eChapters

Nutrition involves various bio – chemical and physiological activities which transform feed elements into body elements. These feed elements are nutrients which are digested, absorbed, utilized to build and renew the components of the animal body. As a result, animal grows and produce – milk, eggs, wool with the help of energy so produced in the body. After weaning, most of our farm animals obtain all of their feed supply from plants. Barring carnivores, the plant kingdom is the original and essential source of all animal life, because plants are able to utilize the energy of the sun to build substances which nourish
the animal. Plants make use of carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts to form carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which are utilized in the life processes of animal body. Thus, plants store and animals dissipate energy.

There are 6 nutrients which are very important to animal body – carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water.
Carbohydrates: These are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone as in monosaccharide or polymers in oligo or polysaccharides. The question arises whether carbohydrate is a dietary essential !!! Carbohydrate may not be dietary essential, but it is definitely metabolically essentially. The organic compounds – fats, proteins are oxidized only in the presence of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the structural components of DNA, RNA, and some other vital organic molecules. Although less than 1% is present in the human body [because, constantly being formed and broken down in metabolism], yet without the presence of this carbohydrate, the existence of living creature is at stake. Carbohydrate in the form of glucose primarily provides energy in the body and excess amount of carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. More than 50 % of the energy value of the diet is provided by carbohydrate.
Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20 Δ E (675 k. cal).
Lipids: These are important constituents of plant and animal tissue and these can be extractable from biological materials with the usual fat solubles, for example – Ether, Chloroform, Benzene, Carbon tetrachloride, Acetone etcetra. The lipid metabolism is in dynamic state. There is constant mobilization and transportation of fatty acids from the depots. Some portion of absorbed fatty acids are degraded in the same way, while others are combined with glycerol transported back to depots. All these reactions are so balanced, that mixtures of fatty acids in the depots, blood and organs tend to remain at equilibrium
condition.

Historical Aspects: Eighteenth Century: Antoine Lavoisier, a French scientist was known to be as ‘Founder of science of nutrition’. He established chemical basis of nutrition in his respiration experiments and introduced balance, thermometer in his studies. Along with Laplace, he designed a calorimeter through which it was demonstrated that respiration is the essential source of body heat. Even they started realizing that something is there like – carbohydrate, protein, fat and a need was felt for their investigation. But due to bad luck, French revolution took place and Lavoisier’s career was ended by
Guillotine (be – heading). As a result, further studies on nutrition suffered a setback for several years.
Second half of 19th century: Babcock, an American dairy scientist observed that feeds of different sources were eaten by animals, but there was ‘no way of knowing’, what particular contribution each of those feeds was making to animal’s needs. Therefore, he conceived the idea of trying the rations made up of entirely from a ‘single plant’. He was criticized that his research was highly impractical. Later, his younger colleagues pursued this idea in another experiment. They planned their experiment more meticulously with a greater number of animals by feeding single crop rations. But at that time, they couldn’t conclude irrespective of their exhaustive chemical studies of feeds, excreta, tissues of dead calves. It was later on that; the new discoveries provided the ‘true answer’. Later, based on this previous experience, ‘Purified diet method’ was undertaken: carbohydrate as pure starch, fat as pure lard or oil, protein as pure casein along with some minerals then known to be essential. It was revealed that there were certain other nutritionally essentials which were very important.

The goods and services with the help of which the process of production is carried out, are called factors of production. Economists talk about four main factors of production: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship (or organization). They are also called as the inputs of production. On the other hand, the goods produced with the help of these inputs, are called as the output.
1. Land
Land refers to all natural resources such as forests, water, climate, and soil. It provides space for livestock farms and raw materials for the dairy and meat industries.
Features of Land
1. Gift of Nature – Land and climatic conditions are naturally available. For example, the fertile plains of Punjab and Haryana are naturally suited for growing fodder crops like berseem and maize, which are essential for dairy farming. Similarly, the lush green pastures of Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh provide an ideal environment for rearing sheep and goats.
2. Limited in Supply – Land is fixed, and certain resources like water bodies and fodder resources may deplete over time. Water scarcity in regions like Maharashtra has forced farmers to shift from water-intensive crops to drought-resistant fodder crops.

Production- Function- The technical law relating inputs to outputs has beengiven the name of production function. Production function expresses the relationship between physical input and physical output of a firm for a given state of technology.
Law of Variable Proportion or Law of Diminishing Returns (Short Run Production Function)
This law explains the relationship between inputs and outputs in the short period. According to this law, output can be changed by altering variable factors (such as labour and feed) while keeping other factors (such as land and infrastructure) constant. The law states that with an increase in variable factors, keeping other factors constant, total product initially increases at an increasing rate, then increases at a diminishing rate, and finally starts decreasing.
1. Total Product (TP) - Refers to the total output of the firm per period of time.
1. Example: Total litres of milk produced by a dairy farm per day.

Supply is the amount of a good or service sellers are willing to offer for sale at a specific price, in a specific market, over a specific time.
Stock vs. Supply
• Stock: All the milk a farmer has—say, 1,000L in tanks.
• Supply: What he sells—500L at Rs 50/L today. Supply is different from stock, as stock refers to the total quantity of a commodity that exists in the market, while supply is the quantity that is usually offered for sale at a particular price.
Law of Supply
The law of supply explains the functional relationship between the price of a good and its supply. When all other factors remain constant, an increase in price leads to an increase in supply. This means there is a direct proportional relationship between price and supply.
Exceptions
1. Land, rare goods, and labour supply in certain cases do not follow the law of supply.
2. The supply of rare goods cannot be changed with price fluctuations.

Definition of Utility
Utility is the ability of a good or service to satisfy human wants and needs in economics. It is an important concept as it represents the satisfaction experienced by a consumer from consuming a good or service
Utility characteristics
1. Measuring satisfaction, benefit, or happiness from a good or service is difficult.
2. Economists have devised ways to represent and measure utility in terms of economic choices that can be quantified.
3. Total Utility (TU): The aggregate sum of satisfaction or benefit gained from consuming a given amount of goods or services (e.g., drinking three glasses of water provides more satisfaction than just one).
4. Marginal Utility (MU): The additional satisfaction gained from each extra unit of consumption (e.g., the first glass of water gives maximum satisfaction compared to each additional glass).
5. Total utility usually increases as more goods are consumed.
6. Marginal utility typically decreases with each additional unit consumed, demonstrating the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

Definition of Demand
Demand refers to the desire for a commodity that is backed by both purchasing power and willingness to pay at a given price within a specific period. In economics, we consider effective demand—not just absolute desire. A product is in demand only when individuals are willing and able to purchase it.
For example, many farmers may desire to buy cow mats, but if they lack the financial resources or are unwilling to spend on them, it does not count as effective demand.
Demand is formally defined as a “schedule or curve that shows the various quantities of a commodity that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different prices, within a specific time frame and market conditions.”
Law of Demand
The Law of Demand states that, ceteris paribus (all other factors remaining constant), the quantity demanded of a commodity varies inversely with its price. In simpler terms:
When the price of a commodity rises, the quantity demanded decreases. When the price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded increases. This inverse relationship occurs because consumers tend to buy less of an expensive product and more of a cheaper one, provided other factors like income, preferences, and the price of related goods remain unchanged.

Economics revolves around key concepts such as goods value, price, wealth, income, savings, investment, and consumption. These concepts are interconnected and form the foundation of economic analysis. Below is a detailed explanation of each:
Goods: Definition, Types, and Economic Importance
Definition of Goods
Goods refer to tangible or intangible items that satisfy human wants and have value. Goods can be material (physical objects) or non-material (services), and they play a crucial role in fulfilling human needs and desires. They form the basis of economic activity, as humans constantly seek to fulfil their needs and desires.
Examples
Tangible Goods: You can touch them. Food, clothing, vehicles, dairy products. Intangible Goods (Services): Services you experience. Veterinary services, teaching, medical care.
Classification of Goods in Economics
Goods can be categorized based on different criteria such as material nature, supply, transferability, consumption, ownership, and income elasticity.

Approaches to study subject matter of economics
There are two approaches to study subject matter of economics-
1. Traditional Approach
2. Modern Approach
Economics studies human economic activities, which involve the creation, use, exchange, and distribution of wealth.
1. Traditional Approach
This approach splits economic activities into four interconnected areas:
Consumption, Production, Exchange, and Distribution (CPED).
1. Consumption – Using Goods & Services
Consumption refers to the utilization of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. It involves the destruction of utility, meaning that once a good or service is consumed, it cannot be reused in its original form i.e. once used, their original form is gone (utility destroyed) Economics studies the nature of human wants, their characteristics, and how individuals make consumption decisions.

Evolution of Economics as a Discipline
1. Initially, economics was not a separate subject but a part of politics, ethics, and jurisprudence.
2. The study of economic ideas gained prominence through discussions on wealth, trade, and resource management.
3. Adam Smith’s book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), established economics as a distinct discipline.
4. Due to his contributions, Adam Smith is regarded as the Father of Economics.
Origin of the Term “Economics”
1. The word Economics is derived from the Greek term “Oikonomikos”:
a) Oikos – Household
b) Nomos – Management
2. Originally, Oikonomikos referred to the management of household affairs.

Receiving student award from Dr IP Singh Dean Veterinary Sciences
Receiving student award from Mrs (Dr) Shinade Acting Vice-Chancellor
Dr Rajendra Prasad award of ICAR-2002 (Union Agriculture Minister Shri Ajit Singh is giving award to Prof RS Chauhan in the presence of Shri Hukum Dev Narayan Yadav Minister of state and Secretary agriculture)
Receiving “Gopal Gaurav award” from Shankaracharya Shri Raghvendra Saraswati ji maharaj of Shri Ramchandrapuram muth, Shimoga Karnataka ^^xksiky xkSjo** lEeku izkIr djrs gq,
Dr Jeff G Vos Congratulating Prof RS Chauhan on becoming advisor WHO at NIPHE Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
 Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Agriculture minister Shri Sompal Shashtri ji in a function of Prakrati Bharti at Kota (Rajasthan)
Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Science & Technology minister Shri Bachi Singh Rawat ji in a function of SIIP at CIMAP Lal kuan (Uttarakhand)

1. Ambwani S, Ambwani Tanuj Kumar and Chauhan RS (2014) Counteracting effects of cow urine on allethrin induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocytes culture system. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology.16: 58-63.
2. Ambwani S, Ambwani TK and Chauhan RS (2018) Ameliorating effects of Badri cow urine on cypermethrin induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocyte culture system. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia.15 (3): 1-12.
3. Banga RK, Kumar P, Singhal LK, Sharma A and Chauhan RS. 2005. Red hill cattle is characters and body measurements. The Indian Cow, 3: 10-14.
4. Banga RK, Singhal LK and Chauhan RS. 2005. Cow urine and immunomodulation: An update on cowpathy. International Journal of Cow Science, 1(2): 26-29.
5. Chauhan Divya and Chauhan R.S, 2021. Badri Cattle - A Boon to Uttarakhand. In: Cowpathy and Human Health ( Eds : Sethi RS, Kaur Gurvinder, Malik Yashpal, Chauhan RS ). SIIP, Ludhiana. P_17
6. Chauhan Divya and Chauhan R.S. (2022). Cow Science Experts in India - 1. Shree Krishna A well known Cow Lover. International Journal of Cow Science. 6(1):2
7. Chauhan R S and Tulsa Devi. 2020. Immunity, Nutrients and Immunomodulation. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 7 (5):1030-1038.

I have known Dr R.S. Chauhan al through his professional carrier. I came in his contact when he was a student, a research worker, a professional colleague. He is very hard working, sincere and dedicated scientist and teacher. I observed his remarkable skills, unwavering dedication and strong commitment for upliftment of research and the profession. He is known as an excellent teacher. He devised simple understandable means for complex topics.
His work on Panchgavya has won lots of appreciation at all levels. In fact he is a person who proved scientifically the application of components of Panchgavya on control of some untreatable disease like cancer.
I have absolutely no hesitation in saying that he is the “Father of Cowpathy”. He proved the efficacy and application of products of cow origin with scientific validation.
To be true, even today whenever I have some query, I invariably consult him because I am of the opinion that he has a very strong basic background. May God always shower his blessings on him.

Dr. Chauhan, a dedicated veterinary scientist, has built a remarkable reputation for his tireless efforts in animal welfare. His journey into veterinary medicine was not just a career choice but a calling, deeply rooted in his compassion for animals and a firm belief in their right to a healthy, dignified life. Over the years, he has not only saved countless animals but also played a crucial role in shaping community attitudes towards animal welfare. His engagements span various domains, including free medical camps, rescue missions, awareness campaigns, collaboration with NGOs, and advocacy for animal rights.
Free Veterinary Camps in Rural and Urban Areas One of Dr. Chauhan’s most impactful contributions has been his organization of free veterinary camps. These camps, held in both rural and urban areas, provide essential medical aid to animals that might otherwise go untreated. Many pet owners and farmers struggle with the financial burden of veterinary care, and Dr. Chauhan’s initiative ensures that their animals receive timely vaccinations, deworming, and treatment for common illnesses.
In rural areas, where livestock plays a critical role in the livelihoods of farmers, these camps have been particularly beneficial. By treating cattle, goats, and poultry, Dr. Chauhan has helped improve the overall health of farm animals, leading to better productivity and economic stability for local communities. In urban areas, his focus extends to street animals, offering free treatments for injured or ailing stray dogs and cats.

As he looks to the future, Dr. Chauhan envisions several key goals to further the field of veterinary medicine: Expanding the scope of Veterinary Science :
Future goals of Dr. Chauhan
1. Advancing Research in Veterinary Pathology: Building upon his extensive research background, which includes authoring 120 books, contributing 101 chapters, and publishing 239 research papers, Dr. Chauhan aims to delve deeper into emerging diseases affecting livestock and companion animals. He plans to focus on molecular pathology to better understand disease mechanisms at the genetic level, facilitating the development of targeted treatments and preventive measures.
2. Promoting ‘Cowpathy’ and Indigenous Practices: Known as the “Cowpathy Man,” Dr. Chauhan has been a proponent of integrating traditional knowledge with modern veterinary practices. He intends to conduct rigorous scientific studies to validate and promote the use of indigenous products in animal healthcare, aiming to offer sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional treatments.
3. Enhancing Veterinary Education: With a passion for veterinary education, Dr. Chauhan plans to develop comprehensive curricula that incorporate the latest advancements in veterinary science. He seeks to mentor the next generation of veterinarians, emphasizing the importance of ethical practices, continuous learning, and adaptability in the face of evolving challenges in animal health.

Dr. Chauhan’s philosophy as a Veterinary Pathologist reflects a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of life and an unwavering commitment to the well-being of animals. His approach is rooted in compassion, scientific rigor, and a holistic appreciation of the delicate balance that sustains ecosystems. Over the years, he has become a beacon of hope for gaushalas and cow enthusiasts, demonstrating that veterinary medicine is not just a profession but a calling that demands empathy, dedication, and an unyielding respect for life.
At the core of Dr. Chauhan’s philosophy is the belief that every living being, regardless of its size or species, deserves dignity and care. To him, animals are not mere creatures but sentient beings with emotions, instincts, and intrinsic value. This perspective shapes his practice, as he treats each animal with the same care and attention he would give to a human patient. Whether it’s a stray dog in need of emergency care, a farm animal requiring preventive medicine, or an endangered species in a conservation program, Dr. Chauhan approaches his work with equal seriousness and respect.
Dr. Chauhan emphasizes the importance of understanding animals within the context of their natural behaviors and environments. He often says, “To heal an animal, you must first listen to what it cannot say.” This insight has driven him to study not only veterinary medicine but also animal behavior, ecology, and the complex relationships between humans and animals. He believes that understanding these dynamics is essential for providing comprehensive care. For example, he advocates for preventive care practices that align with an animal’s natural rhythms, such as vaccination schedules that account for seasonal changes and diets that mimic an animal’s natural food sources.

Dr. Chauhan’s illustrious career as a Veterinary Pathologist is marked by resilience, unwavering compassion, and a commitment to animal welfare. Despite facing numerous challenges, his journey serves as an inspiration to many, not only for his professional achievements but also for his ability to turn obstacles into stepping stones for greater success. Over decades of practice, Dr. Chauhan became a symbol of hope for animals and their caregivers, a testament to what dedication and empathy can accomplish.
Breakthroughs and Milestones
Dr. Chauhan’s career is filled with milestones that showcase his determination to push the boundaries of veterinary medicine. Early in his career, he made headlines by successfully treating a prized racehorse suffering from a rare neurological disorder. The case, which had been deemed incurable by others, required not only medical expertise but also the courage to think outside the box. Dr. Chauhan used a combination of experimental techniques and traditional therapies to restore the horse to full health. This triumph not only saved the horse’s career but also cemented Dr. Chauhan’s reputation as an innovative problem-solver.
Another significant breakthrough came when Dr. Chauhan devised a novel treatment protocol for canine distemper, a disease that ravages stray dog populations. By combining immunotherapy and supportive care, he achieved remarkable survival rates, helping communities across the region manage outbreaks more effectively. One of his most celebrated cases involved Tara, a critically injured elephant rescued from an illegal logging operation. Tara had sustained multiple fractures and severe infections, and her chances of survival were slim. Dr. Chauhan spearheaded an intensive six-month treatment regimen, which included groundbreaking orthopedic surgery and customized physiotherapy. Tara’s recovery became a symbol of hope for wildlife conservationists and sparked a nationwide discussion about the ethics of using animals in hazardous labor.

Dr. Chauhan, a renowned figure in the field of veterinary science, has left an indelible mark on the discipline through his groundbreaking research, innovative teaching, and unwavering dedication to the advancement of animal health and welfare. Over the years, his exceptional contributions have earned him a multitude of prestigious awards, medals, and honors, making him a luminary in his field.
His illustrious career began to gain recognition with the Best Young Scientist Award in 1992by Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists, an acknowledgment of his potential and early contributions to veterinary science in general and Veterinary Pathology in particular. This award marked the start of a journey filled with accolades that would underscore his relentless pursuit of excellence. Four years later, in 1996, he was honored with the IAAVR Award, further solidifying his position as a promising researcher and academic.
By 1999, Dr. Chauhan’s expertise and dedication had earned him the National Fellow Professor chair of ICAR, a prestigious recognition that highlighted his growing influence in veterinary research. Around the same time, he was conferred the title of Fellow NAVS (2000) and Fellow SIIP (2001), reflecting his significant contributions to national and international veterinary organizations. These fellowships were a testament to his role in advancing scientific understanding and his collaborative efforts within the veterinary community.
Dr. Chauhan’s profound impact on the field was also recognized with several specialized awards, including the K.S. Nair Memorial Award in 1999, the Vigyan Bharti Award in 2000, and the Dr. C.M. Singh Trust Award in 2002. These honors celebrated his ability to merge academic rigor with practical applications, benefiting both the academic community and the agricultural
sector. Similarly, the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Award (2002) and the Shri Ramlal Agrawal National Award (2000) underscored his contributions to veterinary science in India.

Dr. Chauhan is an exceptional individual who had achieved a significant milestone in his academic and professional journey. Completing a Bachelor of Science (Honours) with an impressive 80.3%, Dr. Chauhan’s accomplishment is a reflection of his hard work, dedication, and unyielding passion for the field of veterinary science. This remarkable achievement not only underscores his
academic brilliance but also cements his position as an inspiring figure in the veterinary community.
From an early age, Dr. Chauhan demonstrated an innate love for animals and a deep sense of responsibility toward their well-being. These qualities formed the foundation of his journey in veterinary science. His BVSc&AH (Honours) degree, completed with such distinction, is not just a testament to his intellectual capabilities but also to his tireless commitment to improving animal health and welfare. Pursuing a degree in Veterinary science is no small feat. It demands a unique combination of scientific expertise, practical skills, and emotional resilience. For Dr. Chauhan, the rigorous academic journey involved mastering a wide array of subjects, including animal Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, and Microbiology. Each subject posed its own set of challenges, yet he tackled them with unwavering determination and an insatiable thirst for knowledge. His exemplary performance, as evidenced by his impressive score of 80.3%, highlights his ability to excel even under pressure. What sets Dr. Chauhan apart is not just his academic excellence but also his holistic approach to learning. Beyond textbooks and lectures, he actively sought opportunities to gain hands-on experience, volunteering at animal shelters and participating in community outreach programs. These experiences not only enriched his understanding of animal care but also shaped his perspective as a compassionate and empathetic veterinary professional.