eChapters

A silo is an airtight to semi-airtight structure designed for the purpose of preservation and storage of high moisture feeds as silage.
 
Role of the silo in silage making

Silo has only three functions in the ensiling process:
    1.    To provide a solid surface to permit compaction of the mass to eliminate air;
    2.    To protect the ensiled materials from air and water during the storage period;
    3.    Where desired, to aid in the removal of silage by providing a base for unloading equipment.

Learning objectives

1. Recognise inflammatory cell types

2. Recognise common skin pathogens

3. Diagnostic test are best for each case

4. Gain experience in interpretation

5. Recognise important artefacts

″The most crucial step towards healing is having the right diagnosis″. While approaching a case, a clinician should follow appropriate steps in a systematic way for accurate diagnosis of dermatological disorders. A careful history is a first step to choose appropriate diagnostic tests.

Important by-products from rabbits are meat, wool, planner and skin. It can be made highly profitable if products are wasted because people do not have enough knowledge about their processing.

11.1. Slaughtering and Dressing

    1.    Rabbits are killed by one of two methods. The preferred method is dislocation of the neck. The rabbit is held firmly by the rear legs and head; it is stretched full length. Then with a hard, sharp pull, the head is bent backward to dislocate the neck. The rabbit can also be struck a hard, quick blow to the skull behind the ears. A blunt stick or side of the hand is commonly used to incapacitate the rabbit. Both methods quickly render the rabbit unconscious.

Important by product from Rabbit are meat, wool, planner and skin. It can be made highly profitable if products are properly processed and marketed. Many rabbit products are wasted because people do not have enough knowledge about their processing. Rabbit farming is profitable preservation of its by-product.

Slaughtering: Know when and how.

Slaining: Familiar with how to remove skin and carcass preparation and processing. How the skin has to be processed into a product from the skin obtained.

Manure: Know how to collect and preserve it.

Important by product from Rabbit are meat, wool, fur and skin. It can be made highly profitable if products are properly processed and marketed. Many rabbit products are wasted because people do have not enough knowledge about processing.
 
Slaughtering: Know when and how.

Skinning

Familiar with how to remove skin and carcass preparation. How the skin has to be processed and how the products which can be obtained from skin.

Manure collection and preservation.

Slaughtering : It depends on demand, type of animal where meat is consumed more, it can be achieved in 2 methods.

Introduction

The livestock enterprise is complementary to crop production providing a balance and protective program of farming. Farming that combine’s crop production with livestock rearing is called mixed farming. If cow, buffalo. Poultry, piggery, sheep, goat etc. has more than 10 % contribution to grow gross income of farm is called Diversified type of farming.

Introduction

Buffalo dairy farming is a profitable business and has good potential for employment generation. India has 575 of world buffalo population. Buffalo milk contributes 57% of total milk production. Buffaloes have several advantages over crossbred cows as farm animal. They are well adapted to agro climatic conditions of our country. They are more disease resistant in comparison to crossbred cow (less incidence of milk fever and mastitis in buffaloes). They can thrive well on crop residues. Buffalo milk contains more buffalo fat for which the price of buffalo milk is more. Dairy farming is a profitable business for every class of people. It provides an excellent opportunity for self employment for unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation to small/marginal farmer and agriculture laborers. India is the largest milk producers in the world and having the first rank in world in milk production. Per capita availability of milk in India is 394 gm/day and in Jammu and Kashmir, it is 401 gm/day (2018-2019). The demand and supply of milk and milk products are increasing rapidly. There is a vast scope of dairy farming in our country.

The increasing cost of feed ingredients and its seasonal variability can be reduced by undertaking fodder cultivation. Before starting a dairy farm, the entrepreneurs/ farmers are advised to undergo training on dairy farming. Farmers can contact Local Animal Husbandry Staff/ Veterinary colleges/ Agriculture University etc. for this purpose. Farmer should also visit progressive dairy farmers and Agricultural University in the locality. Farmer must check the following points before starting a dairy farm.

Introduction

Dairy farming is a profitable business for every class of people. It provides an excellent opportunity for self employment for unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation to small/marginal farmer and agriculture laborers. India is the largest milk producers in the world and having the first rank rank in world in milk production. Per capita availability of milk in India is 394 gm/day and in Jammu and Kashmir, it is 401 gm/day (2018-2019). The demand and supply of milk and milk products are increasing rapidly. There is a vast scope of dairy farming in our country.

The increasing cost of feed ingredients and its seasonal variability can be reduced by undertaking fodder cultivation. Before starting a dairy farm, the entrepreneurs/ farmers are advised to undergo training on dairy farming. Farmers can contact Local Animal Husbandry Staff/ Veterinary colleges/ Agriculture University etc. for this purpose. Farmer should also visit progressive dairy farmers and Agricultural University in the locality. Farmer must check the following points before starting a dairy farm.

Introduction

Goat is being raised for centuries as poor man’s cow due to its importance of providing employment in rural areas by producing meat and healthy meat. Goats also play a major role in agriculture economy of India. Goat is excellent source of additional income for poor and landless owners. The goat milk is nutritious and easily digestible milk to their kids. Goats are easy to maintain as they can graze on open land. Goat farming is an excellent option where fodder and forage is limited. Goat farmers can get good returns with successful goat rearing. Now a day, goat farming has become more commercial and many people are taking up as a challenge to meet the demand and supply. Rank of India in goat population is 2^nd. Total goat population in the country is 148.88 million during 2019. Total goat has increased by 10.14% over previous livestock census (2012). About 27.8 % of the total is contributed by goats.

Introduction

Sheep is a multi-utility animal used for the production of wool, meat, skins and manure. They don’t require costly structures to house them. Sheep are sparing convertor of grass into meat and wool. The structure of their lips causes them to clean grains last to collect time and in this way convert waste feed into gainful items. Sheep eat different types of weed plant. This makes them phenomenal weed destroyer. They don’t damage plant like goats. They thrive well even under bad management practices. Unemployed youth can adopt sheep rearing as a source of gainful employment. Total sheep population in the country is 74.26 million during 2019. Total sheep has increased by 14.133% over previous livestock census (2012). About 13.8 % of the total livestock is contributed by sheep.

By 2050, the global population is projected to reach approximately 9.8 billion, requiring a 70% increase in food production to meet the growing dietary demands. The livestock sector will play a crucial role in addressing this rising need through sustainable animal production, contributing to food security, poverty alleviation, public health, and food safety. To tackle the challenges posed by population growth and to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), technological advancements and innovations will be essential in transforming the food and agriculture sectors.

In light of these challenges, Veterinary Services are more critical than ever. They are essential for enhancing livestock health and productivity, ensuring high-quality food that meets safety standards, and mitigating risks associated with animal diseases and public health. Additionally, Veterinary Services must contribute to global efforts in addressing issues such as food security, antimicrobial resistance, climate change, and the depletion of natural resources.

Introduction
An animal’s asymmetry in aggression towards another species is commonly used to characterise its dominance. In other contexts, dominance describes people who emerge victorious from brief dyadic competitions. Most animal groups are arranged in a hierarchical fashion, whereby members at higher ranks have more access to resources and opportunity for procreation than members at lower ranks. Signals of Dominance: Acts or structures known as signals are employed by signalers to convey information to recipients in a way that elicits a response from them. This response usually has positive fitness consequences for both the signaler and the recipient. These signs don’t always have to be easy to see.
Communities vary in the hierarchical pattern of dominance. The most common kind of rank relationships are those in which there is a “alpha” who is better than all other members of the group, a “beta” who is better than all members except the “alpha,” and so on down the hierarchy to the lowest ranker who is under all others. Therefore, if powerful males may be arranged in a single sequence, the system is known as a simple and linear dominance hierarchy.
Concepts of Dominance Hierarchies
1. Establishing dominance
2. Maintaining dominance
Dominance Hierarchy Types
1. Statistical hierarchy
2. Confidence hierarchy
3. Assessment hierarchy

Antibiotics have been used since their discovery to cure illness at therapeutic levels and to boost animal feed production at subtherapeutic levels by promoting animal development. Antibiotics have been regarded as necessary additives or supplements for improved growth and preservation of a healthy intestinal ecology in the production of chicken for more than 50 years (Huyghebaert et al., 2011). The Indian government outlawed the use of antibiotics in poultry feed in 2019. (Colistin, for example, is no longer allowed in poultry feed.) As a result, a lot of effort is being put into creating antibiotic substitutes. Alternatives to antibiotics should ideally possess the same advantageous qualities.

The topic deals with methods to increase the amount of water stored in the soil profile by trapping or holding rain water where it falls, or where there is some small movement as surface run – off. Principles: Choice of method. There is no simple way of classifying methods of water conservation. One suggestion is to do it by comparing rainfall with crop requirements, giving 3 conditions: (a) Where precipitation is less than crop requirements; here the strategy includes land treatments to increase run – off onto cropped areas, following for water conservation, and the use of drought – tolerant crops with suitable management practices. (b) Where precipitation is to crop requirements, here the strategy is local conservation of precipitation maximizing storage within the soil profile, and storage of excess run – off for subsequent use. (c) Where precipitation is in excess of crop requirements; in this case the strategies are to reduce rainfall erosion, to drain surplus run – off and store it for subsequent use.
Some design principles: The effect of scale, methods for crop land: Broad bed and furrow system (BBF), Ridging and tied ridging, Conservation bench terraces (CBT; also known as Zingg terrace, and flat channel terrace); Contour furrows (also known as contour bunds and desert strip farming); Water spreading (the use of run–off areas): Natural run – off; Collected and diverted run – off; Inundation methods, Flood diversion; Surface drainage; Other sources of water: Snow, dew, mist . [Figure 4].

Introduction

The huge nutritious potential of agricultural based byproducts has generated an interest of nutritionist for utilizing them in efficient ways in order to improve the production of animals. In this concern, solid state fermentation (SSF) is a promising and novel technique. The lignocellulosic structural characters of plant residues provide them a solid support and act as substrates for the microbial fermentation to produce certain value added products through SSF. The scope of SSF in the field of animal nutrition is wide, in terms for the production of enzymes, bioactive components, organic acids, vitamins, and feed additives, bio-transforming products, biological degradation and detoxification of agricultural residues/wastes. 

Principle

Dried milled samples are extracted successively with diethyl ether, 0.5 percent ammonium oxalate solution, NH₂SO₄ and 72 percent sulphuric acid. Soluble carbohydrate in the ammonium oxalate extract determined with anthrone and hydrolysed pentosans and hexosans in the combined N H₂SO₄. Seventy two percent sulphuric acid extract are determined with aniline acetate and chromotropic acid respectively. The method gives a maximum variation of 4 percent from the mean of duplicates with each carbohydrate component. The residual material is ashed to obtain crude lignin and a nitrogen correction applied.

Soluble carbohydrate - this group, which includes sugars, oligosaccharides, and the fructosans of grasses, provides a source of nutrients  readily available to livestock.

Principle

Dried milled samples are extracted successively with diethyl ether, 0.5 percent ammonium oxalate solution, NH₂SO₄ and 72 percent sulphuric acid. Soluble carbohydrate in the ammonium oxalate extract determined with anthrone and hydrolysed pentosans and hexosans in the combined N H₂SO₄. Seventy two percent sulphuric acid extract are determined with aniline acetate and chromotropic acid respectively. The method gives a maximum variation of 4 percent from the mean of duplicates with each carbohydrate component. The residual material is ashed to obtain crude lignin and a nitrogen correction applied.

Soluble carbohydrate - this group, which includes sugars, oligosaccharides, and the fructosans of grasses, provides a source of nutrients  readily available to livestock.

When dealing with the evaluation of the feeds and calculating the requirements of energy and protein for ruminants, it becomes necessary to inter convert values among different systems and units. Since the accuracy of conversions/equivalents and formulae used for calculating the requirements vary with different systems/constants used, the conversion factors and formulae given here can be used only as guidelines for routine purposes in laboratory or farms in feed formulation.

Receiving student award from Dr IP Singh Dean Veterinary Sciences
Receiving student award from Mrs (Dr) Shinade Acting Vice-Chancellor
Dr Rajendra Prasad award of ICAR-2002 (Union Agriculture Minister Shri Ajit Singh is giving award to Prof RS Chauhan in the presence of Shri Hukum Dev Narayan Yadav Minister of state and Secretary agriculture)
Receiving “Gopal Gaurav award” from Shankaracharya Shri Raghvendra Saraswati ji maharaj of Shri Ramchandrapuram muth, Shimoga Karnataka ^^xksiky xkSjo** lEeku izkIr djrs gq,
Dr Jeff G Vos Congratulating Prof RS Chauhan on becoming advisor WHO at NIPHE Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
 Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Agriculture minister Shri Sompal Shashtri ji in a function of Prakrati Bharti at Kota (Rajasthan)
Dr RS Chauhan is with the Union Science & Technology minister Shri Bachi Singh Rawat ji in a function of SIIP at CIMAP Lal kuan (Uttarakhand)

Blood transfusions, while life-saving, can sometimes result in adverse reactions. These reactions range from mild allergic responses to severe hemolysis or anaphylaxis. Prompt recognition and administration of appropriate antidotes are crucial to mitigate these effects and ensure patient safety. This chapter discusses the antidotes used in different species of animals for blood transfusion reactions, their doses, and species-specific considerations.
Types of transfusion reactions
I. Febrile non-hemolytic reaction: Caused by leukocyte antigens or cytokines in the donor blood.
II. Allergic reaction: Due to hypersensitivity to plasma proteins.
III. Hemolytic reaction: Immune-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells (RBCs).
IV. Volume overload: Excessive fluid administration leading to pulmonary edema.
V. Anaphylaxis: Severe, life-threatening allergic response.