eChapters

Introduction

The world is said to be a global village organizations and people must learn, unlearn and relearn to expand their capacities and survive in the highly competitive market place. In view of rapidly changing socio–economic circumstance, it is a challenge to survive, excel and grow. It is knowledge which can make difference in getting the competitive edge. Thus, organizations need to pool their internal knowledge and find ways to update, enhance, share and create value. Organizations need to analyze their collective knowledge and use them most efficiently. Need for new and new technology is driving people to innovate in every sphere.

Introduction

The Government of India created a historic act, by enacting the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the largest employment generating programme in the world, ensuring the right to work in a country with a population of over one billion. The Government of India passed the NREGA 2005, (Central Act No. 42 of 2005). NREGA was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on October 2nd, 2009. MGNREGA is the first ever law, in the world that guarantees wage employment at an unprecedented scale. This Act gives legal guarantee of at least one hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled and manual work. The Act is applicable in the Districts notified by the Government of India, the implementation of the Act calls for the formulation of Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme by the State Governments.

The key processes in the implementation of MGNREGA are the adult members of rural households submit their name, age and address with photo to the Gram Panchayat, which in turn registers households after making enquiry and issues a job card which contains the details of adult member enrolled and his/her photo. Registered person can submit an application for work in writing (for at least fourteen days of continuous work) either to Panchayat or to Programme Officer, who will accept the valid application and issue dated receipt of application, letter providing work will be sent to the applicant and displayed at Panchayat office. The employment will be provided within a radius of 5 kilometers and if it is above 5 kilometers extra wage will be paid. If employment under the scheme is not provided within fifteen days of receipt of the application, daily unemployment allowance will be paid to the applicant.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra is a Government of India funded Indian Council of Agricultural Research Project implemented at district level for enhancing the productivity and livelihood through scientific extension works. Realizing the importance of technology dissemination in the changing scenario of food and nutritional security, ICAR intervened in a big way. All the first line extension projects were merged and brought under single umbrella of KVK. The major emphasis was to enhance the production and productivity as well as to generate household income and employment of farming community. It was also envisaged that these extension works will be act as model for extension agencies and also catalyzed to improve the existing systems for better delivery mechanism.

Latent Structure Analysis: Latent Structure Analysis shares both of the objectives of factor analysis to extract latent factors as well as an express relationship of observed (manifest) variables with the factors as their indicators and to classify a population of respondents into guanine types. This analysis is suitable if the variables involved in the study do not possess dependency relationship and happen to be non-metric.

Definition-Importance of keeping a lab record-Features of a lab record - Contents of lab record-Guidelines for keeping a lab record

Definition

It is a primary record of research. Researchers use a lab note book to document their hypotheses, experiments and initial analysis or interpretation of these experiments.

Laboratory Record

The following is a general description of how to keep a proper laboratory notebook. Requirements for different teaching, research, clinical, or industrial labs will most likely vary. Some institutions/labs will require less stringent record keeping, others will hold you to a very strict protocol. A well kept notebook provides a reliable reference for writing up materials and methods and results for a study. It is a legally valid record that preserves your rights or those of an employer or academic investigator to your discoveries. A comprehensive notebook permits one to reproduce any part of a methodology completely and accurately.

The group of animals constantly used in laboratories for general research in all discipline of science is called as laboratory animals. Commonly, it includes rats, mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. However, under certain circumstances, additional animal species like hamsters, non-human primates, amphibians, fowl, sheep and pigs can also be included. This term incorporates traditional laboratory animals, farm animals, wildlife and aquatic animals. Nontraditional animals, inclusive of invertebrate species are also included where they are relevant to the unit’s mission. Generally, these animals come under vertebrate but broadly laboratory animals may be classified in two major groups i.e. laboratory mammals and non-mammalian laboratory animals. The laboratory mammals include mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, ferret, gerbil, bats, hamster, mink and monkey (Rhesus). Beside these mammalians the large domestic animals/livestock are also used as laboratory animals (horse, cow, sheep, goat etc) for fulfilling the demands of various laboratories. Poultry is also used as non-mammalian laboratory animals and Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chicks are at utmost demand for production and testing of biologicals. The other non-mammalian laboratory animals includes reptiles (tortoise, lizzards and snakes), insects (cockroach, drosophila, house fly, house cricket, locusts, tsetse fly, stablefly etc) pisces (fishes and snails) and amphibians (toad and frog). Laboratory animals have been used extensively for basic research in drug and bacteria screening, toxicology, antibiotic sensitivity testing, animal models of diseases and production/testing of biologicals. Laboratory mammals are also valuable for diagnosis of infectious diseases in man and domestic animals. In this chapter the most commonly used laboratory animals i.e. mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits will be discussed.

Labour economics : The aspects of economics concerned with the supply and demand for labor. This includes factors affecting the participation rate, wage bargaining and organized labor, training, hours and conditions of work, practices concerning hiring, redundancy, labor turnover, migration and the age of retirement.

Labour intensive : A production process that involves comparatively large amounts of labour; the opposite of capital intensive.

Labour market flexibility : A flexible labour market is one in which it is easy and inexpensive for firms to vary the amount of labour they use, including by changing the hours worked by each employee and by changing the number of employees. This often means minimal regulation of the terms of employment (no minimum wage, say) and weak (or no) trade unions. Such flexibility is characterised by its opponents as giving firms all the power, allowing them to fire employees at a moment’s notice and leaving workers feeling insecure.

Labour theory of value : The notion that the value of any good or service depends on how much labour it uses up. First suggested by adam smith, it took a central place in the philosophy of karl marx. Some neo-classical economists disagreed with this theory, arguing that the price of something was independent of how much labour went into producing it and was instead determined solely by supply and demand.

Introduction

Enhancing productivity and profitability are two major factors of agricultural growth for the future. Over dependence on monsoon and limited scope for area expansion made agriculture development is critical to generate employment and additional income for the rural poor. Major part of agricultural population is small and marginal farmers who are economically vulnerable and poor. The consequence of inclement weather on crop production affects ultimately livelihoods of farmers. In the changing scenario improvements in farmers’ productivity and profitability, diversification of agriculture have been acknowledged to enhance profit, generate additional employment for rural masses and to conserve the natural resources.

Integration of different component at farm level is the need of hour to enhance the profitability of agriculture production system. Jharkhand state a resource rich state wheremonocroping in rainfed agriculture with small undulated upland is in practice. Rural economy is mixed type where forest produce particularly lac play important role. To enhance rural economy, integration of agriculture with forest based intervention appears to be viable option to enhance profits and productivity of upland which is almost sixty percent of total cultivable land. Even though moisture is available during Rabi free grazing made imperative cultivation of second crop. Continuous aberrant weather demand the inclusion of forest resources to be exploited in diversified and integrated manner as forest interventions require little water.

The Resource of Land
One limited natural resource is land. The resource-generating regions found in terrain forms such as hills, valleys, plains, river basins, and wetlands are essential to the livelihood of the inhabitants. An ordered combination of minerals, organic matter, living things, air, and water is called soil. The soil is bound together by grass and tree roots. Land becomes unproductive and turns into wasteland when trees are reduced in size or grasslands are overgrazed.
Land is a valuable resource because it supplies the necessary substrate for the growth of vegetation, forestry, agriculture, and other industries. Approximately 54% of India’s land is used for agriculture. Land is necessary for man to construct dwellings, cultivate food, maintain pastures for domesticated animals, create towns and cities to support industries, and develop industries to produce things.
Degradation of Land
It can be characterized as any alteration to the land that lowers its quality or condition and, consequently, its capacity for yield. It happens anytime human activity alters the natural equilibrium of the environment through abuse or overuse. The main issues with land degradation are:
• Erosion by wind
• Water erosion including large-scale hillside movement
• Salinity of dry terrain
• The salinity caused by irrigation
• Surface scorching of soil
• Logging using water

I. MANDATE OF COPYRIGHT LAW

The importance of intellectual property rights has arisen in recent years to a great extent. The law of copyrights protects original forms of expression i.e. Novels, Movies, Musical compositions and computer software etc. Earlier it was mainly confined to the -published Work and owner of it could prevent others from getting it published in the form of books or articles in order to get benefit in terms of money or goodwill or reputation. In case of such undue enrichment, the owner had a valid cause of action. The owner of the copyright has a valid cause of action against the violator. At present even in case of its adoption and translation or abridgement, it is obligatory to have consent of author. The main purpose and object of copyright law is to protect the expression in any other form from unauthorized use. Since 1847, the copyrights law is in developing stage so, many legislations has been enacted.1 With the changing of times, the meaning of expression also changes and the style of exhibit the things also changed. The right of author who gives expression in any form is protected from unauthorized use.

Advertising plays a crucial role in modern business, influencing consumer behavior and shaping market trends. However, the power of advertising necessitates a framework of laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that messages remain truthful, fair, and socially responsible. This chapter explores the legal and ethical considerations in advertising, highlighting key regulations, ethical principles, and real-world implications.

Public Relations (PR) professionals operate at the intersection of communication, media, business, and society. Their work shapes public perception, builds relationships, and influences the decision-making of individuals and groups. To ensure that this influence is wielded responsibly, PR professionals are guided by both legal frameworks and ethical standards. In this chapter, we will discuss the laws that govern PR practices, the ethical principles that guide professionals in the field, and relevant case studies that illustrate the importance of adhering to these laws and ethical standards.
Introduction to PR Laws and Ethics
The role of public relations has evolved to demand accountability, transparency, and ethical responsibility. The impact that PR practitioners have on society makes it essential for them to follow legal requirements while maintaining high ethical standards. Laws governing PR are often derived from broader communications and media regulations, while ethics are typically guided by professional codes of conduct. Laws represent minimum standards enforced by legal authorities, while ethics go beyond the legal realm, embodying the moral responsibilities of PR professionals.

Introduction
Listening is a vital communication skill that underpins effective interpersonal and professional interactions. It goes beyond merely hearing sounds; listening involves understanding, interpreting, and responding to messages accurately. This chapter explores learning activities designed to assess and enhance listening skills, offering theoretical insights and practical strategies for educators, trainers, and learners.
Understanding Listening Skills
Listening is a complex process that includes the following components:
1. Receiving: The physiological aspect of hearing sounds.
2. Understanding: Making sense of the words and context.
3. Evaluating: Assessing the content’s relevance and accuracy.
4. Responding: Providing feedback or action based on understanding.
5. Retention: Storing the information for future use.
Listening skills can be classified into
• Active Listening: Focused attention and engagement with the speaker.
• Reflective Listening: Paraphrasing and reflecting to confirm understanding.
• Critical Listening: Evaluating the message’s content critically.

I. ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The international community has set itself the target of reducing the proportion of people below poverty line to half by 2015, along with associated specific targets for improving health and education and environmental sustainability. The Millennium Development Goals, adopted at various international fora, recognize the crucial importance of reducing poverty and hunger, improving health and education, and ensuring environmental sustainability. It is important to know whether and how intellectual property rights (IPRs) could play a role in helping the world meet these targets — in particular by reducing poverty, helping to combat diseases, enhancing access to education and contributing to sustainable development, protecting our cultural heritage, safeguarding the food security for the country. It is also necessary to deliberate whether and how they create obstacles to meeting those targets and, if so, how those obstacles can be removed.

There are strong views from both sides on the protection and enforcement of IPRs though there is no data to check these views objectively. Some argue strongly that IPRs are necessary to stimulate economic growth, which in turn, helps in poverty reduction. By stimulating invention and new technologies, IPRs help to increase agricultural or industrial production, promote domestic and foreign investment, facilitate technology transfer and improve the availability of medicines necessary to combat diseases. They are also of the view that there is no reason why a system that has worked for developed countries would not work for developing countries. Others argue equally vehemently the opposite. IPRs do little to stimulate invention in developing countries, because the necessary human and technical capacity may be absent there. In assessing these opposing arguments, it is important to remember the technological disparity between developed and developing countries as a group. What role the intellectual property can play to plug this gap is a serious subject for every developing nation? For this, it is also pertinent to know about the IPRs, the challenges they pose to the legal system in general and to the Indian legal system in particular, and their basic rationale to take a considered approach in their implementation.

8.1 Key legal statutes and regulatory foundations
Various policy measures were also undertaken by the Government of India in due course of time. The Government of India enacted four science policies after gaining independence, i.e. Scientific Policy Resolution (1958), Technology Policy Statement (1983), Science and Technology Policy (2003) and Science Technology and Innovation Policy (2013). The 1983 Technology Policy Statement possessed a simple goal of creating indigenous technology and boosting efficient absorption and adaptation of imported technologies suited to the nation’s priorities and. The Technology Policy Statement of 1983 was followed up through the establishment of the Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), an autonomous organization entirely owned by the Government of India under the Department of Science and Technology during 1988. TIFAC also offers some funding and supports development and commercialization of technologies through the home-grown technology scheme, among its other operations. The Technology Development Board Act (1995) was also a significant policy move of the government in the same direction. Also in recent times, the Government of India also unveiled its own National IPR Policy 2016 with the motto cum slogan “Creative India, Innovative India”. In addition, the policy is aligned to a number of other schemes of the Indian Government like “Make in India”, “Atal Innovation Mission”, “Start-Up India” and “Stand-Up India”, all aimed at encouraging creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in the nation.

Introduction

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are the organizations engaged in particular plethora of activities aimed at protecting and promoting the varied interests of the people. As the name suggests, NGOs are the state independent voluntary groups working towards various social causes – ‘Charitable Purposes’. Section 2 (15) of the Income Tax Act 1961 explains charitable purpose as those activities aimed at the relief of the poor, education, yoga, medical relief, preservation of environment including the watersheds, wild life forests and preservation of monuments or places or objects of artistic or historic interest and the advancement of any other object of general public utility. These ‘Not–for Profit’ organizations differ from other business as the main aim of such ventures is charity not generating profits. These NGOs are prohibited from distributing the income generated from their working among its members. There is no single consolidated act dealing with the formation and registration of NGOs. This is because an NGO is an umbrella term for all the charitable ventures. An NGO, in itself, can have various structures. These can be registered as societies, trusts and as private limited. Non-profit companies commonly referred to as section 8 companies therefore an NGO can be registered under any of the three acts i.e., Company Act (2013), Societies Registration Act (1860) and Indian Trust Act (1862).

1.0. Objectives

• To provide knowledge of the correct structure and content of the formal letter
• To show the letter-writing etiquette
• To impart knowledge of different types of letters
• To make out how to develop ideas in a formal and informal letter
• To make them practice writing letters

Role-play is a product of ‘play’, ‘games’ and ‘simulation’ (Gabrielle McSharry, 2000). In science education, role-play may be seen as an interaction between these three components – either in combination or by themselves – and students who perform such activities results in learning outcome. In the context of social studies, role-play is used to learn the issues and decisions of the past and how things might have been different in local community in a broader setting. Aside from knowledge acquisition, preparing and conducting a role-play activity strengthens students’ knowledge, acquisition skills, their creativity, their values clarification skills and a variety of interpersonal skills identified in the curriculum outcomes. As an effective instructional teaching strategy, role-playing emphasizes the social nature of learning and sees cooperative behaviour as stimulating students both socially and intellectually.

Lighting is a fundamental aspect of filmmaking and photography, crucial for setting the mood and tone of a scene. Different lighting techniques can evoke various emotions and atmospheres, helping to tell the story visually. Here are some common lighting techniques and the moods they create:

Types of Lighting Techniques

1. Three-Point Lighting

• Key Light: The main source of light, providing the primary illumination.

• Fill Light: Reduces shadows created by the key light.

• Back Light: Adds depth by separating the subject from the background.

ABSTRACT

Farmers in India are at the mercy of traders especially the middlemen who fix lower rates at the farmers end. The farmers are desperate as they are not aware of the prices elsewhere and they have meager produce at their hand. Market led agriculture is need of the hour which needs market intelligence. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in collaboration with Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hyderabad centre initiated the project for the benefit of farmers and traders covering six major markets of South India as Pilot project. Main emphasis of the project is covering Perishable items of 161 commodities, updating the daily wholesale and retail price through www.tnau.ac.in/ www.indg.in @ 1.00 PM with the help of Market Analysts recruited for this purpose. Ensuring the last mile connectivity and reaching the large number of users, the price information is being delivered through Mobile phone. This paper also explains about its additional features.