eChapters

Introduction

Canine epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, significantly impacts the quality of life for both dogs and their owners. Traditional anticonvulsant therapies often yield inconsistent outcomes, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatments such as homeopathy [1][2]. Homeopathy’s individualized approach aligns with the principles of unicism, focusing on holistic care tailored to each patient’s unique symptom profile [3]. However, the subjective nature of remedy selection and response assessment poses challenges for practitioners.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) offers a promising avenue to address these challenges [4]. Predictive models can analyze complex datasets to uncover patterns that guide remedy selection and treatment strategies. This study evaluates the comparative performance of Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost in predicting treatment outcomes for canine epilepsy managed with homeopathic remedies.

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, the rural communities of Trivandrum have been preserving small tracts of virgin forests or small groves since time immemorial due to strong religious beliefs anointed with the groves. These forest patches are biodiversity rich communities and a large number of medicinal plants of the region are confined to these groves only. The indigenous people use the plants for medicinal as well as religious purposes. Over the years, such forests have been attributed as a treasure trove of threatened species and dispensary of medicinal plants. During the investigation, 132 medicinal plants belonging to 63 families and 119 genera were recorded from 25 miniature sacred forests of Trivandrum district. This study was based on medicinal plants used in traditional health care by local and indigenous people. About 80% local people use different parts of plants for various ailments. The present finding revealed that most of the plants are used for skin diseases, cold, cough and fever, etc. Leaves are predominantly used than the other plant parts. Important families within the groves were Apocynaceae, Papilionaceae, Urticaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Presence of a large number of monospecific families indicates immediate need of a conservation measure to secure sustainable utilization of medicinal plants of sacred groves of Trivandrum district.

ABSTRACT

Our country is well known for developing into rich and ancient traditional system of medicines based on plants. For centuries, these ancient cultures and professional practicing on traditional system viz. Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha could remain in house hold and pass through generations to generation. India is being a developing country, of late uses bioactive natural products (secondary metabolites) using in vitro culture technology of the medicinal plant species. Recently, commercial utilization of these compounds using modern techniques is in good progress. The developed western affluent world has to now depend on these compounds mostly in drug and pharmaceutical industry in recent years. Orchids as medicinal herbs, details on plant medicinal potentialities, traditional medicinal systems viz. Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha have been described.

ABSTRACT

The Kolanthamamalai hill an offshoot of Kalakadu Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve of Southern Western Ghats is one of the important forest reserves of Tirunelveli District. The physiography of this range differs much from the adjacent portions of Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu state due to its discontinuity, varying altitude, ridges and their height and breadth. The altitude of the hilly rugged terrain ranges from 150 to 300m, with the highest peak being Kolanthamamalai. Field visits were made in the study area to survey and to gather information on medicinal flora. The vegetation of Kolanthamamalai hill is a mixed dry deciduous type characteristic of the high and low altitude of the mountains respectively. Lowland vegetation girdles the base of the mountain on the eastern and southern side of the hills. Along the foot hills vegetation is an open scrub with occasional trees. The low-lying areas and the seasonal watercourses are densely vegetated. The natural barriers, habitat diversity, climate and moderate rainfall have resulted in the development of unique plant diversity.

Decision Support Systems convert farm data into recommendations that improve livestock productivity, health and sustainability. This chapter explains data-driven, model-driven and knowledge-based systems and their principal components: data management, analytical models and user interfaces. Technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, machine learning and cloud computing support applications in feed optimization, disease prediction, reproductive management, milk production and animal-welfare monitoring. Dairy and poultry examples demonstrate how DSS can reduce operational costs and strengthen farm decisions. Implementation challenges include inadequate data quality, high costs, limited technical expertise and maintenance requirements. Future systems are expected to integrate blockchain, robotics, Edge AI and increasingly autonomous management technologies.

1    General line of treatment of poisoning in animals

2    Systemic antidotes-dosage and method of treatment large animals

3    Small animals

4    Plant toxins

5    Zoo toxins

1. Introduction
With commercial uses ranging from the production of high-quality substances to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, hydrogenation is an essential step in the formation of organic compounds (Cerveny et al., 1986). There are two main approaches to hydrogenation: direct hydrogenation, which employs pressurized hydrogen gas, and transfer hydrogenation (TH). A versatile and effective approach for producing a large variety of hydrogenated molecules, the TH method entails adding H2 to molecules via an origin other than H2 gas. This approach is increasingly preferred over direct hydrogenation and has recently attracted considerable interest in hydrogenation research. The benefits of the TH method include (i) the elimination of potentially dangerous pressurized hydrogen gas and the complexity of experimental setups, (ii) the accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use of hydrogen donors, (iii) the potential to recycle the main byproduct, and (iv) the availability and stability of the catalysts employed (Brieger et al., 1974).
1.1. The Historical Context, Core Principles, and Groundbreaking Research on TH (transfer hydrogenation)
With a history spanning more than a century, the TH reaction has a rich past. In order to enable hydrogen transfer between equivalent donor and acceptor units, Knoevenagel showed in 1903 that palladium black could efficiently aid in the disproportionation of dimethyl 1,4-dihydro terephthalate into dimethyl terephthalate and cis-hexahydroterephthalate. Three primary types of hydrogen transfer reactions were distinguished by Braude and Linstead: (i) the hydrogen movement within a single molecule; (ii) hydrogen disproportionation, which entails transfer among identical donor and acceptor units; and (iii) TH-dehydrogenation, which takes place between distinct donor and acceptor units. Of them, THdehydrogenation— often just called TH—is the most well-known and often applied sector. Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reductions, early transition metal-catalyzed reactions, organocatalytic processes, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, heat techniques, and base-catalyzed reactions are among the types of TH reactions that are classified according to the type of catalyst used. The historical context, important research, and underlying ideas of each category will be covered in detail in this section.In 1925, Meerwein et al. independently reported the significant MPV reduction, which were the first TH process involving carbonyl groups. After earning his Ph.D. under Richard Anschütz in Bonn, where he was appointed a professor in 1914, Hans Meerwein (1879–1965) moved to Königsberg in 1922 and then to Marburg. His name is associated with a number of processes and reagents,

1. Introduction
Palladium (Pd), which has the atomic number 46, was discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. It is a well-known transition metal recognized for its versatile catalytic properties in chemical reactions, material sciences, and various industries. The palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions extend beyond the formation of biaryls. Many carbon–carbon, carbon–nitrogen, and carbon–oxygen bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry are facilitated by palladium salts and catalytic systems derived from palladium. Some notable organic reactions that involve palladium include the Mizoroki-Heck reaction, (Biffis et al., 2018, Koranne et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2021) Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, (Zhang et al., 2023) Negishi reaction, (Haas et al., 2016). Stille coupling, (Cordovilla et al., 2015). Sonogashira coupling, (Chinchilla & Najera, 2007) Tsuji-Trost reactions, (Kvasovs et al., 2023). and Wacker catalytic processes. (Zhang et al., 2023) In this chapter, we will focus on the applications of palladium and its salts in C-N bond-forming reactions.
2. Palladium (Pd)-Catalyzed C–N Bond Formation
Besides copper, palladium metal is considered as the most widely used metal in organic synthesis. The discovery of cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium(0) complexes in the 1970s was a highly important achievement that substantially changed the strategy of organic chemistry. Best applications of the palladium salts are in enantiolective and new C-N bond forming reactions. Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig opened up the catalytic scope of palladium in newer methodologies on C–N bond forming reactions during 1990s, (Ruiz- Castillo & Buchwald, 2016) and henceforth, new methodologies of carbocycles, heterocycles, and simple organic compounds have been created in large scales (Rayadurgam et al., 2021). The mechanisms of palladium-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions are critically discussed in numerous high-quality research journals with different theoretical and experimentally proven methods (Beletskaya & Averin, 2021). However, the most acceptable mechanistic pathway to reaction products in these Pd-catalyzed reactions involving palladium is illustrated in Scheme 1. The process begins with the formation of a palladium complex through the reaction of an aryl halide (which can be aliphatic, heteroaryl, or functionalized alkenes/alkynes), a palladium salt, and amino nucleophiles. In the presence of a suitable base, the loosely bonded halide or any leaving groups are eliminated, leading to the formation of a palladium (IV) complex. This complex then undergoes reductive elimination, resulting in stable aminated aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, or functionalized alkenes/ alkynes. Additionally, a more generalized reaction mechanism is presented in a circular pathway format, highlighting the bonding approaches, rearrangements, intermediate formations, and the final release of target compounds, as depicted in Scheme 1. The involvement of higher valence organo-palladium complexes in such catalytic transformations have been well established (Hickman & Sanford, 2012).

Introduction
1.1. Definition and Significance of Natural Products
Natural products are chemical compounds or substances derived from living organisms in nature. These diverse sources, including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, produce a wide range of chemical structures and functions. The significance of natural products lies in their diverse biological activities and potential applications in therapeutics, agriculture, and various industries. Natural products have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and continue to serve as the foundation for many modern pharmaceuticals, providing templates for the development of synthetic analogues and novel drugs. Their complexity and unique structural features often translate into high biological activity, making them valuable in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Furthermore, natural products are generally perceived as safer and more environmentally friendly compared to synthetic chemicals, contributing to their appeal in numerous applications.
1.2. Historical Perspective on the Use of Natural Products
The use of natural substances has a long history, with evidence of their application in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, China, India, and Greece. Traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Indigenous practices, have utilized plants, animals, and minerals to treat various ailments. These early practices laid the foundation for the systematic investigation of natural products and their medicinal potential. One of the earliest documented uses of natural products in medicine is the Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian text from around 1550 BCE (Packard, 1931). Similarly, ancient Indian texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, describe the use of plant-based medicines in Ayurvedic tradition. The scientific investigation of natural products gained momentum in the 19th century, with the isolation of pure compounds, including morphine, quinine, and penicillin.
1.3. Current Trends and Applications
Natural products are invaluable in various industries, serving as a rich source of bioactive compounds for drug development, sustainable agriculture, and functional food products. Many modern medicines, such as the anticancer drug paclitaxel and the antimalarial artemisinin, are derived from natural sources. These naturally-derived compounds often possess unique structures and mechanisms of action that are difficult to replicate synthetically.

1. Introduction:- Ensuring Quality and Success in Assisted Reproductive
Technology through Good Laboratory Practices Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in animals has become an increasingly vital set of techniques with wide-ranging applications across agriculture, wildlife conservation, and biomedical research. These technologies, encompassing procedures such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer, and cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, offer solutions to infertility, enable genetic improvement in livestock, and play a crucial role in preserving endangered species. As the application of ART expands throughout the globe, the need for stringent quality control and standardization becomes paramount to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of outcomes. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) represent a well-established quality system that provides a framework for the organizational processes and conditions under which non-clinical studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. Originally developed to ensure the integrity of safety data for pharmaceuticals and other regulated products, the fundamental principles of GLP are highly relevant to the field of animal ART. This report aims to explore the application of GLP in ART and to thoroughly investigate its contribution to achieving successful outcomes in various ART procedures and across different animal species. By examining the core principles of GLP and their practical implementation in animal ART laboratories, this analysis will highlight the critical role of standardized practices in enhancing the reliability, ethical conduct, and overall success of animal reproductive technologies.
2. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in Reference to ART
Good Laboratory Practices are broadly defined as a quality system that governs the organization and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported, and archived. This system is designed to ensure the quality and

Antimicrobial Resistance abbreviated as AMR is defined as the process by which microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites change over a period and become resistant to a drug to which they were earlier susceptible to. This makes the medicines ineffective for treatment overtime, thus making infections difficult to treat thereby increasing the risk of spread of diseases caused by them and severe illness which may lead to death. This in turn necessitates the need for development of newer antibiotics. However, there has been a sharp decline in the development and manufacture of new antibiotics in the recent years resulting in development of only few antibiotics in the past two decades. The increase in emergence of antibiotic resistance concurrent with decline in development of newer antibiotics poses a serious threat to health of both humans and animals. Every year about 700,000 deaths have been reported to occur due to resistant infections and this rate is likely to increase further with estimated infections due to resistant pathogens expected to reach over 50 million globally by 2050 (O’Neill, 2016). The worrisome trends of increasing antimicrobial resistance across the globe poses a serious threat to both animal and human health as AMR not only increases the morbidity and mortality rates but also increases the economic burden on health care (Zhu et al., 2022). This presents an extremely grave situation as the supply of new antibiotics is inadequate to cope with the increase of AMR pathogens. The unnecessary use of antibiotics globally especially in the livestock sector as growth promoter further helps in selective enrichment of AMR pathogens which further increases health risks. It is well known that resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria can persist and spread within and between premises despite zero antimicrobial drug use. This may be explained due to maintenance, replication, and further dissemination of resistance genes by horizontal transfer of genes via natural ecosystem and can occur either by conjugation, transformation and transduction; and these mechanisms can rapidly spread AMR genes among microbial community in natural environment and human microbiome, where these resistant bacterial species may be selected due to presence of antimicrobial drugs (Zhu et al., 2022). The physical transfer of bacteria via movement of animals, workers, and equipment and ineffective cleaning and disinfection may also be responsible for increasing the AMR pathogens in the natural environments.

For a researcher, laboratory is another home where he/she spends much time every day. As we take care of cleanliness, safety, and design of our home, we must take care on these aspects of laboratory too. It is the responsibility of the laboratory personnel to ensure cleanliness/safety of the laboratory. Since every laboratory chemical and equipment have the potential to cause harms if not used with appropriate precautions. Hence, as a laboratory user, it is our responsibility to follow the basic safety/biosafety rules and regulations set up by the Principal Investigator of the laboratory, Institutional Biosafety Committee, as well as by other regulatory authorities, if any. We must be aware of the general/personal protective measures, cleanliness and laboratory waste disposal prior to joining a research laboratory. In this chapter we will briefly discuss about personal safety, chemical safety, cleanliness, waste disposal, etc.

A. Personal Safety

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is special arrangement to protect the worker from specific hazards because of using a hazardous substance. PPE does not reduce or eliminate the hazard, but protects the wearer from exposure to hazardous material. PPE should not be reused or brought outside the laboratory as these might increase the risk of spread hazardous material or contamination. Used PPE must be kept inside the laboratory in a designated waste storage area adjacent to the work area.

Introduction

Resistance to antibiotics in the bacterial world is a genetically determined phenomenon that was first observed within a few years after the introduction of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes. In Nature, ARGs are believed to have originated about three billion years ago as an intrinsic defense mechanism in antibiotic-producing bacteria (Perry et al., 2016; Iskandar et al., 2022), and subsequently, evolved by complex and quantum jump trajectories to mobilize, diversify and interconnect all ecosystems in the micro-biosphere. Bacterial genomes exhibit plasticity and continue to evolve under the selection pressure of antibiotics and other stressors (Patel, 2016). The ARGs in circulation at present are thus a mixture of ancient and modern counterparts. Recently, the interplay between bacterial metabolism and antibiotic resistance has also been revealed (Zampieri, 2021).

The use of antimicrobials in health management, livestock, and food industry is driving the emergence of resistant microbes at a rapid pace (Wall et al., 2016; Adegoke et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017). As a result, AR pathogens have spread globally to cause loss of lives, production, productivity, and negatively impact economic growth. Recently, AR pathogens in a large study have been found directly responsible for millions of deaths, and the figures are likely to increase in the coming decades (Murray et al., 2022). The pace of the emergence of AR can however be slowed down by improving human interventions. The global and local AR combat plans implemented during the past few years have enhanced the mass awareness of the pandemic problem (WHO, 2015; FAO, 2016; NAP, GOI, 2017; WHO, 2022; WOAH, 2022). These Action Plans on AR containment encourage avoiding of indiscriminate use of antibiotics for the treatment of sick humans and animals, recommend the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals, promote AR surveillance and monitoring, and support the ‘One-Health’ strategy and application of the biosecurity principles for containment of the resistant microbes.

TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously improving the quality of products and processes. It is used around the world.

TQM functions on the premise that the quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone who is involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization. In other words, TQM capitalizes on the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and even customers, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations. Considering the practices of TQM as discussed in six empirical studies, Cua, McKone, and Schroeder (2001) identified the nine common TQM practices as cross-functional product design, process management, supplier quality management, customer involvement, information and feedback, committed leadership, strategic planning, cross-functional training, and employee involvement.

TQM and Six Sigma

The Six Sigma management strategy originated in 1986 from Motorola’s drive towards reducing defects by minimizing variation in processes. The main difference between TQM and Six Sigma is the approach Six Sigma is a business management strategy originally developed by Motorola, USA in 1986. As of 2010, it is widely used in many sectors of industry, although its use is not without controversy.

Introduction
India with a population of 1.30 billion people is highly focusing on “Development”i.e. good food, better health & living conditions for everyone. With the increase in the incomes, people can now afford better nutrition in the form of poultry egg and meat, now poultry industry has transformed from a mere backyard activity into a major commercial activity in just four decades. India is now the world’s 3rd largest egg producer and the 5thlargest producer of broilers. The Indian poultry market witnessed an increasing trend over the past five years, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.6% (DAHD, 2023). Poultry sector in India is valued at about Rs. 1,50,000 crore (2022-23) broadly divided into two sub-sectors – one with a highly organized commercial sector with about 80% of the total market share (say, Rs. 1,20,000 crore) and the other being unorganized with about 20% of the total market share of Rs. 30,000 Crore. (DAHD, 2023). Poultry production in India has become a profitable and most popular income generating sector for the educated unemployed youth. Most of the poultry farmers are interested in broiler production due to its quick returns, less space requirement and higher weight gains. The productive potential of poultry in India has not been fully exploited due to deficit feed resources and unutilization of available improved technologies for getting high productivity from the poultry at economical rate. Hence, it is essential to further enhance the feeding value of available feed resources so as to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and minimize the cost of feed per kilogram live weight gain. The use of antibioticas growth promoters in poultry has been banned due to concern about their residues in tissue and induction of bacterial resistance. Due to these concerns, recently many feed additives has been investigated for alternatives tofeed antibiotics. The international feed industry is facing the challenge of the awareness among the consumers of meat on the risk of bringing about antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbiota through antibiotics used in animal and poultry feeds. It has directed them towards the non-antibiotic feed additives. Among them, the feed additives of plant origin, called as Phyto-additives or Phytogenic Feed Additives (PFA) or Phytobiotics are considered to be a better alternative as non-antibiotic growth promoters, even though there are well established non antibiotic growth promoters such as organic acids and probiotics. The Phytogenic feed additives also vary widely in their botanical origin, processing and composition. They have been used in solid, dried and ground forms or as extracts or essential oils.It is reported that aromatic plants may increase feed intake and may improve secretion of endogenous digestive enzymes. It has been shown thatthe dietary incorporation of herbs may provide beneficial effect on poultry performance and health due to the antimicrobial activity of their phytochemical components. Phytobiotics have gained increasing interest as natural growth promoting feed additives in broiler production in recent years. These have wide range of medicinal properties with no residual side effects and are best alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (Chaudhary et al., 2018, 2019, Rahman et al., 2014). Beneficial effects of these substances in poultry nutrition are due to their high content of pharmacologically active compounds stimulating appetite and feed intake, improving endogenous digestive secretion and activating immune responses (Nouzarian et al., 2011 and Toghyani et al., 2010).

The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system. It includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Ultrasound is a most preferred imaging tool for the diagnosis of diseases of urinary tract not only in humans but also in dogs and cats. Little adipose tissue in urinary system of dogs makes the contrast between different planes and anatomical structures poor.

Historically, the terms alternative, complementary or traditional medicine (TM) all referred to a genre of health care practices or services that got bound together as a class through the logic of reductio-ad-absurdum, or because of their “absence from the mainframe of” what has come to be known as Modern Medicine (MM). However, since Stephen Fulder¹ , the identities of TM have become more distinct, MM-TM blending more active and, the line separating the two more fuzzy. To date, the World Health Organization offers the most comprehensive definition of TM² .

WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises applied singularly or in combination to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.

The phraseology MM/TM is syntactically incorrect because it is contended that medicine as such, modern or otherwise, evolves and progresses through traditions. The major difference between the various traditions of health care practices is that MM rode the crest of the high wave of reductionist-scientistic rigor of modernity³ to reach the shore of global acceptability while the others never crossed the threshold of geographical and cultural locality, remaining untested, neither proved nor disproved. Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest also endorses a truism that survival is a proof of fitness. Given this principle, it makes sense that TM as we know of it today may be useful for promoting human health. Moreover, most TM considers human beings and their health in the context of their environment. This criteria, not only defines TM apart from MM but also provides for a reason as to why lately TM is emerging out of long hibernation. Developmentally, MM isolated “human” from its global environmental context as a static, stand-alone, complete, total and delimited system in itself. While this reductionist approach has a very high pay off for the first 90% of human health problems, it fails when dynamic non-linear complex systems elements kick in (I’m not exactly sure that you mean by this phrase). TM covers some parts of those hidden variables and thats the utility to modern mankind.

Safety is a primary concern regarding traditional and complementary therapies. There are two aspects of safety evaluations. First, to ensure that the right quality of material and apt possesses are used from sourcing to marketing; and second, there is no contamination, adulteration or spiking. Few studies have reported adulteration with steroids in some traditional Chinese dermatological preparations. In an analysis of Chinese herbal creams prescribed for dermatological conditions, Keane et al. found that eight of eleven creams analyzed contained steroids194. Spiking with corticostreoinds has been observed in some market preparations claimed to be useful in the treatment of arthritis and asthma195. Recently, Saper et al. from Harvard Medical School have reported heavy metal content of Ayurvedic herbal preparations and have recommended mandatory toxic heavy metal testing196. There have been few reports of heavy metal toxicity following traditional medicine use197,198. Such studies are important and needed, however they are more related to the quality control failures of the mass manufacturing activities. Often they are wrongly used to limit the use of TM. In reality, such a QC failure should not be considered as a general negative notion to create a bias against TM. We certainly need effective QC and regulation of herbal medicines, without limiting public access to these preparations and ensuring public interest and constituting restrictive trade practice.

Climate change affects livestock through heat stress, water scarcity, unstable feed supplies, altered disease patterns and extreme weather. This chapter examines how artificial intelligence supports climate-smart and sustainable animal husbandry. Machine learning, predictive analytics and IoT-enabled monitoring can optimize feeding, detect disease, assess welfare and improve the use of water, energy and other resources. Intelligent technologies can also assist in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and developing adaptive production strategies. The chapter evaluates the contribution of AI to productivity, climate resilience and environmental responsibility while addressing problems such as insufficient data, limited infrastructure, implementation costs and ethical concerns. Future integration with sustainable agricultural frameworks is also discussed.

Traditional livestock diagnosis is often reactive and may identify disease only after clinical symptoms become visible. This chapter introduces deep-learning methods for automated health monitoring, early disease detection and predictive analytics. Models analyse images, videos, body temperature, heart rate, activity patterns and historical health information. Convolutional neural networks extract visual features and classify diseases, while LSTM networks identify patterns in time-dependent physiological and behavioural data. Multimodal fusion improves the reliability of predictions by integrating different data sources. IoT-connected systems can generate real-time warnings and support timely intervention. The chapter compares deep learning with conventional approaches and evaluates accuracy, recall, false-negative rates and practical deployment.