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Synonyms :  Three days sickness, Stiff  sickness,  Dengu fever of cattle, Bovine epizootic fever and Lazy man’s disease.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a viral disease of cattle, Bos Taurus, Bos indicus and Bos javanicus and water buffalo Bubalus bubalis, although  subclinically infect a greater range of ruminant species. Although the disease has a variety of names, bovine ephemeral fever is most commonly used  and is very apt. The disease in cattle is characterized  by acute febrile reaction, stiffness, lameness and spontaneous recovery in three days.  The morbidity may be high but the mortality is low. It mainly occurs in subtropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia and Australia.

Bovine pulmonary emphysema (BPE), also known as atypical interstitialm pneumonia (AIP) or fog fever is a respiratory condition in cattle characterized by the over-distension of alveoli in the lungs due to the destruction of alveolar walls. This results in impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress. The condition is more common in adult beef cattle, particularly those exposed to sudden dietary changes or grazing lush pastures rich in tryptophan. BPE can cause significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses in affected herds.
Etiology
Bovine pulmonary emphysema (BPE) occurs when cattle are exposed to factors that damage the pulmonary system, particularly:
1. Lush pastures: Sudden introduction to green, high-protein pastures such as alfalfa, clover, or brassicas leads to excess production of toxic metabolites.
2. Dietary tryptophan: Lush pastures are high in L-tryptophan, which is converted in the rumen into 3-methylindole (3-MI), a toxic compound that damages lung tissue.
3. Dust and environmental irritants: Prolonged exposure to airborne irritants like dust, molds, or smoke can cause chronic lung injury.
4. Viral infections: Respiratory infections caused by viruses like bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) or parainfluenza virus can predispose cattle to BPE.

Synonymous  :  Pearl’s disease, scrofula

It is a chronic insidious contagious disease of man and animals caused by  tubercle bacilli characterized by development of tubercles in lung tissue, lymph nodes or other organs resulting in caseation and calcification. The tubercles are frequently located in lungs and lymph nodes. But they may be formed in the liver, spleen, intestine, peritoneum, meninges and long bones.

Five genospecies of intestinal spirochaetes have been isolated from pigs namely Brachyspira hyodysenteriae,B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, Serpulina intermedia and S. murdochii. The genera Serpulina and Brachyspira were recently combined. These anaerobic spirochaetes have six to fourteen spirals and are 0.1 to 0.5 μm in width.
Usual Habitat
Pathogenic Brachyspira species are found in the intestinal tract of both clinically affected and normal pigs. Carrier pigs can shed B.hyodysenteriae for up to three months and are the principal source of infection for healthy pigs.
Differentiation of Brachyspira Species
The differentiation of B.hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes is based on its pattern of haemolysis on blood agar. Tests for detecting indole production or the hydrolysis of hippurate are also useful diagnostically. Restriction endonnclease analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, ribotyping using 16s rRNA analysis, PCR-based assays and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis have been developed both for differentiating species and for distinguishing strains of organisms within species. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates can also he allocated to several serogroups and serotypes.
Pathogenesis
Most information on the pathogenesis of Brachyspira species derives from studies of B.hyodysenteriae. Motility in mucus is an essential virulence factor of thisorganism; mutant strains with altered motility are lesscapable of colonizing the pig intestine. Colonization may be enhanced by factors in mucuswith chemotactic activity for the organisms. Factors with such chemotactic activities have been demonstrated in vitro. Haemolytic activity,demonstrated in vitro, correlates with pathogenicity andthree genes encoding haemolytic and cytotoxic activityhave been cloned and sequenced.

Ice cream is an emotional as well as a technical product, often associated with happiness, celebration, indulgence, family experiences, and personal enjoyment. This chapter explores the principles of brand building and marketing strategy in the ice cream industry. It explains the difference between a product, label, and brand and examines consumer understanding, product quality, packaging, pricing, visibility, trade marketing, distribution, and innovation. The chapter also addresses launch strategies for new brands and the role of leadership in building long-term brand equity. A successful ice cream brand must combine a clear consumer promise with consistent product quality, availability, attractive presentation, efficient distribution, and memorable consumer experiences.

In economics and business, specifically cost accounting, the break-even-point (BEP) is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain, and one has “broken even”. A profit or a loss has not been made, although opportunity costs have been paid, and capital has received the risk-adjusted, expected return.
For example, if a business sells less than 1000 liters of milk each day, it will make a loss, if it sells more, it will be a profit. With this information, the business managers will then need to see if they expect to be able to process and sell 1000 liters of milk per day.

ICAR-NDRI, Karnal is running a Kisan Seva Kendra at village Lalukheri of district Muzaffarnagar (UP) to cater the requirement of the farmers for frozen semen doses, crops seed and mineral mixture of villages around the center. This centre was established in year 2005; it started fully functioning in 2015. This centre is providing service to the farmers in ~25 villages around the centre. It provides frozen semen doses of high genetic merit bulls with the aim for making improvement in genetic potential for higher milk production of dairy animals of farmers in villages around the centre. The centre is also making available mineral mixture for improving fertility of dairy animals and also making available fodder crop seed to the farmers for growing quality fodder for their dairy animals. Kisan gosthis and farmers awareness camps are also being organized to increase farmers’ awareness regarding benefits of rearing high producing dairy animals and feeding them balance ration for improving their production and reproduction performance.

Since 2015, center has organised ~35 meetings for farmers awareness for adopting scientific techniques/practicesfor dairy husbandry and animal health checkup camps in ~25 villages for improving production and fertility of dairy animals. The maximum numbers of progenies so far, through the use of frozen semen doses from the centre, have been produced of dairy cows and buffaloes in the village- Bhorakhurd (300), Sonjanikheri (440), Alipur (300), Sotta (250) and Sallakheri (250), total 1540 calves.

Introduction

The performance of any commercial stock (offspring) depends on the careful selection and scientific breeding of their parent stocks, known as “breeders.” Breeders are the backbone of any commercial poultry operation, as they produce the next generation of chickens, ensuring the continuity and quality of the flock. A breeder farm’s primary purpose is to produce a high number of fertile eggs per layer bird and to increase hatchability through proper hygienic handling of these eggs. Effective breeder farm management encompasses several key areas, including:

• Pure Line Management: Focusing on maintaining and improving specific genetic lines.

• Parent Stock Management: Managing the birds that directly produce commercial layers or broilers.

• Grandparent Stock Management: Managing the generation that produces parent stock, critical for maintaining genetic diversity and quality.

Breeder management includes pure line management, parent stock management, and grandparent stock management depending on the context. Except for small variations in management among these stocks basics are common within layer breeder stocks and broiler breeder stocks. The main objective of the breeder management is to produce more fertile eggs per pullet and increasing the hatchability by hygienic handling of these fertile eggs.

Location of the breeder farm

Location of the breeder farm should be away from commercial poultry farms in order to prevent the spread of diseases between the flocks. However, they must be in close vicinity of the city/town to have a good transport facility and other amenities such as water, electricity and availability of labour.

Understanding Immunogenetics
The study of genetic basis of the immune response is known as immunogenetics. The term was introduced with the discovery of ABO blood groups and were first demonstrated through the existence of “natural” antibodies i.e., isoantibodies. The broad field of immunogenetics include study of normal immunological pathways as well as identification of genetic variations that result in immune defects, which may facilitate detection of new therapeutic targets for immune diseases. Hence, understanding and subsequent manipulation of host immune response (immunomodulation) is the most precise and effective tool to reduce disease incidences and nullify the limitations associated with antibiotic treatment or vaccination. Therefore, breeding for disease resistance has gained considerable attention from researchers in the recent past.
Immune Response Genes
Often it was observed that individuals respond differently to same infectious agent. A possible explanation may be the genetic variability between them. Indeed, many studies have looked for associations between genes involved in immunity and disease outcome and it has been found that certain immune response (Ir) genes play the crucial role. This concept was discovered in the mid-1960s and this discovery introduced an apparently new level of antigen recognition whose diversity and specificity had to be explained in addition to those of familiar immunoglobulins. Hence immune response (Ir) genes were defined as antigenspecific genes that control the ability of an animal to raise an immune response, either humoral or cellular to a particular antigen .

Adult female is called bitch and adult male is called dog.

Female comes to heat which is called season. Comes to season for first time at 6-8 months of age. Smaller breeds mature faster than large breeds.

SYMPTOMS OF HEAT

Females in heat becomes nuisance to both owner and public since the animal becomes unmanageable, goes out of house and sometimes street male dogs gets into house because of peculiar pheromone smell.

Has different stages

Poultry Breeding

Poultry breeding is a scientific practice aimed at enhancing the genetic traits of birds to improve their productivity and quality. Historically, poultry farming began as small-scale backyard operations, but it has now evolved into a major industry. This transformation has been driven by the development of superi or breeds for both egg and meat production through advanced breeding and selection techniques. Modern poultry breeds exhibit significantly improved productive capacities, such as higher egg production and better meat quality, compared to their ancestors. Successful poultry breeding requires a deep un derstanding of the qualities and capabilities of various breeds, allowing breed ers to select and combine desirable traits to achieve specific goals, whether for size, weight, egg production, meat quality, or a combination of these factors.

• Poultry production has transitioned from a small-scale backyard venture to a significant industry.

• This growth has been largely driven by the development of superior breeds for egg and meat production, utilizing modern breeding and selection techniques.

The aim of mating systems are either to increase or decrease the homozygosity of the progeny compared with the parents or in some cases, to maintain the degree of homozygosity unchanged. This aim constitutes the basis of the following classification of mating systems:

Animal Husbandry is making a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development in the country. In rural India where over 15-20% families are landless and about 80% of the land holders belong to the category of small and marginal farmers, livestock is the main source of livelihood with the policy of the state Animal Husbandry Department to extend free breeding, vaccination and veterinary services, and permit free grazing on community lands, the farmers were encouraged to expand their herd size without any major financial burden. This has probably been the reason for the presence of the worlds largest livestock population in India. India rank first in buffalo population, second in cattle and goat, third in sheep and seventh in poultry (Table-1). Although the population of livestock during last 10 years has been stable around 485 million, the buffalo population during 1997-2003 has increased by 8.91%, while the cattle population has reduced by 6.89%. There has been a significant increase in population of goats during the last five decades, which is attributed to the decrease in the size of land holdings and persistent drought caused by erratic monsoon, forcing many small farmers to shift from large animals to small ruminants.

Success of AI programme depends on fertility of bulls used for semen production. If infertile bulls are selected in semen station for production of semen doses, large population of cows inseminated with such doses is affected. Therefore, the breeding bulls or bulls to be used for frozen semen production should be selected carefully keeping in view genetic potential, disease condition, reproductive health, libido and semen production potential of the bull. The emphasis should not only be on elimination of bulls with questionable or unsatisfactory potential, but also on induction of bulls with good semen production potential into the semen station. 

The following aspects should be taken into consideration while performing a breeding soundness examination of bulls:

It is imperative that the country should develop strategic planning so that available resources in different agro ecological zones of the country to exploited judiciously and utilize sustainably for further enhancing the productivity of cattle and buffaloes. Therefore, agroclimatic region and animal production system-based breeding policy strategies with a focus on large scale implementations of improved animal genetics and breeding innovations by development organizations with active participation of farmers/breeders are discussed here. Before developing sustainable breeding strategies for improving the productivity performance of a particular breed/genetic group of animal population in a given agro-climatic region, it is necessary to have a comprehensive details of population size of breed along with analysis of existing activities such as farmer/breeder’s perceptions and socio-economic levels, agriculture and livestock production systems, available feed and fodder resources, animal genetic resources, their production potentials and utilization pattern, breeding organizations, infrastructure and development facilities . The Quinquennial All India Livestock Census contains information on the herd/flock structure, sex, age, etc. and it does not reflect the factual situation about the status of breeds in terms of their population. Hence, the actual population of each breed and their geographical distribution is not clearly known. The correct picture about these breeds would be available only when breed-wise census of the livestock is carried out and status and performance of breeds are surveyed in their natural habitat and the same has been initiated in the recent survey . In the back ground of the collected and collated information on all above aspects, following region specific animal breeding strategies can be planned for conservation and genetic improvement of bovine genetic resources under different animal production systems.
Genetic Improvement of Non-Descript Zebu Cattle by Crossbreeding
The most rapid and effective approach to genetically improve the largest chunk of non-descript zebu cattle population is through crossbreeding with exotic dairy cattle breeds particularly in milk shed areas around peri-urban and industrial towns

The sheep population in India is estimated to be about 65.07 million ranking second in the world (Anonymous, 2019). There are 42 descript breeds of sheep distributed in various agro climatic zones of the country (Anonymous, 2017). It is well-known that the sheep rearing provides nutritional security and insurance to the farmer at the time of crisis due to crop failure. Therefore, sheep is seen as, “finance elevator” by the countryside poor farmer (Sharif et al., 2011). Two major sources of income; meat and wool make sheep industry a very profitable enterprise. In addition, a rich source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash present in the droppings of sheep improves the soil fertility. Indian sub-continent isa rich source of diverse ovine germ plasm.
The native breeds of sheep of from India are well adapted to geo-physical and agro-climatic conditions. Most of the breeds of sheep in India have evolved through natural selection. Most of the breeds have generally been named after their place of origin and on the basis of prominent characters. This vast ovine biodiversity in India is being eroded rapidly and more than 50% of sheep breeds are currently under threat.
Sheep biodiversity in India is characterized by high degree of endemism and variations in agro-climatic conditions of the different regions have led to the development of various breeds/strains. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production through out the world.
Breeding means, the manner in which selected males and females are mated. The breeders identify and select desirable qualities in animals for future mating and discard less desirable qualities. For the improvement of livestock (farm animals) selection and breeding must be practiced simultaneously. Continuous selective breeding leads to homozygosity in a population resulting in loss of variability. If all the individuals are alike, the breeder cannot make progress in future. Hence, there is a need to create variability in population. This can be achieved by breeding. Therefore, selection and breeding go hand in hand for the improvement of livestock.

Hill cattle in Uttarakhand are multipurpose animals. They are used for milk, draft, manures and ceremonial purposes. Improvement for these attributes depends on definition and subsequent selection for various traits. Based on the criteria for improvement and detailed literature analysis, it is believed that the hill cattle of Uttarakhand is one of the potential population for milk in the state specially in the remote and high altitude areas.. Hill cattle have also been used for dairy improvement as a dam breed for crossbreeding in some cases in the state. It has been observed that hill cattle in the state mostly reared as dual purpose animal i.e milk and draft. Therefore, the hill cattle could be improved for both milk and draft. The aim of the present study is to know the status, characterstics and performance  and to suggest the possible options for improvement in milk productivity of hill cattle in the state.

A) Selection of Dairy Cattle

Proper selection is the first and the most important step to be adopted in dairying. Records are the basis of selection and hence proper identification of animals and record keeping is essential. Cross-breed animals with exotic inheritance of about 50 percent are preferable.
 
Bringing animals from different agro-climatic conditions causes problems due to non-adjustment in many cases. In case, purchase becomes absolutely essential it should be from similar environmental conditions as far as possible.

General selection procedures for dairy breeds

Selecting a calf in calf show, a cow in cattle show by judging is an art. A dairy farmer should build up his own herd by breeding his own herd. Following guidelines will be useful for selection of a dairy cow.

CATTLE BREEDS The genus Bos is classified into Bos indicus  and Bos taurus. Bos indicus belongs to tropical region and have hump whereas Bos taurus belongs to temperate region and is humpless. Milch breeds are Red Sindhi, Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar. Dual purpose or general utility breeds are Nimari, Kankrej, Nellore, Dangi, Rathi, Deoni, Hariana, Krishna Valley, Ongole. Draught breeds are Amritmahal, Nagori, Khillari, Vechur, Bachaur, Siri, Ponwar, Kangayam, Bargur, Malvi, Hallikar. Cross-breeds Jersind = Jersey x Red Sindhi. Frieswal = HF x Sahiwal. Jerthar = Jersey x Tharparkar. Karan Swiss = Brown Swiss x Sahiwal. Karan Fries = HF x Tharparkar. Sunandini = Brown Swiss x Non descript. Jamaica Hope = 80% Jersey, 15% Sahiwal, 5% HF. Taylor = Short horn bull x Native cow. BUFFALO BREEDS (Bubalus bubalis) Buffalo breeds are classified as Riverine type