eChapters

    1.    Technical support
    2.    Financial support

1. Technical support

A. Institutes for Professional skills in dairy based enterprises:

Several institutions offer training programmes in dairy based enterprises:

I. Society for Innovation & Entrepreneurship in Dairying (SINED)

Society for Innovation & Entrepreneurship in Dairying (SINED) is registered under society regulation act 1860, hosted by National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal for promotion of entrepreneurship in dairying. The major activity of the society is to administer a Technology Business Incubator which provides support for technology based entrepreneurship in Dairying.

Price determination under perfect competition - It can be called as a market structure characterized by a complete absence of competition or rivalry among the individual firms. The sellers and buyers cannot determine the price, only the Industry decides the price of the goods. It means the forces of supply and demand determine the price of the goods

Perfect competition is defined as a market situation where there are a large number of sellers of a homogeneous product. An individual firm supplies a very small portion of the total output and is not powerful enough to exert an influence on the market price. A single buyer, however large, is not in a position to influence the market price.

Demand under perfect competition

Demand refers to the quantity of a product that consumers are willing to purchase at a particular price, while other factors remain constant. A consumer demands more quantity at lower price and less quantity at higher price. Therefore, the demand varies at different prices. Market demand means the sum of the quantity demanded by individual buyers at different prices.

Overhead Projector
Principles of Over Head Projector (OHP)
A projector, which projects the image over the head of an instructor on the screen, is called OHP. It worked on the principle of indirect projection. With the use of lens of short focal length and two mirrors the picture is reflected on the screen. The drawing, diagram, letter (may be in colour or in black and white) etc. are made on transparent sheet and are put on the glass platform of the OHP, through which strong light is passed. The rays of light are converged by a lens and reflected by a mirror held at an angle of 45°.

OBJECTIVE OF EXTENSION EDUCATION

Objective

Objectives are expression of the ends towards which our efforts are directed.

The objective of extension is to develop the rural people economically, socially and culturaly by means of education. Overall, these objectives are divided into 4 types they are :

a)   Material objective

b)   Educational objective

c)   Social and cultural objective

d)   Developing leadership objective

a) Material objective

According to National Commission on Agriculture (1976). Agriculture extension aims at improving the efficiency of human capital, an effort to rapidly increase the rate of agricultural production. It also seeks to import necessary skill to farmer to understand the improved agricultural operation and improve the their own income, own resource and also the money value.

b) Educational objective

Extension education also aims at development of individual to change in behaviour by identifying their knowledge, skill, attitude and action. It aims at increasing the knowledge of people to analyse their past, present and expected future situation, to become aware of problem identification, solution and also realising their felt and unfelt need.

Public relations (PR) encompass a diverse range of tools and techniques designed to create, maintain, and improve the public image of an organization or individual. These tools serve to engage different audiences, manage brand perception, and build trust. With the rise of digital media, traditional PR tools have evolved, blending with new digital strategies. This chapter explores essential PR tools, offering insights into how they work, their applications, and relevant case studies to illustrate their effectiveness.
Public relations tools are varied and adaptable, designed to communicate effectively and build relationships with different publics. Here’s a list of common PR tools, each with a unique role in achieving PR goals:
1. Media Relations
2. Press Releases
3. Media Kits
4. Newsletters
5. Social Media
6. Events and Press Conferences
7. Public Service Announcements (PSAs)
8. Sponsorships and Partnerships
9. Blogs and Content Marketing
10. Community Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives
11. Influencer and Blogger Outreach
12. Crisis Communication Plans
13. Surveys and Polls
14. Email Campaigns
15. Webinars and Virtual Events

Introduction

The Horticulture crops and commercial crops like sugarcane have become a key drivers for economic development in many of the states in India, and it contributes 29.5 per cent and 24.80 percent respectively to the GDP of agriculture, which calls for technology-led development. The research priorities for genetic resource enhancement and its utilization, enhancing the efficiency of production and reducing the losses in environment friendly manner and effectively channellising the marketing for the produce. Accordingly the research was taken up to study on the prioritization of research for the crops viz., sugarcane, banana and jasmine. The study deals with the knowledge, adoption and research priorities on selected crops’ cultivation which has already been occurred.

Introduction

Farming community is facing multiple problems to maximize crop productivity as well as to increase farm income. In spite of successful research on new agricultural practices concerning crop cultivation, majority of the farmers are not getting upper-bound yield and not earning profit due to several constraints. One of them is that expert advice regarding crop cultivation is not reaching the farming community in a timely manner. It is true that India possesses valuable agricultural knowledge and expertise. However, a wide information gap exists between research and actual adoption in the field. Farmers need timely expert advice to make farming more productive and competitive. Local information resource centers are gaining importance with computers carrying expert systems to help farmers in making decisions. It is known that many Agricultural Research Institutes are involved in the development of agricultural expert system to satisfy the information needs of farmers.

“Mostpeople spend more time and energy going around problems than in trying to solve them.”
 

- Henry Ford

A problem can be defined as a situation that prevents us from achieving the goals we have set for ourselves. It can be anything from financial, personal to work-related. Problems can arise anywhere, and any activity that helps to end our problem results in problem-solving. Being a part of an extension organization we have to come across different kinds of problems. Every job role has its problems. But how well do we cope up with the everyday problems that we often face? Some people are good at problem-solving. Others may think they are not. Most are somewhere in between.

Good problem solving skills empower managers in their professional and personal lives. Good problem solving skills seldom come naturally; they are consciously learnt and nurtured. The selection of good problem solving skills includes:

Introduction

Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, quails, guinea fowls, and geese for the purpose of farming meat or egg for food. Indian poultry industry is one of the fasted growing segments of the agricultural sector today in India. Undoubtedly, this impressive growth is a result of several factors such as active development support from the state and central government, research institutes, international collaboration and private sector participation. Indian poultry industry is self sufficient, supported by a broad and strong genetic base in which the productivity levels of broilers and layers are equal to those achieved elsewhere (i.e. in the United States of America and the European Union). Raising of day old chicks up to the stage of sale with assistance in the form of services from hatcheries, medical care from veterinarians, supply of medicine from pharmaceutical companies, manufacturing quality medicine, supply of poultry equipments and supply of nutritive poultry feed by commercial poultry feed manufacturers and financial assistance from various financial institutions are included under poultry industry.

In the recent days, poultry farming has become an important industry in our country. The changes, it has undergone in the past few years are quite surprising. The scope of the poultry farming is very much and there is lot of chances for improvement in this field. With the help of sophisticated instruments, the production of poultry products can be increased. Creation of public aware is needed for overall development of poultry industry. The egg is needed for over all development of poultry industry. The egg earlier treated as non-vegetarian item, is not being considered by most as not so.

Introduction

Milk is a natural food source of mammals. Animals produce milk to feed their young-ones until they are ready for solid feed. Cow milk contains protein, vitamins and minerals which are essential for the overall growth of the body. Cow milk contains a lot of nutrients and it has great role for overall health. Cow milk helps to boost the immune system of humans. Cow milk has a high content of calcium and minerals which plays a key role in maintaining bone density. Because of its high calcium content, cow’s milk is also considered great for teeth health. Cow milk has all essential amino acids that are required for growth and development. It is very beneficial for children as it helps to grow with physically and mentally. Cow milk help to reduce weight loss as it loaded with protein which is essential for weight loss. Calcium and vitamin D of milk increases the metabolic rate of the body. A better metabolic rate helps in burning calories faster. Drinking cow milk regularly helps you in maintaining the blood sugar levels in the body. Cow’s milk has essential minerals and vitamins that help in processing the food normally and this helps to maintain the insulin and glucose level.

Introduction

Goat is being raised for centuries as poor man’s cow due to its importance of providing employment in rural areas by producing meat and healthy meat. Goats also play major role in agriculture economy of India. Goat is excellent source of additional income for poor and landless owners. Farm can start from 1 male goat and 1 female goat. The goat milk is nutritious and easily digestible milk to their kids. Goats are easy to maintain as they can graze on open land. Goat farming is an excellent option where fodder and forage is limited. Goat farmers can get good returns with successful goat rearing. Now a day, goat farming has become more commercial and many people are taking up as a challenge to meet the demand and supply. There is good encouragement from governments and providing subsidies on especially stall fed goat farming. Most of the farmers, choosing stall fed goat farming as it has its own advantages as compared to open grazing methods.

Introduction

Sheeps were first domesticated by human being, many thousands of years ago for their wool, meat and skins. It provides a source of income to the shepherds through sale of wool and animal. Sheep do not need expensive building to house them and require less labour than other kinds of livestock. The foundation stock is relatively cheap and the flock can be multiplied rapidly. Sheep are economical convertor of grass into meat and wool. Sheep will eat varied kinds of plants compared to other kind of livestock. This makes them excellent weed destroyer. Unlike goats sheep hardly damage any tree. The production of wool, meat and manure provides three different source of income to the shepherd. The structure of their lips helps them to clean grains lost at harvest time and thus convert waste feed into profitable products.

Procurement is acquisition of goods and services.
Procurement includes:
• Planning the acquisition
• Planning the contracting
• Requesting proposals 
• Selecting a vendor
• Administering the contract
• Closing the contract 

Planning the acquisition

It is based on goals of an enterprise acquisition varies – depends on what, when and where to produce. Based on these factors acquisition requirements are arrived.

Introduction
The sun is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth. The primary energy source for the majority of ecosystems is limited to this one. Photosynthesis is performed by green plants, certain types of algae, and microorganisms. They utilize solar energy to fuel chemical reactions that combine basic inorganic components to create intricate organic chemicals. Elements undergo a cyclical process as they move through the different compartments of an ecosystem.
Photosynthesis is the process by which solar energy is captured and transformed into food in the form of chemical energy. Food comprises fundamental elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other necessary elements, along with stored energy. The components present in the food undergo recycling. The flow of energy and nutrients begins with the producers, then moves to the consumers, and ultimately returns to the producers through the activity of decomposers. Energy, in contrast to materials, is not subject to recycling. Food traverses the food web, resulting in energy dissipation. Typically, just a mere 10% of the energy accumulated in a certain trophic
level, such as the producers, is effectively passed on to the subsequent trophic level, such as the herbivores. This is referred to as the energy pyramid. Ultimately, the energy available in the trophic level becomes so depleted that it cannot sustain any higher trophic levels. Consequently, the presence of fourth order consumers in any ecosystem is extremely rare.
The biotic component, often known as the life component of the environment, encompasses a diverse array of plants, animals, and bacteria, which form interconnected communities.

Bennett’s Hierarchy

To set the scene for this we head back to the 1970s when Claude Bennett worked as a specialist in evaluation with the extension service. He wanted to make sure that extension was collecting information that was able to illustrate the effectiveness of extension, and help extension improve its services to clients. So, he developed seven categories of criteria for evaluating extension programmes based on what he called a ‘seven link chain of events. He put these into a hierarchy literally in his article describing this-as a diagram of seven steps.

Introduction

Programme for self-employment of the poor has been an important component of the anti-poverty programmes implemented through government initiatives in the rural areas in India. The Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) is the major ongoing programme for the self-employment of rural poor at present. The programme was started with effect from 01.04.1999 after restructuring of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), and allied programmes namely Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of Toolkits in Rural Areas (SITRA) and Ganga Kalyan Yojna (GKY) and Million Well Scheme (MWS). Govt. of Orissa have launched ‘Mission Shakti’ programme in 2001 with an aim to have at least three lakh WSHGs by the end of 2008. By the end of March 2008, 3.73 lakh WSHGs have been formed under Mission Shakti (Annon, 2007-08). SGSY has contributed substantially in carrying forward the Mission Shakti activities in the state. A study was conducted by the Center for Management and Development, Thiruvananthapuram for concurrent evaluation of the implementation of the SGSY. It was established that the performance of SGSY in Assam, M.P., Orissa, West Bengal and Bihar was the lowest among the major states (Anon, 2002-03). SGSY is implemented in a very deterministic and top down manner, ignoring the participatory approach that is envisaged in the design. Good governance for poverty alleviation programme seems to be more of rhetoric than reality (Shylendra and Bhirdikar, 2005). The Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India has set guidelines for successful implementation of the scheme within the framework of targets under each head. As per the guidelines, all the states are directed to fulfill the targets. After 10 years of implementation of the scheme, an evaluation of the programme in district level and state level is in dire need. Hence, it is attempted to evaluate the physical and financial achievement of the SGSY programme operated at Orissa.

An important decision that the management has to take during implementation of the process of evaluation is about which model to choose. The choice of a single model will mainly depend on the nature of the problem or the situation in an organization. However an integrative approach using more than one model may also be used. Before implementation of any of these models and before the actual process of evaluation starts it is important to make suitable preparations and create a conducive environment in the organization for successful conductance of the evaluation. The following points are to be taken
in to consideration before and at the time an evaluation is carried out in an organization:

Programme evaluation requires appropriate frameworks that can connect programme resources and activities with measurable learning, behavioural and developmental outcomes. This chapter presents two important tools for agricultural extension evaluation: Bennett’s Hierarchy of Evaluation and the Logical Framework Approach (LFA). Bennett’s Hierarchy provides a structured progression from programme inputs and activities to participation, learning, behavioural change and ultimate social, economic and environmental results. Its particular value in agricultural extension lies in linking educational interventions with observable changes among farmers and communities. The chapter explains its conceptual foundation, seven levels, applications, advantages and limitations. The Logical Framework Approach is introduced as a systematic tool for programme planning, monitoring and evaluation. It organizes programme goals, purposes, outputs and activities within a logical results framework and incorporates objectively verifiable indicators, means of verification and assumptions. The chapter also discusses participatory logical frameworks, Results-Based Management, Outcome Mapping, Theory of Change, Goal-Oriented Project Planning and Objectives-Oriented Project Planning, thereby providing complementary approaches for designing and evaluating development programmes

Effective agricultural extension programmes require systematic planning, scheduling, coordination and monitoring of activities. Programme management techniques provide practical tools for organizing resources and activities so that programme objectives can be achieved within defined time and resource constraints. This chapter introduces important techniques used for planning and managing agricultural development and extension programmes, with particular emphasis on SWOT analysis, bar charts, network techniques, Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), and Critical Path Method (CPM). SWOT analysis provides a structured approach for examining internal strengths and weaknesses along with external opportunities and threats affecting a programme. Bar charts and Gantt charts assist in presenting activities against time and monitoring programme progress. Network techniques provide a more systematic representation of relationships among programme activities. PERT is particularly useful where activity durations involve uncertainty, while CPM helps identify critical activities, scheduling constraints and opportunities for time and cost optimization. Together, these techniques provide extension professionals with practical methods for programme planning, scheduling, resource utilization, monitoring and management