eChapters

For any research endeavor, perusal of available literature is of paramount importance. Such an effort will highlight the attempt made and provide a clear comprehension of similar studies. A search on earlier research studies revealed that only a few have concentrated on Multimedia, Interactive Multimedia and Information Technology (IT) in transfer of farm technology. The available concepts and literature are presented under the following sub-heads.

2.1 IT in Farm Technology

2.2 Interactive Multimedia in Farm Technology Transfer

2.3 Selection of Farm Technology

2.4 Effectiveness of Different Extension Teaching /Learning Methods

2.5 Effectiveness of Knowledge Gain

2.6 Effectiveness of Symbolic Adoption

2.7 Farmers Perception about Farm Technologies and Modes of presentation

2.8 Relationship of Characteristics of Farmers with their Knowledge and Symbolic Adoption.

Theories of entrepreneurship
1. An economic theory
2. Leibensteon’s X-efficiency theory
3. Dynamic entrepreneurship innovation theory
4. Harvard School theory
5. Theory of high achievement
6. Theory of change
7. Theory of profit
8. Theory of adjustment of price
9. Theory of market
10. Theory of social change
11. Theory of entrepreneurial supply
12. Theory of personal resourcefulness
13. Theory of cultural values 

Entrepreneurship Development
Entrepreneurship Development (ED) is a recent perspective in extension approaches. It attempts to integrate sociological nature of agricultural sector with capitalistic entrepreneurship. The terms like social entrepreneurship, corporate social responsibility and agricultural entrepreneurship have recently come in vogue. It is the most significant factor to bring about transformation of agricultural sector.
Theories of Entrepreneurship Development
The word entrepreneur is derived from a French root entreprenerd, meaning. to begin something, to undertake. Entrepreneur is a person with a high need for achievement [N-Ach] who is energetic and a moderate risk taker. An entrepreneur searches for change, responds to it and exploits opportunities. Entrepreneur is an innovator and dynamic agent of change, a catalyst who transforms increasingly physical, natural and human resources in a corresponding production possibility. Entrepreneurship is a means by which economy and society are transformed. The emergence of entrepreneurs in a society depends upon closely interlinked economic, social, religious, cultural and psychological variables.
Personality traits perspective of entrepreneurship
In this approach, the entrepreneur is assumed to possess a particular personality type and thus much research has been to enumerate a set of characteristics possessed. The main Concepts studied include innovativeness, dynamism, risk taking, creativity, alertness, need for achievement, aspirations, self-confidence and being ambitious. An entrepreneur is an individual who possesses qualities of risk-taking, leadership, motivation, and the ability to resolve problems. Entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviour also include openness to new information and people, motivation, making independent and self-directed decisions, the ability to see opportunities in a rapidly changing and uncertain environment, persistence, the motivation to achieve, technical know-how, taking ownership, personal integrity, accountable, capacity to manage and
organise.

Production- Function- The technical law relating inputs to outputs has beengiven the name of production function. Production function expresses the relationship between physical input and physical output of a firm for a given state of technology.
Law of Variable Proportion or Law of Diminishing Returns (Short Run Production Function)
This law explains the relationship between inputs and outputs in the short period. According to this law, output can be changed by altering variable factors (such as labour and feed) while keeping other factors (such as land and infrastructure) constant. The law states that with an increase in variable factors, keeping other factors constant, total product initially increases at an increasing rate, then increases at a diminishing rate, and finally starts decreasing.
1. Total Product (TP) - Refers to the total output of the firm per period of time.
1. Example: Total litres of milk produced by a dairy farm per day.

The chapter covers some important terms and their concepts connected to the research that are necessary to effectively communicate the study’s ideas, as well as to give a theoretical foundation for the empirical investigation and direction for the selection of pertinent predicting factors.
3.1. Health, hygiene, nutrition
For the development of human resources, prerequisites include education, health, cleanliness, and nutrition. Women have trouble determining their level of hygiene and wellness. Proper nutrition and basic cleanliness are essential for maintaining a decent health status. Health is more than just the absence of sickness and disability; it is of overall physical, mental and social wellbeing. A nation’s female population’s health has a significant impact on children’s health and education, as well as the household’s economic well-being. According to the WHO, hygiene is the practice of particular behaviors to preserve good health on both a personal level including personal hygiene, cleanliness, exercise, proper rest, sleep, bathing, avoiding smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs and a community level. The state of human society’s health is significantly impacted by hygiene practices. Accordingto WHO, ?Nutrition isthe intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. ''An important health indicator for both children and adults is proper nutrition. The lack of primary and specialized care is one of several problems affecting all rural women. Chronic disorders like cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases are alsomore prevalent in rural settings.
3.2. Hunger and malnutrition
Malnutrition includes both overeating and undereating and involves an insufficient, excessive, or unbalanced intake of nutrients for healthy tissue and organ function. Inadequate care, such as inadequate breastfeeding or poor dietaryintake during pregnancy, as well as a lack of public health services and access to clean water, are some of the underlying causes of malnutrition. These factors may also contribute to inadequate care and poor nutrition. Global hunger has increased since 2016, affecting 815 million people, according to a United Nations assessment on world food security and nutrition. According to WHO,98 million children under the age offive, or around one in every six children, are underweight. This increase attributed to climate change and rising violence. According to the director of the world food program ?In the fight against hunger we could now be facing a perfect storm of challenges, including climate change and increasingly severe droughts and floods, soaring food prices and the tightest supplies in recent history, decline levels of food aid, and HIV/AIDS, which is also aggravates food insecurity?.

Definition of Demand
Demand refers to the desire for a commodity that is backed by both purchasing power and willingness to pay at a given price within a specific period. In economics, we consider effective demand—not just absolute desire. A product is in demand only when individuals are willing and able to purchase it.
For example, many farmers may desire to buy cow mats, but if they lack the financial resources or are unwilling to spend on them, it does not count as effective demand.
Demand is formally defined as a “schedule or curve that shows the various quantities of a commodity that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different prices, within a specific time frame and market conditions.”
Law of Demand
The Law of Demand states that, ceteris paribus (all other factors remaining constant), the quantity demanded of a commodity varies inversely with its price. In simpler terms:
When the price of a commodity rises, the quantity demanded decreases. When the price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded increases. This inverse relationship occurs because consumers tend to buy less of an expensive product and more of a cheaper one, provided other factors like income, preferences, and the price of related goods remain unchanged.

Supply is the amount of a good or service sellers are willing to offer for sale at a specific price, in a specific market, over a specific time.
Stock vs. Supply
• Stock: All the milk a farmer has—say, 1,000L in tanks.
• Supply: What he sells—500L at Rs 50/L today. Supply is different from stock, as stock refers to the total quantity of a commodity that exists in the market, while supply is the quantity that is usually offered for sale at a particular price.
Law of Supply
The law of supply explains the functional relationship between the price of a good and its supply. When all other factors remain constant, an increase in price leads to an increase in supply. This means there is a direct proportional relationship between price and supply.
Exceptions
1. Land, rare goods, and labour supply in certain cases do not follow the law of supply.
2. The supply of rare goods cannot be changed with price fluctuations.

Thermal Pollution
The term “thermal pollution” refers to the damaging rise in temperature that occurs in rivers, lakes, the ocean, and streams. The local fish and plant life may perish as a result of this temperature increase.
Definition
Thermal pollution refers to the release of warm water into rivers. (OR) Any process that modifies the temperature of water results in thermal pollution, which is the deterioration of water quality.
Causes/Sources
Electric power stations are major contributors to thermal pollution. Burning coal or natural gas produces heat in electric power plants. Because of the high temperatures, water can be turned into steam, which powers turbines and generates electricity. The plant circulates cool water near to the heated steam in order to help condense it. The 15 oC above-average temperature of this heated water is released back into the body of water. Thermal pollution can also be caused by runoff water. Concrete is heatabsorbing and can get extremely hot. The problem of water temperature rise is also a significant issue when runoff from concrete surfaces enters rivers.

1. Introduction

With the fairly recent advent of inexpensive, rapid sequencing technologies that continue to improve sequencing efficiency and accuracy, many species of animals, plants, and microbes have annotated genomic information publicly available. It is important to use this genomic information for the identification and isolation of novel and superior alleles of important genes from gene pools of the organisms

Computer Purchase

With so many factors to consider, deciding which omputer to buy can be a real challenge. From components to software to accessories, new PCs offer a bewildering array of choices. Sifting through the large number of options can be a daunting task. Almost any PC on the market today can more than adequately handle such standard office chores as word processing and spreadsheets, as well as basic Internet functions like e-mail and general browsing. If you want to edit digital video or manage a large database, however, you may need more than the basics.

The best way to pay only for what you need is to carefully consider what you want to do with your system now, and try to anticipate what might interest you next 2-3 years. Specific applications call for certain types of hardware, whether at home or in the office. When you’re ready to buy a computer, here are some recommendations for the average user’s basic requirements:

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Objective: To get acquainted with classmates.

Description: This is the first lab activity and has been designed to make the students feel comfortable in their new surroundings. The aim is also to help them get acquainted with their classmates as they are still new to each other. This short fun activity will help them mingle and set the tone for upcoming activities.

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Objective: To make group presentation.

Description: Group presentation refers to presentation of subject matter by few or a group of people. Group presentations are fairly common in professional life and hence, one should have a mastery over how to prepare and make group presentations. If handled properly, group presentations have several advantages over individual presentations. They are more attention grabbing and interesting as the mere presence of more than one individual introduces variety into the process. Work can be shared among the team members and knowledge and resources can be pooled for better outcome.

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Objective: To practice case-based group discussion.

Overview: A case is a detailed description of anything that has happened in real life. In a case, real names are often changed to ensure confidentiality and protect the privacy, but it is not a fictitious account. A case presents a situation, or a problem and the learner is expected to suggest a solution based on the information given in the case. Case based group discussion is often used to test the analytical and reasoning ability of the participants. While participating in a case-based group discussion, the students should start by recognising and defining the problem. This is followed by listing as many solutions as possible with contributions from all the group members. In the next step, each solution is evaluated critically by the group members keeping in mind the information/ data/ facts given in the case. Finally, the best possible solution is put forth by the group. It is important to remember that there are no right or wrong solution as any option is often a trade-off.

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Objective: To practice giving an entertainment or special occasion speech.

Overview: Entertainment and/ or special occasion speeches are short, simple and often meant to be humorous and entertaining. Special occasion speeches include welcome address, award presentation/ acceptance speech, after dinner speech, farewell speech, eulogy, etc. Entertainment or special occasion speech is often an impromptu speech i.e. they are usually given without any preparation.

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Objective: To practice giving appropriate feedback.

Description: Communication is a cyclic process. The message originates from the source and is reaches the receiver. The receiver then decodes the message (i.e; makes sense)and sends a message back to the sender to convey his/her understanding or agreement with the message that has been received. Feedback not only completes the communication cycle, but also takes the process forward.

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Objective: To practice group discussion and understand the do’s and don’ts of group discussion process.

Overview: Group discussion is a form of discourse, which occurs when more than two people recognize a common problem, exchange and evaluate information and ideas. Their efforts may be directed towards a better understanding of the topic or solving a problem. Group discussion occurs in a face-to-face or co-acting situation. It is a democratic method in which equal opportunity is given to every participant to express his/ her opinion. In formal settings, group discussion takes place under the direction of leader. Group discussion is often used by academic institutions or employers to assess certain traits and skills of the participants. The number of participants usually is around eight, but there is no hard and fast rule. When being used as a method of assessment/ evaluation, the group is given a topic.

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Objective: To practice group task.

Overview: Teamwork and good interpersonal relationships are of great importance in professional life. Hence, organizations often use various methods to test qualities such as communication/influencing/leadership skills. One commonly used method is assigning group task to the candidates. Group task requires striking a balance between team goals and individual success. The team members are expected to contribute to the overall goals while furthering their individual objectives. Additionally, the evaluator can observe leadership skills, team spirit, communication skills, analytical and decision-making skills of the group members without being intrusive. One can also judge the role for which a particular member is best suited. The time assigned for a task-based group discussion/ group task can range from 10 to 60 minutes depending upon the complexity of the task.

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Objective: To practice public speaking.

Description: Public speaking refers to communication with a large number of audience in a face-to-face situation. Public speaking differs from most other types of communication as the roles of sender and receiver are distinct and different. Also, in case of public speaking, the onus of taking the interaction forward primarily lies with the speaker. Consequently, many people find it daunting and stressful and try to avoid public speaking situations.

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Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (chart).

Description: Audio visual aids are media that can make communication more effective through use of sound and visuals. They are of two types – projected and non-projected aids. Non projected aids are visual materials that are used as it is by the instructor and do not need any device or equipment. Examples include charts, posters, leaflets, flash cards, etc. They are easy to prepare, carry and use. They can be prepared as and when needed and multiplied at low cost.

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Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (folder).

Description: Folder is a single thick sheet of paper, which is usually folded once or twice. Folder contains essential information about a place, event, etc. which is printed on a good quality paper. A folder is prepared as and when needed and is distributed free of cost.