eChapters

Mesothelioma

• Arising from the mesothelial lining of serous cavities
• It is very difficult to differentiate from carcinoma, reactive mesothelial hyperplasia
• Round to polygonal cells
• Arranged mostly in clusters
• Centrally located hyperchromatic nuclei

Testicular Tumours

Seminoma

• Cells were round exhibiting anisocytosis
• Round to oval nuclei
• Single distinct eosinophilic to basophilic nucleoli
• Cytoplasm scanty

Sertoli Cell Tumours

• Cellularity - High, anisocytosis
• Nucleus round to oval, megakaryosis, 1-3 basophilic nucleoli
• Chromatin coarse and granular
• Cytoplasm vacuolated

Canine Thyroid Tumours

• Occurs as carcinoma
• Blood contamination also seen
• Cluster of cells
• Free nuclei seen in the pale-blue cytoplasm
• Dark blue to black pigment present in the cytoplasm
• Amorphous pink materials represents colloid
• Colloid and pigmented granuls indicates the thyroid origin
• Round to oval nuclei

Location is important

Since, one should recognize whether cells belong to that area and / or not

Basic aim

• To establish an aetiological and/or morphological diagnosis in order to obtain a more accurate prognosis

Salient Points in Cytological Examination

• Cytology is a joint effort between the clinician and cytologist
• Adequate history, clinical signs and methods of collection should be intimated
• Interpretation suffers if done in a vacuum of information
• Cytology is an rapid, inexpensive technique in tumour diagnosis

Check the Following

Different types of Romanowsky type of stains are used for staining the cytological smears. It will give excellent cytoplasmic and nuclear details and it also stains bacteria. The following stains are commonly used. e.g., Wrights, Giemsa, Leishman, Wright-Giemsa, May-Grunwald-Giemsa, Leishman-Giemsa, Haematoxylin and Eosin, Diffquik stains, Trichrome stains, Papanicolaou or Sano modification.

Staining Methods

Leishman-Giemsa

• Cover the smear with LG stain for a minute
• Dilute with tap water/Distilled water/ phosphate buffered saline pH 6.87.2
• Allow to stain for about 20 min
• Wash in water

Measuring cell size, diameter, length, distance between cells, area, etc, are important indicators of the identification of cell types and the physiological or pathological state of cells and tissues. ImageJ is a useful program that allows researchers and scientists to work with microscopy images for cytomorphological detailing.
The steps to measure cell size are:
A. Open Your Image in ImageJ: First, open the image containing the cells you want to measure.
B. Set the Scale (Optional): If your image has a known scale (e.g., if you used a microscope with a calibrated scale bar), you can set it inImageJ. This step ensures accurate measurements.
Go to Analyze > Set Scale. Enter the known distance (in pixels) and the corresponding physical distance (e.g., micrometers). Click OK.
C. Choose the Measurement Tool: ImageJ provides several measurement tools. The most common ones for cell size are: Area Measurement: Use the Polygon Selection Tool to outline the cell, and then go to Analyze > Measure.
D. Length Measurement: Use the Straight-Line Selection Tool to measure the length of cell projections (e.g., neurites or filopodia).
E. Record Measurements: After selecting the appropriate tool, click and drag to measure the cell area or length. Press’ t’ to record the measurement. Repeat for multiple cells if needed.
F. View Results: The measured values will appear in the Results window. You can access the results by going to Analyze > Measure or by opening the Results window directly.

• General considerations

 • Scope

 • Exfoliative cytopathology

 • Interventional cytopathology (Biopsy)

 • FNAC

 • Imprint cytopathology

 • Crush smear cytopathology

Reliable artificial intelligence depends on accurate, timely and multidimensional livestock data. This chapter examines the transition from manual record-keeping to sensor-based systems that capture physiological, behavioural, production and environmental information. Data sources include wearable devices, IoT monitoring networks, computer-vision systems and environmental sensors. Their applications include monitoring health, welfare, movement, feeding and productivity. The chapter also considers the integration of heterogeneous datasets and persistent challenges involving missing values, noise, interoperability, scalability and system reliability. By connecting data generation with intelligent analysis, it emphasizes that robust acquisition protocols and dependable infrastructure are essential for developing effective, evidence-based and responsive livestock-management systems.

Livestock farms generate large quantities of physiological, environmental, behavioural and production data through sensors, IoT devices and management records. Raw information must be processed before it can support dependable analysis. This chapter explains data cleaning, missing-value treatment, noise reduction, anomaly detection, integration, normalization, transformation and dimensionality reduction. It also discusses feature extraction, categorical encoding, variable transformation and temporal-feature analysis. Machine learning, AutoML, Python, R and other analytical platforms are introduced as tools for preparing livestock datasets. Applications include disease prediction, yield improvement and movement monitoring. The chapter concludes by examining scalability, data quality, privacy and ethical challenges in intelligent livestock analytics.

Semilooper: Thysanoplusia(Plusia) orichalcea : Noctuidae

Bluish green or grey coloured eggs are laid singly on lower surface of leaves.The larvae are semi loopers and feed voraciously on leaves and cause defoliation of the plants.

Traditional livestock diagnosis is often reactive and may identify disease only after clinical symptoms become visible. This chapter introduces deep-learning methods for automated health monitoring, early disease detection and predictive analytics. Models analyse images, videos, body temperature, heart rate, activity patterns and historical health information. Convolutional neural networks extract visual features and classify diseases, while LSTM networks identify patterns in time-dependent physiological and behavioural data. Multimodal fusion improves the reliability of predictions by integrating different data sources. IoT-connected systems can generate real-time warnings and support timely intervention. The chapter compares deep learning with conventional approaches and evaluates accuracy, recall, false-negative rates and practical deployment.

Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy.

Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered to be biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g., toxins such as botulinum toxin, ricin, or saxitoxin) is considered chemical warfare under the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Under this Convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered as a chemical weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition, known as the General Purpose Criterion)

Introduction

Any work condition revolves around three main components - the man, machine and environment. 'Man'-is represented by the worker who is either the controller or the executor of an action. Therefore the work output depends on how efficiently the workers are performing. In this context, the health of the worker is of utmost importance. It is one of the prime supporting pillars of productivity. If the health condition declines, efficiency is reduced and productivity suffers. Work involves a variety of physical and cognitive activities performed to achieve a desired or specified productivity. It may include a single individual or a small or large group of people as the worker. It is characterized by a specified duration, specific speed or work pace and a required amount of effort. The performance and efficiency expected from the workers have a direct bearing on the work process or work tool and the work environment. All these stress the bodily systems and affect the health of the worker. The stress could be classified as physiological stress and psychological stress Occupational health deals with the study and maintenance of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in the workplace (WHO, 1957). Occupational Physiology and Ergonomics are related branches of Occupational health that are in particular concerned with the study and maintenance of health and well-being during work.

1 What percentage of body weight is intracellular water

a) 60 b) 40

c) 20 d) 15

Key Points

• Fluid therapy is crucial for saving dehydrated animals.

• Fluid therapy should be administered within the first 4-6 hours of treatment.

• Ringer lactate is the recommended fluid for diarrhea and enteritis.

• Fluid loss of 4–6 % does not require therapy and does not show any clinical indications.

Introduction

Dehydration is defined as an excessive loss of water and electrolytes from the body (usually due to vomiting and/or diarrhea) or an insufficient intake of water. The body loses water through respiration; however, the skin, face, and/or urine can also cause dehydration. Diarrhea (the loss of fluid and electrolytes from the gastrointestinal tract) is invariably accompanied by dehydration. Chapter 13 provides a brief overview of diarrhea and how it is managed. Dehydration causes lethargy in the patient and, if handled, can have catastrophic consequences for the kidneys and/or other internal organs. Death may occur if the body loses 40% of its water.

Etiology

Demodecosis is caused by Demodex species follicular mite with increased numbers. But, it is generally caused by Demodex canis. It is divided into two forms – juvenile and adult forms. The juvenile form is more common. This condition may be localized or generalized in nature.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease and considered to be a major health problem globally. It is also called break-bone fever, dandy fever, denguero bouquet fever, giraffe fever, Polka fever and 5 days or 7 days fever. There are two important manifestations, namely dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) which are responsible for heavy morbidity and mortality every year causing serious concern to health. It is an important disease caused by an arbovirus worldwide especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. The severity of the disease can be judged from simple statistics that over 40 per cent (2.5 billion) of the world's population in 100 countries continue to live under threat of contracting dengue infection. Annually, dengue virus infections are responsible for up to 100 million cases of dengue fever and more than 500,000 cases of haemorrhagic fever. Besides, every year the disease forces nearly 500,000 people to hospitalization of which 90% are children and causing 24,000 deaths. Mostly these deaths are due to lack of early diagnosis of dengue virus infection. In DHF case fatality rate generally exceeds 20 per cent in a non-endemic population and it can be reduced to less than 1 per cent with the aid of modern supportive therapy based on early diagnosis of the type of viral infection.

Dengue fever (DF) is an acute febrile viral disease characterized by headaches, bone or joint and muscular pains, rash and leucopenia as symptoms. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is characterized by four major clinical manifestations: high fever, haemorrhagic phenomena, 73 often with hepatomegaly and in severe cases, signs of circulatory failure. Such patients may develop hypovolaemic shock resulting from plasma leakage. This is called dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and can be fatal.

The year 2001 witnessed unprecedented global dengue epidemic activity in the American hemisphere, the Pacific Islands and continental Asia. During 2002, more than 30 Latin American countries reported over 1 million DF cases with large number of DHF cases. This has been followed by extensive epidemics of DHF in several parts of India during 2003.

Dengue fever (DF) is caused by ingestion of viraemic blood containing dengue virus by mosquitoes of Aedes sp. followed by passage to a second human host. An extrinsic incubation period is required before the virus appears in the saliva of the transmitting female Aedes mosquitoes. After the bite, there is an incubation period of 3 to 14 days (average 4 to 7 days) followed by the onset of fever and nonspecific signs and symptoms (frontal headache, retro-orbital pain, body aches, nausea and vomiting, joint pains, weakness and rash). The febrile phase is self limiting and may last for 2 to 10 days followed by remission of fever in most cases. Laboratory abnormalities include neutropenia followed by a lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia.

Dermatophylaceae is a group of bacteria with mycelial filaments which divide transversely and in at least two longitudinal planes to form masses of coccoid or cuboidal cells, which characteristically become motile. They are gram positive, non acid fast, aerobic and produce aerial mycelium when their growths are stimulated by 10% CO2. Dermatophilus congolensis, Dermatophilus  dermatonomus and Dermatophilus pedis are the pathogens causing variety of skin lesions in mammals, including man. Dermatophilus congolensis causes very severe clinical disease and its infection is most common in tropical and subtropical regions.
Diseases caused by Dermatophilus species
Dermatophilus congolensis mainly affects Cattle, horses, sheep and goats, but many animal species and man can be infected.The disease has many names;
Cattle : Streptothricosis or Dermatophilosis
Horse : Skin Funk (Rain Rot, Rain Scald, Dew Poisoning), Grease heal
Sheep: Mycotic dermatitis (general infection), lumpy wool (wool- covered skin) and strawberry foot rot (skin of lower leg and coronet
Natural Habitat
Dermatophilus congolensis is the only species in the genus is thought to maintain itself in small foci of infection on a carrier animal or within scab particles in dust. It can survive in scab material for period’s upto 3 years.
History
Bovine disease was first described by Van Saceghem in 1915 in the Congo now known as Zaire in Africa.

It is a fungal infection of skin and the term favus is used for the disease in poultry. The disease is world wide in distribution.

Etiology

Microsporum gallinae, a fungus. The fungus is zoonotic. Lesions of ring worm are produced in humans in contact with infected birds.

Etiology

Canine dermatophytosis (canine ring worm) is a relatively common dermatological condition caused by Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. These fungi are keratinophilic in nature. It can occur mostly in the face and forelegs.