habitat
The actinomyces species are present on mucous membrane of the host animal, often in the oral cavity, tonsils, and nasopharynx. The soil is the natural habitat of many actinomyces species.
History
The generic name Actinomyces was first used by Harz (1879). Boestrom (1891) isolated Actinomyces bovis. Cummins (1962) clearly demonstrated Actinomyces were bacteria and they are distinct from other branching genera.

Morphology
The organisms show considerable pleomorphism. Actinomyces species are usually long and fialmentousalthough short V, Y, and T configuration also occur. In lesions of actinomycosis, the pus contains small pale yellow granules referred as sulfur granules. The sulphur granule is composed of bacterial filaments and mineralized calcium phosphate of host origin. When the granules are crushed and gram stained, a mass of gram-positive branching filaments about 1μm in width, short rods, and cocci are evident. Around this mass, a circle of club shaped bodies with their narrow ends pointing towards
the centre-staining gram negative. Hence, called ray fungus. They are nonacid fast, non-spore forming, nonmotile, non-capsulated and do not form endospores or conidia.

8.1. Introduction

Food packaging’s essential functions is to protect the food from hazardous compounds, and contaminant. In order to improve the shelf life of food commodity, smart packaging like active and intelligent packaging has been developed which can monitor freshness, display information of quality, and improve food safety. More precisely, smart packaging was defined by Smart Packaging Journal as “the use of features of high added value that enhance the functionality of a product, notably mechanical, electronic and chemical features that improve safety and efficiency”. The major concerns with traditional packaging are not only shelf life of packaged food, but also the inability of packaging material to convey the important information about quality changes to both customer and manufacturer. 

Introduction and Importance of active site

Proteins are polymers of amino acids coupled by peptide bonds. The constituency of a protein that interacts with a ligand is habitually referred to as the “active site.” Ligands can be proteins, DNA or smaller molecules, such as pharmaceutical compounds [1]. The active site generally lies on the surface of the protein. In some cases, the active site is buried within the protein. Residues with reactive groups (ASP, GLU, SER, CYS, HIS, LYS, ARG) tend to be profuse in protein active sites [2]. The SER-HIS-ASP (sometimes SER-HIS-GLU) named as “catalytic triad” which is a motif, generally found in enzyme active site. Enzymes chip in a significant role in scheming the flow of metabolites within a cell, they catalyze virtually all of the reactions that make and modify the molecules mandatory for biological pathways [3]. The identification of catalytic residues is a key step in recognizing the function of enzymes. The site on the surface of an enzyme molecule that binds and acts on the substrate molecule are called as active site.

The success of a TTO relies on a systematic approach encircling factors like assessment, valuation, marketing, negotiation, and post-transfer management (fi gure 8). This chapter covers the activities that are essential for the effective functioning of a TTO. Other activies Technology Assessement /Valuation Financial Managemnt Major Activities of technology transfer office Commercialization IP Management Fostering Innovation
Fig 8: Various activities of TTOs.
3.1 Technology assessment - A pillar of innovation commercialization
The process of transitioning an innovative technology to commercial reality requires a stringent and formal process known as technology assessment. This early stage is crucial as it determines the viability of an invention by analysing practicability of the invention as well as its uniqueness and the likelihood of it being adopted in the target markets. In the absence of this preliminary examination, the chance of technology’s potential being mismatched to the market can arise.
a) Scientific merit and technical feasibility
A key benchmark in assessing technologies involves the identification of
scientific validity and technical performance. An innovation’s viability depends on the fact that it complies with good scientific practice or the innovative application of a new paradigm that has empirically confirmable validity. It is important to determine whether the invention’s underlying mechanism can be reliably proven through established scientific practice. A working prototype allows for empirical testing in different conditions and serves as proof of practical application. In addition to that, scalability has to be tested critically. It often happens that innovations perform well in a controlled laboratory setting but lose efficiency or cost-effectiveness in the case of mass production. The viability of the implementation on a grand scale becomes a core concern in this phase of the evaluation.

ABSTRACT

Activity patterns of Grey Jungle fowl, Gallus sonneratii were studied at Gudalur Range (9º 37’ N, 77º 16’ E) which is 23² km area in Theni Forest Division, Western Ghats, Tamilnadu from January to December 2005.

It pays emphasis on the conservation of ecosystem and support to the management of the country in protected area-network. To prevent wildlife depletion, several Acts have been made from time to time, by the State as well as the Central Government.

The Environment (Protection) Act
In 1986, the Environment (Protection) Act was introduced. Concern over the environment’s declining condition grew, leading to the passage of this act to safeguard it. The goal is to plan, organize, and carry out the long-term requirements for environmental safety as well as to oversee and coordinate the development of an effective system for responding to environmental emergencies.
If we want to protect our environment, we must move far more quickly to execute this legislation. Food cycles are disrupted and species are lost when dangerous substancesare present in the atmosphere and aquatic environments in excess.
The Environment Act of 1986 has a Global Context in Addition to Aignificant Constitutional Ramifications.
• This act put into practice the spirit of declaration approved by the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, held in Stockholm in June 1972.
• In the 1970s, environmental protection gained national priority because to the significant growth in damages.
• Food chains are disrupted and species are lost when there are excessive quantities of dangerous substances in the atmosphere and aquatic habitats.
• Goals
• Clearly defining what environmental conservation is.
• Determining the generally acknowledged regions that pose a threat to the life support system.