eChapters

Success of AI programme depends on fertility of bulls used for semen production. If infertile bulls are selected in semen station for production of semen doses, large population of cows inseminated with such doses is affected. Therefore, the breeding bulls or bulls to be used for frozen semen production should be selected carefully keeping in view genetic potential, disease condition, reproductive health, libido and semen production potential of the bull. The emphasis should not only be on elimination of bulls with questionable or unsatisfactory potential, but also on induction of bulls with good semen production potential into the semen station. 

The following aspects should be taken into consideration while performing a breeding soundness examination of bulls:

• General considerations

 • Ethics for veterinary diagnostic laboratory personnel

 • Safety measures in the laboratory

 • Accidents

 • First aid

 • Acid burns

 • Alkali burns

 • Poisoning

 • Burns caused by heat

 • Injuries caused by broken glass

 • Contamination by infectious materials

 • Bodily damage by electric shock

 • Precautionary measures

• General considerations

 • Biosafety levels-1 and -2

 • Biosafety level-3

 • Biosafety level-4

General Considerations

Biosafety is a combination of laboratory practices, techniques, equipments and other facilities appropriate for the protection of hazards posed by infectious agents handled in the laboratory. There are guidelines for maintaining the biosafety in laboratory at various levels described as under:

• General considerations

 • Purpose

 • Scope

 • Five pillars of GLP

 • Good laboratory practice principles

• Test facility organization and personnel

 • Quality assurance programme

 • Facilities

 • Apparatus, materials and reagents

 • Test systems

 • Test and reference items

 • Standard operating procedures

 • Performance of the study

Large Ruminants Neurological examination of farm animals is an essential part of the physical examination, especially when there’s a suspicion of neurological disease. The examination begins with observing the animal’s gait and how it interacts with its surroundings. The main goal is to determine whether the neurological issue is primary (originating in the nervous system) or secondary (caused by something else) and to pinpoint where the problem is in the nervous system ( central nervous system -CNS or the peripheral nervous system –PNS ). When examining an animal, it is best to start with procedures that cause the least distress. Painful tests or more invasive checks should be done at the end of the examination.

1. Introduction:- Ensuring Quality and Success in Assisted Reproductive
Technology through Good Laboratory Practices Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in animals has become an increasingly vital set of techniques with wide-ranging applications across agriculture, wildlife conservation, and biomedical research. These technologies, encompassing procedures such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer, and cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, offer solutions to infertility, enable genetic improvement in livestock, and play a crucial role in preserving endangered species. As the application of ART expands throughout the globe, the need for stringent quality control and standardization becomes paramount to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of outcomes. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) represent a well-established quality system that provides a framework for the organizational processes and conditions under which non-clinical studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. Originally developed to ensure the integrity of safety data for pharmaceuticals and other regulated products, the fundamental principles of GLP are highly relevant to the field of animal ART. This report aims to explore the application of GLP in ART and to thoroughly investigate its contribution to achieving successful outcomes in various ART procedures and across different animal species. By examining the core principles of GLP and their practical implementation in animal ART laboratories, this analysis will highlight the critical role of standardized practices in enhancing the reliability, ethical conduct, and overall success of animal reproductive technologies.
2. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in Reference to ART
Good Laboratory Practices are broadly defined as a quality system that governs the organization and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. This system is designed to ensure the quality and

Introduction
Veterinary embryology is a fundamental branch of veterinary science that focuses on the study of the development of embryos in animals, tracing the journey from the moment of fertilization to the point where a fully developed fetus is formed. This field is not just an academic endeavor but a critical component of veterinary practice, research, and animal husbandry. It offers profound insights into the origins of life, the complex processes that drive the formation of tissues and organs, and the ways in which genetic and environmental factors interact to shape the development of an organism. The field of veterinary embryology is vast and encompasses several stages of development. The process begins with gametogenesis, where the reproductive cells—sperm in males and ova in females—are produced through a process of meiosis. These gametes are haploid, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. The union of these gametes during fertilization restores the diploid number of chromosomes, marking the beginning of a new individual organism. The fertilized egg, or zygote, is the starting point of embryonic development. Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions known as cleavage. During cleavage, the single-celled zygote divides without growing, resulting in a cluster of smaller cells called blastomeres. This process continues until the formation of a structure known as the blastocyst, which consists of an inner cell mass that will eventually develop into the embryo, and an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast, which will form the placenta. The blastocyst is a critical stage in development as it is involved in implantation into the uterine wall, a necessary step for establishing a successful pregnancy. The next major phase in embryonic development is gastrulation, a highly orchestrated process that results in the formation of three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers are the foundation for all the tissues and organs in the body. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and sensory organs; the mesoderm

Introduction
At the end of gastrulation, the mesoderm of the developing embryo differentiates into three regions: paraxial, intermediate, and lateral mesoderm. These regions play crucial roles in the formation of various body structures. As development proceeds, clefts form in the lateral mesoderm, which later coalesce to form a cavity. This cavity splits the lateral mesoderm into two layers: the somatic (outer) layer and the splanchnic (inner) layer. The space between these layers on each side of the midline becomes known as the coelomic cavity. These left and right coelomic cavities extend cranially, meet in front of the developing neural and cardiogenic plates, and fuse to form a horseshoe-shaped coelomic cavity. The walls of the developing coelomic cavity have two layers. The outer layer consists of somatic mesoderm, which fuses with ectoderm to form the somatopleure. The inner layer consists of splanchnic mesoderm, which fuses with endoderm to form the splanchnopleure. The mesodermal cells lining the coelomic cavity differentiate into a simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium. As cranial, caudal, and lateral folding occurs during embryonic development, the convex region of the horseshoe-shaped coelom eventually takes a ventral position to the foregut and developing heart, forming the primordium of the pericardial cavity. The developing coelomic cavities, initially continuous with one another at the umbilicus, become separated into intra-embryonic and extra-embryonic regions. The intra-embryonic coelom gives rise to the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, while the extraembryonic coelom is associated with the developing fetal membranes. As the embryo folds laterally, the coelomic cavity divides into two separate components. The pleural cavities, which surround the developing lungs, are initially part of the pleuropericardial cavity, alongside the developing heart. As mesodermal folds, known as pleuropericardial folds, grow medially, they enclose the common cardinal veins and the phrenic nerves. These folds eventually separate the pleuro-pericardial cavity into two parts: the pleural cavities dorsally, and the pericardial cavities ventrally. The developing lungs grow

For a researcher, laboratory is another home where he/she spends much time every day. As we take care of cleanliness, safety, and design of our home, we must take care on these aspects of laboratory too. It is the responsibility of the laboratory personnel to ensure cleanliness/safety of the laboratory. Since every laboratory chemical and equipment have the potential to cause harms if not used with appropriate precautions. Hence, as a laboratory user, it is our responsibility to follow the basic safety/biosafety rules and regulations set up by the Principal Investigator of the laboratory, Institutional Biosafety Committee, as well as by other regulatory authorities, if any. We must be aware of the general/personal protective measures, cleanliness and laboratory waste disposal prior to joining a research laboratory. In this chapter we will briefly discuss about personal safety, chemical safety, cleanliness, waste disposal, etc.

A. Personal Safety

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is special arrangement to protect the worker from specific hazards because of using a hazardous substance. PPE does not reduce or eliminate the hazard, but protects the wearer from exposure to hazardous material. PPE should not be reused or brought outside the laboratory as these might increase the risk of spread hazardous material or contamination. Used PPE must be kept inside the laboratory in a designated waste storage area adjacent to the work area.

Collection of Blood Objective: To diagnose the existing disease condition, if any. Types of blood collection • Arterial sampling: In order to measure arterial blood gases, an arterial blood sample is taken from an artery. Only veterinary professionals who are legally permitted to do so for their work in their country and who have proven their expertise via formal training should take arterial blood samples. • Venipuncture sampling: The most used method of taking blood from humans and animals is venipuncture. Collection occurs from a superficial vein near the surface that is not very close to any large nerves.

Introduction
Metabolism encompasses a series of cellular reactions essential for sustaining life in living organisms. These reactions are part of interconnected pathways within cells, ultimately providing the necessary energy for cellular functions. The importance and evolutionary benefits of these pathways are evident as they are conserved across animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In eukaryotes, metabolic pathways operate within the cytosol and
mitochondria, with glucose and fatty acids being the primary sources of cellular energy in animals. Metabolism is organized into distinct pathways to optimize energy capture or minimize energy expenditure. It can be divided into two main processes: anabolism, which involves the synthesis of complex macromolecules, and catabolism, which involves their degradation.
Carbohydrates are the major source of energy in the animal’s diet. Absorbed glucose could be utilized by the animal for several functions. The first priority is the formation of glycogen in the liver, which is stored in muscle and hepatic tissue. However, the body stores very little as glycogen (a starch-like compound), and glycogen could be rapidly hydrolyzed back to glucose through a process called glycogenolysis. This helps in maintaining blood
glucose at a narrow range in normal healthy animals. The second priority is oxidation to form energy (a major function) and is described in the next sections. Since glycogen storage is limited, excess glucose is converted to fat and is stored in adipose tissue. This is accomplished by the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through a process called glycolysis, which is then available for fat synthesis. The catabolism of glucose occurs in two metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA; also called citric acid or Kreb’s) cycle.
Glycolysis: Enzymes for glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell, and glycolysis occurs in this part of the cell. Glycolysis is the breakdown of 6 C glucose into two 3 C end product pyruvates in aerobic metabolism and lactic acid in anaerobic metabolism. It is a catabolic pathway involving oxidation and yields ATP and NADH (reduced NAD) energy. Glycolysis is the pathway by which other sugars (e.g., fructose, galactose) are catabolized by converting them to intermediates of glycolysis. Fructose can be converted to fructose-6- phosphate by hexokinase. Galactose can enter glycolysis by being converted to galactose- 1-phosphate followed by conversion (ultimately) to glucose-1-phosphate and subsequently to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), which is a glycolysis intermediate.

Climate change affects livestock through heat stress, water scarcity, unstable feed supplies, altered disease patterns and extreme weather. This chapter examines how artificial intelligence supports climate-smart and sustainable animal husbandry. Machine learning, predictive analytics and IoT-enabled monitoring can optimize feeding, detect disease, assess welfare and improve the use of water, energy and other resources. Intelligent technologies can also assist in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and developing adaptive production strategies. The chapter evaluates the contribution of AI to productivity, climate resilience and environmental responsibility while addressing problems such as insufficient data, limited infrastructure, implementation costs and ethical concerns. Future integration with sustainable agricultural frameworks is also discussed.

Traditional livestock diagnosis is often reactive and may identify disease only after clinical symptoms become visible. This chapter introduces deep-learning methods for automated health monitoring, early disease detection and predictive analytics. Models analyse images, videos, body temperature, heart rate, activity patterns and historical health information. Convolutional neural networks extract visual features and classify diseases, while LSTM networks identify patterns in time-dependent physiological and behavioural data. Multimodal fusion improves the reliability of predictions by integrating different data sources. IoT-connected systems can generate real-time warnings and support timely intervention. The chapter compares deep learning with conventional approaches and evaluates accuracy, recall, false-negative rates and practical deployment.

Dissolution in the continuity of bone/cartilage with or without displacement of fractured fragments is known as fracture.

Classification
1. On the Basis of Communication of Fractured Site to the Environment
    a.    Simple fracture : The fracture site does not communicate with the environment. 
    b.    Compound fracture : The fracture site communicates with the environment.  This type of fractures is more prone to infection. 
    c.    Complicated fracture : A closed fracture in which there is considerable injury to important neighboring vessels or nerves or accompanied by the opening of a joint or vascular cavity.

AI-driven animal husbandry is advancing through machine learning, computer vision, IoT, big-data analytics, wearable devices and automated equipment. This chapter considers future applications for monitoring animal health, behaviour, nutrition, reproduction and environmental conditions. Predictive systems can support early disease detection, precision feeding, improved breeding and reduced production costs. However, high implementation costs, data privacy, inadequate infrastructure and limited digital knowledge remain significant obstacles, particularly in developing regions. Future research should prioritize affordable, user-friendly and explainable technologies suited to smallholders. Ethical AI, climate adaptation, multimodal data integration, omics analysis and interdisciplinary collaboration among animal scientists, engineers, policymakers and farmers are identified as essential research directions.

IoT networks and smart sensors enable continuous livestock monitoring, overcoming the delay and subjectivity associated with manual observation. This chapter reviews sensor types, communication systems, cloud and edge computing, and their applications in animal-health and behaviour tracking. It proposes a framework integrating multimodal sensors with IoT networks and machine-learning models such as CNNs and LSTMs. The system can detect abnormalities, predict health conditions and provide real-time decision support. Practical benefits include earlier intervention, improved welfare, reduced labour and more efficient production. The chapter also addresses implementation problems, costs, connectivity, data security, technical reliability and ethical considerations associated with constant digital monitoring of animals.

Livestock farms generate large quantities of physiological, environmental, behavioural and production data through sensors, IoT devices and management records. Raw information must be processed before it can support dependable analysis. This chapter explains data cleaning, missing-value treatment, noise reduction, anomaly detection, integration, normalization, transformation and dimensionality reduction. It also discusses feature extraction, categorical encoding, variable transformation and temporal-feature analysis. Machine learning, AutoML, Python, R and other analytical platforms are introduced as tools for preparing livestock datasets. Applications include disease prediction, yield improvement and movement monitoring. The chapter concludes by examining scalability, data quality, privacy and ethical challenges in intelligent livestock analytics.

Local Anesthetic Techniques of Head Region
The following nerves can be blocked in the head region for performing surgery.
    1.    Cornual nerve block 
    2.    Peterson’s orbital nerve block 
    3.    Auriculopalpebral nerve block 
    4.    Supra orbital nerve block 
    5.    Infra orbital nerve block 
    6.    Retro bulbar nerve block 
    7.    Mental nerve block 
    8.    Maxillary nerve block 
    9.    Mandibulo alveolar nerve block 

Precision feeding aims to supply animals with appropriate nutrients according to their changing physiological state, growth, production and environment. Conventional feeding plans are often static and may lead to waste, increased costs and environmental losses. This chapter introduces an AI-enabled framework integrating animal data, feed composition, growth characteristics and external factors. Regression, ensemble learning and other machine-learning models predict feed intake and weight gain, while linear programming and metaheuristic optimization generate efficient allocation plans. A decision-support system provides recommendations in real time. The approach can improve feed conversion, nutrient utilization, profitability and sustainability while reducing overfeeding, resource wastage and the environmental impact of livestock production.

1.    ———— is a synthetic antimicrobial drug against M. tuberculosis.
    A.    Penicillin    B.    Tetracycline
    C.    Erythromycin    D.    Isoniazid
Ans.    D.
2.    Which of the antibiotic is not used as a food preservative ?
    A.    Pimaricin    B.    Nisin
    C.    Tylosin    D.    b-lactam antibiotic
Ans.    D.
3.    Which of the following bacteria is susceptible to thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide?
    A.    M. bovis    B.    M. tuberculosis
    C.    M. chelonei    D.    M. fortuitum
Ans.    A.