eChapters

ABSTARCT

The  Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust (HIHT) has been working in the agriculture field since, 1999. At present, it is focusing on a Research-based project on the cultivation of Aromatic/ Medicinal plants aiming to promote Medicinal and herbal cultivation and increase the income and participation of community. Initially the grant -in-aid is being provided to some farmer groups in  Shilogi village of Tehri District and  Malethi village in Pauri District.  These farmers came forward and offered their land for research work. The project supported the community through both, backward and forward linkages. Rural Development Institute, HIHT, is facilitating the whole operation, from choosing the coordinators to the advisory agencies. RDI is trying to make sure a proper people (especially poor) friendly delivery mechanism through village Resource Centre.

1.0. Objectives

• To impart knowledge about voices
• To differentiate between active and passive voices
• To escribe rules of transferring from active to passive and Vice versa
• To provide the knowledge of making communication and writing more effective with the inclusion of voice

Active Voice is used when the subject of the sentence is prime and emphasis is on that.

E.g. Teacher elected him CR of the class.

Key Points

• Vomiting is a common sign of various conditions, including irritants and toxins, kidney or liver failure, pancreatitis, neurological disorders, and digestive issues. Common in dogs and cats.

• Can be fatal in horses with acute stomach dilatation.

• Ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) vomit by regurgitating ruminal material through their mouths.

Introduction

Vomiting is the violent ejection of stomach and, on occasion, proximal small intestine contents through the mouth caused by fierce contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. It is the most prevalent protective disruption in the gastrointestinal system. Vomiting has three distinct phases: nausea, retching, and vomiting. A sense of nausea may or may not cause vomiting. Nausea is scientifically defined as sadness, salivation, lip-licking, and increased swallowing motions in animals. Retching is caused by a series of spasmodic respiratory movements involving the closed glottis. Vomiting is characterized by repeated thoracic invaginations of the abdominal esophagus and cardia. Projectile vomiting often occurs when an animal begins to vomit without going through three stages.

Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Test: The Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Test can be used if the research situations where two-related samples, i.e. case of matched pairs such as a study where husband and wife, or the output of two similar machines or some subjects are studied in context of before-after experiment, the magnitude of difference between matched values in both the directions are to be determined.

Wage drift : The difference between basic pay and total earnings. Wage drift consists of things such as overtime payments, bonuses, profit share and performance-related pay. It usually increases during periods of strong growth and declines during an economic downturn.

Wages : The price of labour. In theory, wages ought to change so that the sopply and demand in the labour market are always in equilibrium. In practice, wages are often sticky, especially in a downward direction when demand for labour falls, wages do not fall. In this situation, the fall in demand results in higher involuntary unemployment. Trade unions may use collective bargaining to keep wages above the market-clearing rate. Furthermore, many governments impose a minimum wage that employers must pay.

Wealth effect : As people get wealthier, they consume more. This wealth effect has important consequences for monetary policy. When there is an interest rate increase, future income from assets such as equities must be discounted at a higher rate than before. As a result their owners feel poorer and spend less. A cut in interest rates has the opposite effect. Economists disagree on the wealth elasticity of consumption how much consumer spending would rise if wealth increased by, say, 1%. Different consumers may have different wealth elasticity. If most of the increase in wealth goes to poorer people this may have a different wealth effect than if most of it went to people who are already wealthy. The source of the wealth increase may also matter. If share prices rise or interest rates fall, consumers may be slow to spend out of their increased wealth if they think the increase may be temporary. However, if they think a sharp rise in share prices is permanent and the stockmarket then tumbles, the result may be that consumption falls by enough to cause a recession. The wealth effect of rising house prices is particularly uncertain.

The productivity of waste lands is extremely low, and the individuals who own them are impoverished and compelled to work for pay. Wastelands are therefore seen as a potent weapon for combating the problems of poverty and backwardness.
Definitions
Water and land are essential for the development of agriculture. Wasteland is eventually created when there is a decrease of vegetation cover, which causes erosion to take place. Waste lands are large areas of land that have been degraded and are rather difficult to plough.
The National Wasteland Development Board (NWDB) and the Planning Commission established a Technical Task Group. According to this group, wastelands are areas of deteriorated land that are currently underutilized due to various constraints, withthe exception of current use  (CSIR 1990). Depending on the random elements, the wastelands could be categorized under
1. I.erosion caused by water
2. Erosion caused by wind and
3. The Alkalinity and Salinity
The arid, stony, steeply sloped, and snow-covered wastelands are examples of the uncultivated wastelands.

Water Scarcity Issues
The world is running out of clean water. The subsurface water table decreases and surface runoff rises as a result of deforestation. The amount of water stored underground is decreasing as wells are being dug deeper and deeper. As a result of desertification and deforestation, perennial rivers are turning seasonal. There is not enough potable drinking water because of abuse and overuse.
Conserving Water
• In certain situations, manipulating plants, harvesting water, and other techniques might increase the availability of water supplies.
• Water use reduction achieved by the application of water efficiency or conservation techniques; alternatively,
• Better techniques for managing water can either decrease or increase the useful use of water.
• Any activity, behavioral modification, tool, technology, or better design or procedure used to lower water loss, waste, or use is referred to as a water conservation method.
• One method of conserving water is water efficiency.
Among the Objectives of Water Conservation Initiatives
• The goal of sustainability is to guarantee that water extracted from an ecosystem will not be lost faster than it naturally replaces itself for future generations.
• The pumping, delivering, and treating of water results in energy conservation.
• Habitat conservation includes limiting the amount of water used by humans, which lessens the need to construct new dams and other water diversion infrastructure while also preserving freshwater habitats for nearby species and migratory waterflow.

Introduction
In the global perspective, water contamination is a significant issue. Every day, it is the cause of almost 14,000 deaths. The most valuable natural resource on Earth is water, which makes up more than 70% of its surface.
Definitions
• The term “water pollution” refers to the contamination of water bodies by human activity, which can be detrimental to the plants and organisms that call thesem bodies of water home. It can be characterized as any alteration in the quality of water brought about by human activity that makes it less suitable for any of its positive uses, actual or potential. Excess of any substance or heat that could endanger people, animals, or aquatic lifeMan’s actions alter the quality or composition of water, either directly or indirectly, making it unfit for any purpose.
Sources of Water Pollution
• Point source pollution, which is defined as pollution having a distinct source and point of entry into the water, making it easy to identify. It describes impurities that find their way into a waterway by a covert channel, like a ditch or pipe. For instance, contaminants include metals and organics in municipal and industrial discharge pipelines.

Introduction
Given increasing demands, dwindling resources, and climate-induced uncertainties, water resource management is a critical challenge in the 21st century. Integrating Information Technology (IT) into water resource management offers transformative solutions to optimize water usage, monitor resources, predictshortages, and enhance distribution efficiency. IT tools such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics are at the forefront of this evolution, enabling more effective planning, decision-making, and resource sustainability.

ABSTRACT

The major part of the agriculture in India is Rainfed. The increasing pressure of population on land has resulted into over exploitation of land, water and other ecological resources, resulting in water scarcity, land degradation and rapid depletion of ground water-table. Government of India has adopted watershed management strategy to address these problems, but all existing watershed management programmes are mainly fragmented and governed by different departments. This has resulted in formation of providing better service delivery and governance. In this study an attempt is made to identify the scope of convergence between National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) with Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) for generation of social capital and self-employment in the command area of a watershed using geospatial technology.

The vision 2020 document of the Department of Agriculture and Co-operation envisages that “the tools of ICT will provide networking of Agriculture Sector not only in the country but also globally and the Centre and State Government Departments will have reservoir of databases” and also “bring farmers, researchers, scientists and administrators together by establishing ”Agriculture Online” through exchange of ideas and information”. To get realize the vision 2020 a large number of agriculture based websites and web portals have been established in India which is working for wellbeing of farming community. Majority of agricultural websites and web portals are providing need based technological information to the farmers as well as extension professionals. To revitalize our extension system these web based services can be used as ICT tool by extension personnel and farmers also. Therefore, to get access services from these websites and web portals or to replicate these ideologies in other part of country, elementary knowledge of working process and services available on these websites & web portals is essential. This chapter will provide a brief description about major ICT based projects dedicated to Indian farmers.

Policies provide the institutional structure, direction, financial support and operational framework required for effective agricultural extension. Without clear policies, extension programmes may suffer from inconsistent decisions, fragmented implementation and unclear responsibilities. This chapter introduces the meaning, characteristics, sources and different types of policies and explains their importance to extension organizations. It examines how policies guide decision-making, establish limits, allocate resources and connect organizational goals with field activities. The chapter also introduces policy advocacy, analytical approaches and the policy-development process. Together, these concepts enable extension professionals to understand policy environments, participate constructively in decision-making and improve the responsiveness, accountability and effectiveness of extension services.

World Intellectual Property Organization

http://www.wipo.int,http://www.wipo.org

The World Intellectual Property Organization - referred to in abbreviated form as WIPO in English, and OMPI in French and Spanish - was established by a convention signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967, and entitled “Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization.” The WIPO Convention entered into force in 1970. WIPO became a specialized agency in the United Nations system of organizations in 1974 and dedicated to the use of intellectual property (patents, copyright, trademarks, designs, etc.) as a means of stimulating innovation and creativity.

WIPO promote the development and use of the international IP system through Services, Law, Infrastructure and Development.

Introduction

The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers. The history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adored high offices in India including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, leaders of opposition etc. The incumbent president of India is a woman but the same vast majority of the women suffer from the great discrimination and even the basic human rights are denied to them.

Women hold up half the sky’ according to Chinese saying. This is true with the Indian scenario as well, since women make up half the country’s population. The rural women in India constitutes nearly 77.00 per cent of the total female population. About 79.00 per cent of rural women workers are involved in agriculture related pursuits as cultivators and labourers. Farm & home are integral parts in the rural society in India and the ‘house wifes’ in the farmstead often plays multiple roles as producer, entrepreneur, workers, consumers, and homemaker. Women are more sensitive than men to the extremes of poverty and its consequences.

Introduction

Self Help Group is a voluntary and self managed group of poor people, who come together to promote savings among themselves and pool savings for activities benefiting either individuals or communities economically. Empowerment of women has now become a key issue in the Government’s Five year plans by organizing women into Self Help Groups to make the beginning of a major process of empowering women. 320 million people, out of our 1.1 billion, are steeped in abject poverty and due to their asset lessens it is difficult for them to access any kind of aid from banking / financial institutions and this state of the hopelessness and the constraints of an ineffective credit delivery system can be transcended by enhancing the self esteem and raising the feeling of human self worth. The SHGs approach is a reshaping initiative that enhances the livelihoods and ensures sustainability by enabling poor families to access effective economical and social development leading to empowerment.

In Tripura SHG’s has been introduced in the year 1999.The main objectives of this programme by mutual beneficial of social and economic activities through women mobilization. SHG’s are a way to involve rural women and men actively in the development process by means of increased income Agricultural situation of WTD differs to some extent from the other districts in regard to topography, soil, extent of rain-fall, variation in temperature and humidity which has resulted in difference in cropping pattern also from that of the other three districts. People mainly practice rice and vegetables cultivation. The plain land people also were satisfied to grow single crop preferably paddy without having any knowledge and experience of improved cultivation for growing multiple crops. Animal husbandry is another sector contributing to the economy of WTD. Cattle and poultry are the main livestock wealth of the district. (DRDA office, Agartala, 2010). Many Government and non-government organization now have come forward for helping poor communities and to energize their capacity in development activities of which Self Help Group (SHGs) is thought as the best means for improving their position in the society.

2.1 Introduction

Empowerment means change, choice and power. It is a process of change by which the individuals and groups with no power and ability to make choices that affect their lives. Women empowerment is a stage of acquiring power for women in order to understand right and to perform her responsibilities towards oneself and others in effective way.

Empowerment is a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women's empowerment is a process in which women gain greater share of control over resources- material, human and intellectual [knowledge, information, ideas] and financial resources and control over decision-making in the home, community, society, nation and to gain `power'. According to the Country Report of Government of India, "Empowerment means moving from a position of enforced powerlessness to one of power". In this process, women should be empowered socially, economically, educationally and politically that can help them take Self-decision regarding education, mobility, economic independency, political participation, public speaking and awareness to exercise rights.

The Constitution of India related to women

Guarantees to all Indian women equality: Article 14

No discrimination by the State: Article 15(1)

Equality of opportunity: Article 16

Equal pay for equal work: Article 39(d)

Securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief: Article 42

The All India Women’s Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927

The National Policy For the Empowerment of Women came was passed in 2001

In 2010 March 9, Rajya Sabha passed the Women’s Reservation Bill requiring that 33% of seats in India’s Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women.

Women perform 2/3 of the world’s work

Women earn 1/10 of the world’s income

Women comprise 2/3 of the world’s illiterate

Women own less than 1/100 of the world’s property

An Entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship. An Entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services and business procedures. Entrepreneurship plays a key role in any economy by using the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate needs and bringing good new ideas to market.