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Food and Agriculture Organization defines organic agriculture is a unique production system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs.

The beauty of organic agriculture production is dependency three elements namely soil, plants and animals. It is also called animal agriculture in which, animal depends on plants, plants depends on soil and soil depends on animals for their fertile life.

Globally livestock sector is changing rapidly in response to globalization and increasing demand for quality foods of animal origin. Animal husbandry is the backbone of rural economy of our country. The value of output from livestock sector is about 29 percent of the total value of output (GDP) of the agriculture and allied sectors. The livestock sector has been contributing over 5% to total GDP. India ranks first in milk production which accounts for more than 15 percent of total world output and 40 percent of Asia’s total production. It continues to grow at about 4 percent per annum far exceeding the global average of 1-2 percent. Further, the manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The gobar gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-products are gainfully utilized for feeding the animals. Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Indian animal husbandry practices are based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony. This principle also holds good for organic farming. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people (NOSB, 1995). Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity.

Organic farming has undergone rapid growth in recent years across various agricultural and livestock sectors, including poultry production. The escalation of health concerns stemming from the presence of numerous medications and pesticide residues in conventional products has underscored the importance of ensuring the quality of egg and meat products. In this global context, there is a notable surge in demand for organic meat, prompting nations to explore organic poultry production.

Introduction
Animals have evolved various sophisticated methods for orientation, navigation, and communication. These abilities are crucial for their survival, allowing them to find food, mates, and suitable habitats while avoiding predators and navigating their environments effectively. Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into the complexity of animal behavior and the adaptations that have evolved over time.
Orientation
Orientation involves determining and maintaining a direction relative to an external reference. Animals use various cues for orientation, including the sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field, landmarks, and olfactory signals.
Sun Compass: Many animals, such as honeybees, use the sun as a compass. Honeybees, for instance, perform a “waggle dance” to communicate the direction and distance of food sources to their hive mates. This dance is oriented relative to the sun’s position, which the bees can adjust for the time of day. Similarly, migratory birds like the European starling use the sun’s position to navigate during their long migrations.
Magnetic Compass: The Earth’s magnetic field is another crucial orientation cue. Birds like homing pigeons and European robins possess specialized magnetoreceptors that allow them to detect magnetic fields. These birds can use the Earth’s magnetic field to determine their direction and navigate over long distances. Sea turtles also use magnetic fields to navigate across oceans, returning to the beaches where they were born to lay their eggs. Star Compass: Night-migrating birds, such as the indigo bunting, use the stars to navigate. These birds have an innate ability to recognize constellations and use them to maintain a steady direction during their nocturnal migrations. Experiments have shown that young birds raised in a planetarium can learn to navigate using artificial star patterns, demonstrating the importance of stellar orientation.
Landmarks: Landmarks are physical features in the environment that animals use to orient themselves. Mammals like elephants and primates rely on landmarks for navigation. Elephants, known for their excellent memory, use landmarks such as rivers, mountains, and watering holes to navigate across vast distances. Similarly, chimpanzees

Orientation and general precautions in laboratory: Laboratory safety glasses or goggles should be worn in any area where chemicals are used or stored. They should also be worn any time there is chance of splashes or particulates to enter the eye. Closed – toe shoes must be worn at all times in the laboratory. Perforated shoes or sandals are not appropriate. Lab coat, gloves, eye protection, and appropriate attire (impermeable gowns, plastic aprons, masks, face shields) should be worn at all times in the lab. Long pants and shoes completely covering the top of the foot should be worn at all times when
working in the lab. Do not eat or drink in the lab at any time. Do not expose electric sparks, open flames and heating elements to organic solvent vapours.
Do not leave your assigned laboratory station without permission of the in charge. Learn the location of the fire extinguisher, eye wash station and first aid kit [A first aid manual, different sized sterile gauge pads, adhesive tape, band aids in several sizes, elastic bandage, antiseptic wipes, antibiotic ointment antiseptic solution like hydrogen peroxide]. Fire blanket, exits from the room, fire escape route. Basic life support (BLS) is important for clinical point of view. Lab safety is important because it can prevent injury, keep us from making mistakes and save lives. Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. We should follow the lab safety protocols to stay safe and healthy. We cannot tell if a chemical is hazardous (radioactive !!) just by looking at it. Friedrich Esmarch, the founder of “Modern first – aid”. Emergency kit includes - * Flashlight with extra batteries, * Whistle, * Dust mask, * Local maps, * Manual can opener, * Battery powered or hand cranked radio, * Books, games, puzzles or other activities for children.

Introduction

The demand of diversified food has increasing due to health consciousness in the modern civilization. The European communities have gone in search of new foods which contributed mainly to the health diet of population. In this process, animal and avian species have contributed to a large extent in providing the required health foods like milk, meat and eggs. The tendency to go for low calories foods has resulted in increased demand for new species for meat purpose. At present, the ostrich meat ranks highest among health food in Europe. Ostrich meat in terms of health value is credited to less percentage of fat, low cholesterol, less calories, rich in protein and iron. The demand of ostrich meat has been increasing especially after the threat of mad cow diseases. The unique taste of ostrich meat has been added into different meat dishes. This meat has a great demand in restaurant in Europe, Japan, Australia and China in a big way. The popularity of this bird can be judged from the fact that presently 65 countries, including our neighbor Pakistan and China are engaged in ratite farming. The increased demand of ostrich over the past few years has given way to rearing birds under controlled system. The intensive system become popular because of adoption of scientific technologies reduced risk of diseases, through improved bio-security measures, genetic selection and nutritional innovation, health regimes and extensive diseases surveillance. Scientifically proven management practices resulted in low cost production and improvement in quality of ostrich products.

Management of Other Avian Species

Duck

Overview

• Asia: The homeland of ducks.

• Global Rankings: China holds the first position in duck population, followed by India.

• Significance in India: Ducks are the second most important poultry species, constituting about 10% of the total poultry population (851.82 million) and contributing 6-7% of the total egg production (138.38 billion) in the country (BAHS, 2024).

Introduction
Cooperation is an extensive wonder. Biologists refer this term communication as mutually advantageous interplays that occur with things of the unchanging species. Cooperation in animals performs to occur generally for direct benefit or middle from two points relatives. Spending opportunity and possessions helping a related individual grant permission initially appear destructive to an animal’s chances of endurance but is actually
advantageous over the enduring. However, few researchers, like Tim Clutton-Brock, assert that communication service is a more intricate process. They state that helpers can sustain more direct, and less unintended, gains from assisting possible choice than it is usually stated. These gains include guardianship from predatoriness and increased generative appropriateness. Furthermore, they claim that cooperation concede possibility not only
be an interplay between two things but can be part of the more extensive aim of uniting populations. A generalized birth of progress that normalizes competition as a big method casts unity as a paradox, faraway in a confuse place survival is calculated in agreements of costs and benefits, following the market rule of self-addition. Prominent biologists, such as Charles Darwin, E. O. Wilson, and W. D. Hamilton, have erect the development of
cooperation spellbinding because evolutionary theory favors those who attain prominent supporter generative success while joint attitude often decreases the generative benefit of the player (the individual performing the helpful attitude).

Method I
Reagents
    1.    20% sodium carbonate.
    2.    Conc. hydrochloric acid.
    3.    4% sodium hydroxide
    4.    10% calcium chloride
    5.    Ammonium hydroxide
    6.    Potassium permanganate (0.05 N)

Procedure
Take 2-5 g of powdered sample in a beaker without spout, and add 40 ml of water and boil for half an hour. In case of faeces, add 40 ml of 4 percent NaOH instead of 40 ml of water to form silicates. Now boil, for half an hour with cold water flask over the beaker, then add 10 ml of 20 percent sodium carbonate solution and boil for  another half an hour. During these two cooking processes, the following changes take place.

2.1. Introduction
The present century is the century of oxidative stress (OS) that linked to several life-threatening disorders which predominantly affect public health as well as their nutritional status. Unhealthy lifestyle and eating pattern which is major concern for OS. The biological literature first used the phrase “oxidative stress (OS)” in 1970. OS can be defined as a state of imbalance condition between the high level of pro-oxidants and the low level of antioxidant scavenging capacity in the body. The normal oxidative process that occurs in cells is crucial for the existence of life and favours the death of a cell. Free radicals, which are unstable, can form when molecular oxygen breaks up into pairs. This unstable radical has a high level of reactivity and produces reactive molecular species like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). To resist the OS and to maintain the redox balance, cells have an inbuilt antioxidant defence capacity, comprising of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPOD) etc. But some pathogenic or environmental conditions may overpower this antioxidant defence system, allowing a portion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) to bypass degradation and create much more reactive radicals. Increased ROS and RNS affect redox balance and damage DNA, proteins, amino acids, and fats, causing alteration of structures as well as action of cells and tissues. This will ultimately produce several pathogenetic elements associated with clinical situations and leads to the development of human aging and numerous diseases. Several dietary components such as whole grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables are excellent sources of antioxidative vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals or phytoceuticals that shields the human body from the harmful oxidative injury by scavenging or destruction of free radicals and also by upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defence system. Thereby long-term and sustainable OS remedies can be performed.

Introduction

Pain management in poultry is an important aspect of animal welfare and overall production efficiency in the poultry industry. Poultry birds, such as chickens and turkeys, can experience pain due to various reasons including routine management procedures, injuries, and diseases. Managing pain in poultry is crucial not only for ethical reasons but also because pain can lead to decreased productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases. For the better management First step is identification of pain in birds which can only be possible with the thorough knowledge of their behaviour. Second step is the selection of appropriate analgesics and their dosing’s as there are various species of birds. Commonly used analgesics for birds includes, NSAID’s, opioids etc.

1. Routine Management Procedures: Many routine procedures in the poultry industry, such as beak trimming, toe clipping, and wing clipping, can cause pain and distress to birds if not done properly. Beak trimming, for example, is often performed to reduce feather pecking and cannibalism in crowded conditions but can cause acute pain if not done correctly. Proper techniques and pain management strategies must be employed during such procedures to minimize pain and distress in birds.

The bio-degradation process dates back to time immemorial when some wild ruminant animals were spotted feeding on the tree –woods in South Chile. The natives of this place called this feed as “Palo Podrido (Huempe)”, meaning – ‘animal feed’, as opined by F. Zadrazilof Germany. Later on, it was found that thiswood was actuallydegradedbycertaintypes offungi undernatural conditions and decomposed to Spent-wood, which turned out to be the animal feed. The scientists started working on these fungi as well as this type of process. Lately, the fungi were found to be belonging to higher basidiomycetes class, called: White-rot-fungi. They mainly degraded lignin of the wood, however cellulose and hemicelluloses to a limited extent only.

But, surprisingly it was found that the digestibility and crude protein content increased to a considerable extent. Later on, the scientists started working on spent-straws too. The cereal straws (lignocellulosics) constituted a staple-feed (basal) in the developingcountries for theseruminantanimals. But, thepresence of lignin (a biological plastic) limits the utilization of these cereal straws in the rumen eco-system. Thus, the concept of SolidState Fermentation (SSF) sparked into this type of investigation. Some examples of such white-rot-fungi were: Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus cineus, Sporotrichum thermophile, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Polyporous berkeleyi, Neurospora crssa, Alternaria tenius to name a few. Some examples of substrates upon which such types of fungi grew for SSF were: wheat straw, paddy straw, paddy husks, ground nut shells, sugarcane bagasse, barleystraw, sunflower stalk, aspen wood, birch wood, saw dust etc. The resurgence of interest in the use of straw from cereal and grain crops as animal feed had been witnessed in early nineties to maintain the performance of animals. Following were some of the variations undertaken by different scientific groups:

Fruit flies : Bactrocera cucurbitae,Toxotrypana curvicauda : Tephritidae

The fruit flies lay eggs on maturing fruits. The emerging maggots feed in the fruit pulp, causing rotting of the fruits.

AK grasshopper: Poekilocerus pictus: Acrididae

Nymphs and adults of the AK grass hopper feed on papaya leaves and tender bark.  Maximum damage is done during July-August in North India.
 
Aphids : Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae: Aphididae

Nymphs and adult aphids suck sap from leaves. They are more important as a vector of papaya mosaic virus disease. The affected trees die in an year or two.

Parakeratosis is a pathological condition characterized by the abnormal keratinization of epithelial tissues. In ruminants, particularly cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats, parakeratosis primarily affects the rumen epithelium. This condition is often associated with dietary imbalances, particularly in animals fed high-concentrate, low-fibre diets. Left unchecked, it can lead to significant health issues, including impaired nutrient absorption, secondary infections, and reduced productivity.
The rumen is a vital component of the ruminant digestive system, serving as a fermentation chamber where microbes break down fibrous plant material into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are absorbed and used as energy. The rumen wall consists of four layers: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer, consisting of keratinized epithelial cells that protect the underlying tissues. Under normal conditions, the keratinization of the rumen epithelium is tightly regulated. However, certain dietary and environmental factors can disrupt this process, leading to parakeratosis. Nutritional management is a cornerstone of both the prevention and treatment of parakeratosis. Proper dietary practices ensure the maintenance of a healthy rumen environment, optimal microbial activity, and the prevention of epithelial damage. The link between diet and parakeratosis is well established.

The domestic duck is an economically important domestic bird in rural areas. They are productive and are reared around the globe for their egg, meat, feather and fattened livers. The worldwide population of ducks (Anas spp.) is 1.15 billion in 2020 out of which 89 per cent were in Asia. China, Viet Nam, Bangladesh and Indonesia are the largest duck rearing countries in Asia (FAO 2020). Geographical location, subtropical climatic condition, water lodged and low areas of the country are suitable for duck habitat. The advantages of ducks over other poultry species are that they are hardy, have higher disease tolerance and are easy to herd.

Entrepreneur - Derived from French verb enterprendre meaning “to undertake”.

The entrepreneur as a person brings in overall change through, innovation- for the maximum social good. Human values remain sacred and inspire him to serve society. He has firm belief in social betterment and he carries out this responsibility with conviction. In this process, he accelerates personal, economic as well as human- development.

The entrepreneur is a visionary and an integrated man with outstanding leadership qualities. With a desire to excel, he gives top priority to Research and Development. He always works for the well being of the society. More importantly entrepreneurial activities encompass all fields / sectors and foster a spirit of enterprise for the welfare of mankind. Urges of an Entrepreneur

An urge to exercise powers over things and objects persists among all human beings. The urge may vary in degree from person to person. This urge is an intrinsic quality of an entrepreneur. Sociologists consider him as a sensitive energizer in the modernization of societies.

The entrepreneur is a critical factor in the socio-economic change. He is the key person who envisages new opportunities, new techniques, new lines of production, new products and coordinates all other activities. The true entrepreneur is one who is endowed with more than average capacities in the task of organizing and coordinating the various other factors of production. He should be a pioneer, a captain of industry. The supply of such entrepreneurship is however quite limited and enterprise in general consists of several grades of organizational skill and capability. The more efficient entrepreneurs receive a surplus reward over and above the managerial wages and this sum constitutes true profit ascribable to superior talent.

Popularly the term management is used to refer to the group of managerial personnel of an enterprise. But the use of the term management in this sense is not correct, because the managerial personnel of an enterprise are usually designated as ‘managers’, ‘executives’ or administrators. Strictly speaking the term management refers to functional concept of management. Management refers to the sum total of all those functions or activities, which relate to the laying down of policies, plans and purposes, securing men, money, machinery needed for the achievement of the organisational objectives, putting all of them into operation and supervising and checking their performances in order to ensure the productive use of human and material resources for the maximum benefit or profit of the organisation, its employees and society in general.

Management is the sum total of five principal functions namely planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. The functional areas of management include: a) Financial management, b) Personnel management, c) material management, d) Production management, e) marketing management and f) Office management.

What is book keeping?
Book keeping    is defined as;
1. The art of recording business transactions (pecuniary transactions) in a regulator and systematic manner.
2. Book keeping is the science and art of correctly recording in books of  accounts all those business transactions that result in the transfer of  money or money’s worth.
3. Book keeping is an art of recording day to day business transactions in a  set of books in a most systematic manner.
4. It is the process of analysing, classifying and recording transaction in accordance with pre-conceived plan.

The animal bodycan be imagined as a machine, which is gettinginput of desired or available feed given by the farmer and this animal body after processing through various metabolic activities, output of product is given off. Feed is composed of organic nutrients-carbohydrate, fat and protein and after reaching in the animal body, used for constructive work, for example synthesis of body tissues and other associated work. Later, milk or egg is produced as an output. Now putting the same perspective in terms of energy, that is, these organic nutrients of the feed contain chemical energy and after reaching in the animal body, used as mechanical energyin muscles or heat energyin metabolism. The energy in the body would be utilized for the synthesis of body tissues or other productive output, for example, draft work by bullocks. Therefore, energy is primarily required for the maintenance of the body and then, for the productive purposes :

• Growth for all the farm animals

• Milk from cow, buffalo, sheep, goat • Eggs from poultry, duck, turkey

• Wool from sheep

• Meatfromfatteninganimals under the law, for example– mutton, chevon, pork, chicken.

Leaf webber: Syngamia abruptalis :Pyralidae
 
Caterpillars feed extensively on tender foliage leaving veins alone and the growth of the plants are affected.

Leaf roller: Psara stullalis: Pyralidae

Larvae of these small moths are also leaf Webbers and rollers, and rolls the leaves and feed inside causing browning and drying of affected leaves. Inspect the crop for the pest incidence and remove the initial attacks systematically.