eChapters

The main purpose of herbal drug technology is to convert botanical materials into medicines with a focus on standardization and quality control with proper integration of modern scientific techniques and traditional knowledge. The use of chromatographic techniques and marker compounds to standardize botanical preparations has limitations because of their variable sources and chemical complexity. DNA-based molecular markers have utility in fields like taxonomy, physiology, embryology, genetics etc. DNA based techniques have widely been used for authentication of plant species of medicinal importance. Pharmacognosy mainly addresses the quality related issues using routine botanical and organoleptic parameters of crude drugs, and chemoprofiling assisted characterization with chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The new pharmacognosy includes all the aspects of drug development and discovery where the biotechnology driven applications play an important role. Current focus on chemotype-driven fingerprinting and related techniques require integration with genotype-driven molecular techniques so that an optimal characterization of botanical materials is possible. This review provides a brief account of various DNA based technologies that are useful in genotyping and quick identification of botanicals with suitable examples.

Biotechnology is being harnessed in various aspects of the livestock industry to hasten breed development for improved animal health and welfare, enhanced reproduction, and improved nutritional quality and safety of animal-derived foods. Various biotechnology methods are used in improving the breeding stock of animals. These include artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), in-vitro fertilization (IVF), sexing of semen and embryos, micromanipulation of oocytes/ embryos, transgenesis, somatic cell nuclear transfer and the emerging technology on genomics and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Artificial Insemination: One of the earliest perfected technology is artificial insemination (AI) where new breeds of animals are produced through the introduction of the male sperm from one superior male to the female reproductive tract without mating. AI reduces transmission of venereal disease, lessens the need of farms to maintain breeding males, facilitates more accurate recording of pedigrees, and minimizes the cost of introducing improved genetics. Various technologies have evolved that led to the efficient use of AI in developing desired livestock, including the methods of freezing semen or cryopreservation and sperm sexing.

To streamline the slaughter activities throughout country and to produce the quality meat for domestic as well export market, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) formulated certain standards related to abattoir and other food items. It also harmonizes the standards as per the requirement of importing country. So that traders can easily meet out the demand of importing country. Under the standard provisions of BIS, each and every aspect of abattoir as well as its processing aspect is very well described in these standards. These standards are written and documented and easily available to know how about their implementations.

Synonyms : Black leg, quarter ill
This is an acute infectious but non contagious disease of cattle, goat, sheep, swine and deer  caused by Cl. chauvoei characterized by development of focal gangrenous and emphysematous myositis. This gives rise to crepitation and serosanguinous swelling in heavy muscles especially in gluteal muscles and associated with severe toxaemia and high mortality.

Key Points

• Sudden severe bleeding or hemorrhage can cause hemorrhagic shock and death.

• Chronic and or occult bleeding or hemorrhage can cause anemia and even death.

• Common causes of bleeding include trauma, surgical incisions, extreme temperatures, vitamin K deficiency, medicines, and toxins.

Introduction

Bleeding is the extravasation (arterial, venous, or capillary) of blood caused by trauma or a surgical incision.

Introduction

Education as a process of development deals with three majors teaching, training and instruction. Its objective being to help students to achieve their highest potential and individual development which they are capable. Education needs to be tailored meaning to ensure that the information is relevant. Attitude, Knowledge and Skill “each one of them, with its inner components, prepares students to acquire and obtain different characters as means to produce a professional” Yang et al. (2015). Education is a field which is continuously growing from since long and is still growing through a phase of continuous change. To this fast changing world of higher education we need to adapt and adopt the changing environment to meet the circumstances posed by ICT. The educationists and students in particular have witnessed a tremendous change due to the changes brought in by ICT. ICT is what regarded as the efficient management of information, fostering the development of 21st century. The learner in today’s world is so much driven by technology that only traditional method of teaching does not bring satisfaction. Today, ICT is nothing but a blend of both which is yielding and having a good impact on the education scenario. ICT applications are undoubtedly improving the education system in all aspects. Escueta et al. (2017) the educational landscape has been indelibly altered over the past two decades by technological innovation.

The concept of gender, distinct from biological sex, serves as a lens through which societies organize individuals and define roles, expectations, and relationships. Gender is not merely a matter of identity but an intersectional construct shaped by cultural, social, economic, and political influences. It reflects how different societies understand and express masculinity, femininity, and other gender identities, often dictating the power dynamics, opportunities, and constraints placed on individuals.

The understanding of gender has evolved significantly over time. Initially, it was viewed as a binary construct aligned strictly with biological sex; however, modern perspectives recognize gender as a fluid and dynamic concept, shaped by individual experiences, social interactions, and institutional norms. This evolution has brought about greater recognition of diverse gender identities, challenging traditional binaries and expanding the conversation to include non-binary, transgender, and gender non-conforming identities.

At the heart of gender are the societal structures that enforce roles and expectations. These structures differ across cultures and historical periods but commonly emphasize the division of labor, power, and resources between men and women. Gender not only influences individual identity but also informs how societies function, shaping everything from economic participation to political representation.

1.1 Introduction

Gender permeates every facet of society, influencing power dynamics, access to resources, and opportunities. Understanding gender requires not only defining its conceptual framework but also acknowledging how these concepts manifest in everyday life, often creating deep divisions. Gender divides whether in education, employment, health, or political participation are enduring realities that reflect the unequal distribution of opportunities and rights between men and women, as well as between those who identify beyond the binary. These divides are more than social phenomena; they have concrete economic, political, and developmental impacts. Recognizing the persistent gaps in access and outcomes between genders has led to the development of gender-sensitive policies, such as gender budgeting. Gender budgeting is a critical tool for addressing these divides by ensuring that public resources are allocated equitably to benefit all genders. By focusing on the differential impacts of policies and budgets on women, men, and gender minorities, governments and organizations can work toward creating more inclusive and fair societies.

This chapter will introduce key gender-related concepts that form the foundation for understanding how gender influences social, economic, and political life. It will explore the roots and ramifications of gender divides across various sectors and explain how gender budgeting is employed as a strategic approach to reduce these disparities. Through this exploration, we will highlight the importance of integrating gender perspectives into policy and resource distribution to foster equity and social justice.

1.1 Introduction

Gender mainstreaming, a concept that emerged from international frameworks and global development agendas, is a strategy aimed at achieving gender equality by integrating gender perspectivesinto allstages of policy-making and organizational practices. Originating from the recommendations of the 1985 Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi and formally endorsed at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, gender mainstreaming has evolved into a fundamental approach within international development efforts. It was adopted as a methodology by ECOSOC in 1997, marking a significant commitment across the United Nations system to advance gender equality goals comprehensively.

In essence, gender mainstreaming is not merely about inclusivity; it represents a proactive stance towards challenging and reshaping societal structures and ideologies that perpetuate gender disparities.

1.1 Introduction

The state of Uttarakhand was formed in November 2000. At the state level, it is the Department of Women’s Empowerment and Child Development that has overall responsibility for formulating and implementing schemes relating to Women’s Empowerment. As the nodal agency, the responsibility for preparing the Women’s Policy was given by the Government of Uttarakhand to Department of Women’s Empowerment and Child Development. Presently the Government of Uttarakhand is running various schemes/programmes through the different departments of the Government to bring about women’s development and their empowerment. For lack of an overarching policy that would have provided a common understanding and a unified vision, each department has defined and operationalized empowerment through its own prism and from its own perspective and understanding. In the case of some departments, the stated goal is not to bring about women’s empowerment, but rather, the emphasis is on bringing about their overall efficiency and economic development.

HAEMOPROTEUS

Host

Infection with Haemoproteus species is host specific.

H. meleagridis – domestic poultry and pet birds

H. olumbae in pigeons

H. nettionis in waterfowl.

Background
Blood collection from cows and other animals is a routine procedure often performed for diagnostic, research, or health-monitoring purposes. Diagnostic testing, such as hematology, biochemistry, hormone assay, infectious disease testing, and animal pregnancy diagnosis, can be done using blood. Blood samples are required for genetic testing (DNA fingerprinting or parentage determination), pharmacokinetic studies, and immunological studies. Another use of blood collection is monitoring animal health.
It is essential to consider that proper techniques of blood sample collection should be followed. Avoid introducing infection to the animal during blood collection. Remember the animal welfare to minimize distress and discomfort to the animal during blood collection.
Materials Required
• Sterile syringe or vacutainer (usually 16-18 G needle)
• Blood collection tubes (BD Science K2 EDTA Vacutainer(R) PLUS 6 mL) for whole blood, serum tubes for serum collection, or other specific tubes depending on the test (Figure 1).
• Antiseptic solution (e.g., alcohol or iodine)
• Restraint (head gate or halter)
• Gloves

Amounts up to 5 ml of blood can be safely drawn from the auricular marginal vein, using a 23- to 25-gauge needle (or) a 23-gauge butterfly attached to a syringe or tube. The jugular vein should be avoided for blood collection if the rabbit suffers from a respiratory problem or shows respiratory distress. It may become cyanotic during the procedure. Alternate sites for blood collection are the cephalic and the lateral saphenous veins. (Their locations are the same as in dogs and cats. These veins are fragile, and a hematoma is easily formed).

Accurately in the clinical diagnosis of a disease in experimental animals frequently depends on the result of laboratory examination of blood specimen from the diseased animals. A prerequisite for good experiment result is the proper collection and handling of the blood samples. If properly collected samples can not be sent to the laboratory quickly. It must be preserved or stored in such a manner that the necessary tests may be conducted. The technician/researchers

Going to collect the blood from a laboratory animal should be aware of the purpose of blood collection, the sites of blood collection, the technique of blood collection, the Use of various anti coagulants, the techniques of blood examination.

Blood Examination of Animal may be Necessary

The glucose is utilized in the body for immediate energy requirements. The utilization of glucose depends on the integrated activity of digestive system metabolism and endocrine system of the body. Glucose tolerance is referred as the capacity of animal to regulate elevated blood glucose on ingestion or infusion, gradually. The level of glucose that can be tolerated by an animal without producing glucosurea is indicative of tolerance. Glucose load challenges the pancreas to release insulin which in turn regulates blood glucose level. If the insulin release is adequate and target cells have healthy receptors, elevated blood glucose level return to base value within 2 hours and glucose does not appear in urine. An increased glucose tolerance means limited rise and rapid fall in blood glucose in short span than the normal rate of utilization.

Blood Cholesterol

(Colorimetric Method of Lieberman, 1885: Burchard 1889 Modified by Watson, 1960).

Introduction

According to Liebermann-Burchard reaction, treatment of chloesterol with acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid in a water-free environment, polymerized unsaturated hydrocarbon with an intense blue-green colour are produced. The values for cholesterol esters may be calculated by deducting free cholesterol from total cholesterol.

Blood transfusion is an important supportive therapy for animals with severe anaemia, blood loss and other conditions requiring restoration of circulating blood components. This chapter presents practical principles of blood transfusion, including blood groups, donor selection, blood collection, compatibility testing and administration. Cross-matching is important for reducing the risk of transfusion reactions. The chapter also discusses monitoring of patients during transfusion and recognition of common clinical signs associated with transfusion reactions. Proper collection, storage, handling and administration of blood products are essential for safe and effective therapy. The practical procedures help veterinary students understand transfusion medicine and patient management.

Blood is a first by-product of animal slaughter house. It accounts about 5-7 percent of animals live weight. It is highly nutritious material particularly rich in protein (17-18%) and essential nutrients. Blood is a rich source of amino acids like leucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, histidine etc. It is also rich in haem iron which is biologically most available form of iron. Protein efficiency ratio of plasma is 2.5 while 1.0 for globin. It contains about 80 percent water and responsible for effluent problems. It is a great source of pollution because BOD₅ of whole blood is 250000 mg/litre. It should be collected and processed as soon as possible because whole blood clots easily and is capable to clogs the drainage system, grease traps and septic tank of meat plant or abattoir.

Whenever we get a cut, a red fluid comes out of the wound. This red fluid is called blood. Blood is very important for the body as is evident from the fact that the loss of blood from the body makes it weak and may even cause death. Physiologically the blood is a red tissue composed of cells suspended in a pale yellow fluid, plasma. Unicellular organisms that live in immediate contact with the external environment obtain nutrients directly from that environment and eliminate unused or unwanted materials. Blood and lymph are important connecting fluids among the diverse anatomical structures of the mammalian organisms. Thus blood is the liquid vehicle by which the major organic nutrients are transported from the intestine where they are absorbed, to the liver where they are processed and thence to other organs. Similarly blood is the liquid vehicle for the transport of waste materials from various organs to the kidney and gastrointestinal tract from where they are eliminated. Thus the blood is the major transport carrier of nutrients, metabolites, oxygen, hormones, waste products etc. inside the body. Blood is an important medium to maintain homeostasis of various electrolytes in the body. Besides blood provides the army against any external attack on the body by harmful microorganisms. This army is in the form of cells, called white blood or corpuscles or leucocytes.

In a normal adult human being, about 5 to 6 litre of blood is present which is about 8 percent of the body weight. In domestic animals generally 5 to 8 per cent of the body weight is blood (say 30-40 litre in a cow). The blood is composed of two parts, the cells and the fluid part or plasma. The cellular constituents of blood include erythrocytes or red blood corpuscles, leucocytes or white blood corpuscles and thrombocytes or platelets. The cellular constituents of blood varies with the species as well as with the age and physiological stage of the animal.

The extracellular constituents or plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, glucose, enzymes and hormones etc. The blood undergoes coagulation on exposure to air leaving clear watery fluid, called serum. The serum is nothing but plasma minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors. The serum is a clear yellowish fluid. The yellow colour is due to the presence of small quantities of bilirubin, a bile pigment and of carotenoids. The blood serum of cattle is yellow due to presence of more of carotenoids whereas that of buffalo is white due to the absence of carotenoids. The blood clot consists of a network of fibrous strands of fibrin in which are enmeshed the cellular elements of the blood. Blood clotting is a protective mechanism against excessive loss of blood from the body. The lymph also clots, although, somewhat more slowly than blood.

Blood is the fluid pumped by the heart that circulates throughout the body via the arteries, veins, and capillaries . Blood is a body fluid in animals and human beings that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Hematology is the science or study of blood, blood-forming organs and blood diseases.