eChapters

1.    The function of myoglobin is to store in living animal’s muscle.

(a) Oxygen

(b) Nitrogen

(c) CO₂

(d) Oxygen + carbondioxide

2.    Myoglobin is in color when not carrying an oxygen molecule.

(a) Red

(b) Blue

(c) Purple

(d) White

Introduction

A planer machine is a commercial machine tool hired for transforming the metal blocks or metal workpiece into the desired calculated shapes by generating the flat surfaces on a workpiece. Similar to a shaper machine, a planer machine is used for forming flat surfaces on the work piece using the single-point cutting tool.Planer machines are generally hired for operation on the larger workpiece or metal structure (blocks) that cannot be achieved by the shaper machine. They generally have larger beds and larger reciprocating movements covering a greater working length and surface area as compared to shaper machines.

Introduction

Spectacular accomplishment in every sector has enabled India to be amongtop achieving nations. However, every section of the society is not benefited by these achievements and problem of malnutrition still remains unresolved. Malnutrition is a common problem faced by underdeveloped and developing countries suchas Philippines, Nepal, Sudan,Tanzaniaand Indiasincelongback. Malnutrition includes undernutrition(wasting,stunting,underweight),inadequate vitamins or minerals as well as overweight, obesity and resulting diet-related non communicable diseases(NCDs). As per the latest report of World Health Organization, 52 million children under 5 years of ageare wasted, 17 million are severely wasted and 155 million are stunted, while 41 million are overweight or obese (WHO, 2018). More than 50% women of marriage age are suffering from anemia. If women are malnourished at the time of pregnancyand delivery, the babybornface theproblems such asphysical retardation,sensitive tocommon infections, reduced cognitive abilities, reducedmental development, etc. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, starting from the date of conceiving a child, the first 1000 days are a critical window from nutrition point ofview.Unfortunately, inseveral regions of developingcountries includingIndia, neither the mother nor the babyis provided with the right quantity and qualityof food during this window period. Therefore, it is important for the policymakers to identifymalnutrition at an earlystage for timelyplanningand implementation of various intervention strategies at the community, village, and district level. NitiAyog, Government of India (GoI) (previously known as Planning Commission), in an effort to eliminate malnutrition,regularlyplans several short and longtermnutritionalprogrammesand policies.In thischapter,we willdiscuss some of these policies launched since independence and their impact in combatingmalnutrition.

What is a Camera Shot

A camera shot consists of a sequence of frames captured continuously from when the camera starts recording until it stops. This uninterrupted footage is crucial in filmmaking and video production. By utilizing various types of shots, angles, and camera movements, filmmakers can highlight particular emotions, ideas, and actions within each scene.

Camera Shot Size Overview

The following shot size cheat sheet illustrates how different shot sizes appear on screen, helping to distinguish between them.

Understanding Shot Sizes

The essential shot sizes, ranging from establishing shots to extreme close-ups are explained in this chapter.

Before beginning the actual work on the establishment of a Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry the following points should be considered:

Availability and possibilities of obtaining Funds: Investment of own money or obtaining loans from banks etc.

The scale of industry (Large, Small, Cottage or Home): Has to be decided based on availability of raw material, funds availability, land, labour and other resources.

The location: The processing unit should be located near to the actual production site of raw material so that the transportation costs of high bulk raw materials is reduced. There is no fun or justification of establishing apple processing industry in Lucknow or Bangalore and mango processing industry in Shimla as the related raw materials would have to be transported through long distances.

Site: Site selected in the location should be sunny area free from dampness and sufficient space for waste disposal should be ensured.

Introduction

Planning scripts for documentary production and drama is crucial for creating compelling and effective visual narratives. Documentaries focus on presenting factual content and real-life stories, aiming to inform or inspire audiences through a detailed exploration of a specific topic. In contrast, dramas revolve around fictional stories designed to evoke emotions, explore complex characters, and engage viewers with imaginative scenarios. Both genres require meticulous planning and scripting to ensure clarity, coherence, and impact. For documentary production, the script serves as a blueprint that guides the storytelling process, balancing factual accuracy with engaging presentation. In drama production, the script outlines the narrative structure, character development, and dialogue to create an immersive and emotionally resonant experience. Understanding the nuances of scripting for both types of productions allows creators to effectively communicate their messages and captivate their audiences.

A One-Minute Video Script

A one-minute video script is a brief yet powerful tool that can make a significant impact. The goal is to convey your message quickly and clearly within a short amount of time. This script should have a strong structure, starting with a powerful beginning to grab the audience’s attention and ending with a clear call to action (CTA). Crafting your video script allows you to tailor your message precisely to your target audience, ensuring maximum engagement.

Key Elements of an Effective One-Minute Video Script

• Powerful Beginning: Start your script with an attention-grabbing intro. This could be a surprising fact, a bold statement, or a question that piques the audience’s curiosity.

• Clear Main Narrative: Focus on the main narrative. Ensure your message is clear and easy to follow, keeping the audience engaged throughout.

• Strong Call to Action: Conclude with a strong CTA that encourages viewers to take the next step, whether it’s visiting your website or subscribing to your channel.

Over the past thirty years, digital imaging methods have gained prominence in the food and agricultural industries due to their non-invasive nature and high throughput capabilities. These techniques provide precise and quantitative descriptions of biological products. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, have significantly enhanced computer vision, making it a crucial element of smart food and agricultural systems. Common applications include quality control of bioproducts, plant disease detection, plant phenotyping, crop yield estimation, animal production, and animal welfare. Studies indicate that the market for agricultural-related machine vision and AI is projected to quadruple to $4 billion globally by 2026, driven by the anticipated increase in the world’s population to nearly 10 billion by 2050 and the existing 50% food gap needed to feed this population.

The Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color imaging system, which provides information on objects’ color, texture, and 2D morphology, is one of the most widely used computer vision techniques. However, 2D color imaging systems are limited in that they cannot capture the 3D spatial location information of objects. This 3D information is vital for describing the physical properties of bioproducts, such as size, and is essential for guiding autonomous robotic systems in precision tasks like pruning, harvesting, and cutting. With the development of affordable 3D imaging hardware, it is expected that 3D imaging techniques will become more prevalent in food manufacturing and agricultural engineering. However, various 3D cameras have different design principles and imaging capabilities, resulting in varying camera parameters like resolution and frame rates. Selecting the most appropriate 3D imaging system for specific applications is crucial to provide accurate information and ensure functionality under challenging environmental conditions, such as occlusions and lighting variations. Additionally, the extra 3D data, including point clouds and depth information, complicates data analysis, necessitating the design of efficient 3D analysis models for successful implementation. Following figure provides a timeline of the development of crop modelling approaches.

Charts and graphs are essential tools for visualizing data and presenting information in a clear and comprehensible manner. They transform raw data into visual representations, making complex data easier to understand, analyze, and communicate. Various types of charts and graphs serve different purposes and are chosen based on the nature of the data and the message intended to be conveyed.

Historical Background and Evolution

The use of charts and graphs dates back centuries, evolving alongside advancements in mathematics, statistics, and technology.

Early Developments

Ancient Civilizations: Early forms of data visualization can be traced back to ancient civilizations. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Babylonian cuneiform tablets included basic graphical representations of information.

William Playfair (1759-1823): Often considered the father of statistical graphics, Playfair introduced several fundamental chart types, including the bar chart, line chart, pie chart, and circle chart, in his works such as “The Commercial and Political Atlas” (1786) and “The Statistical Breviary” (1801).

Flashcards are a study aid that typically consists of a set of cards bearing information, such as vocabulary words, questions, or concepts on one side, and their corresponding answers or explanations on the other. They are used to enhance memory through active recall and spaced repetition.

Planning for Flashcards

1. Define the Purpose and Scope

• Determine the subject or topic you want to study.

• Identify the specific concepts, terms, or questions that need to be included.

2. Gather Resources

• Collect textbooks, lecture notes, or other educational materials related to the topic.

• Ensure you have reliable and accurate information. 

A poster is a printed or digital graphic display designed to convey information or messages to a target audience. Posters can include a combination of text, images, and graphics and are often used for advertising, educational purposes, propaganda, and events promotion. They are typically displayed in public spaces to reach a broad audience.

Historical Background and Origins of Posters

Early History

Ancient and Medieval Times: Early forms of posters can be traced back to ancient civilizations where announcements and decrees were inscribed on stone tablets and walls. The use of posters as we know them began with the invention of printing technologies.

15th Century: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century paved the way for mass production of printed materials, including early forms of posters.

What is Audio

Audio refers to sound that is within the range of human hearing. This encompasses everything from the spoken word and music to ambient sounds and electronic signals. In technical terms, audio often refers to the representation of these sounds in a form that can be recorded, transmitted, and reproduced, typically using electronic devices.

History and Evolution of Audio Communication and Aids

Ancient to Early Modern Period

1. Early Communication

• Oral Tradition: In ancient times, communication was predominantly oral. Stories, knowledge, and news were passed down verbally.

• Musical Instruments: Early instruments like drums, flutes, and stringed instruments were used for communication, rituals, and entertainment.

2. Writing and Instruments

• Written Language: The invention of writing allowed for more permanent records of communication but was separate from audio.

• Bell Towers and Horns: In medieval times, bells and horns were used for signaling and communication over distances.

An ice cream plant is a highly interconnected operation in which quality, food safety, productivity, maintenance, cost, cold-chain performance, and business results influence one another. This chapter presents plant audits as management tools rather than simple compliance exercises. It provides a structured monthly audit system covering raw materials, production, quality assurance, hygiene, maintenance, productivity, cost control, warehouse operations, cold chain, documentation, and KPI performance. Department-wise scoring enables management to compare performance, identify weaknesses, prioritize corrective actions, and track improvement. The chapter also discusses common audit mistakes and best practices. A disciplined audit system strengthens accountability, reduces losses, improves operational control, and supports continuous improvement.

Introduction

Vast proportions of the population of the world are dependent on plants as their principal source of food either directly or indirectly. Recent decades have also seen increased numbers of people turning to alternative medical therapy based upon traditional folk medicine or food as a form of medicine. These alternative therapies emphasise the importance of a ‘good diet’ in maintaining and restoring health. Under these circumstances, vast majority of population may see diet therapy, dietary supplements and non-invasive alternative therapies as a safer, less technological and more natural way of maintaining health and treating and preventing individuals from illness. These alternatives may be seen as empowering the consumer and shifting the locus of control away from the medical establishment. This chapter covers many crucial topics to understand the chemistry and bioactivity of the active compounds of plant origin. It also aims to cover the latest research on the bioactive compounds.

Abstract

The establishment of All-India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project in 1965 coincided with the introduction of high yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties. Since then India has made very impressive progress in increasing wheat production over the past three and half decades. India now ranks as the second largest wheat-producing nation in the world. In fact from a state of “Ship to mouth” in 30 years or so India has become a nation of surpluses. The significant contribution made by the project in helping the increased wheat production cannot be ignored. Through coordinated research and development, nearly 200 wheat varieties have been developed during the last 35 years in India. However, only a small number of them produced without backing of specific quality breeding programs excel in quality traits also. The increasing demand of baked and pasta products in the country along with economic liberalization and global trade have offered opportunities for better utilization of the surplus wheat. Thus, in the current decade and beyond, wheat quality needs uppermost attention to meet the trade requirements for domestic and export purposes. Therefore, there is a need to reorient the wheat improvement programs in the country.

Introduction

Tissue culture refers to the technique of growing cells, tissues, or organs under controlled, artificial conditions. This allows propagation of tissues from a small sample of cells/tissues under sterile conditions. Plant tissue culture is widely used for various purposes, including the production of disease-free plants, rapid multiplication of plants with desirable traits, genetic modification, conservation of rare or endangered species, etc. Tissue culture is a valuable technique because it enables consistent and large-scale production of plants, ensures genetic uniformity, and allows manipulation of plant biology at cellular level. In this chapter, we will discuss about the major types of tissue culture techniques and their advantages, disadvantages, as well as applications in brief.

Different Types of Tissue Culture

Callus culture involves induction and growing of unorganized, undifferentiated cell masses from an explant on a nutrient/culture medium. The part of plant used to induce callus is called explant which can be tissue, organ or part of a plant.

Organ culture is used to maintain or grow an entire organ or a part of organ in vitro. It preserves the structure and function of the organ for studies or transplantation.

Embryo culture involves isolating and growing embryos from seeds or ovules in a nutrient medium. It is used to bypass seed dormancy or rescue embryos from hybrid crosses that may not develop naturally.

Cell suspension culture involves growing dispersed cells or small cell clusters in a liquid medium under continuous shaking. This is used for large-scale production of cells, secondary metabolites, and studying cell biology..

Introduction

India is blessed with varied agro-climatic conditions. This enables India to grow almost all types of horticultural crops namely fruits, vegetables, potato, tropical tuber crops and mushroom; ornamental crops; medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and plantation crops like coconut, cashew, cocoa, tea, coffee and rubber, in one region or the other throughout the year. India has now a prominent place in world horticulture scenario. Starting from low ebb during first five year, horticulture sector got a boost in 8th plan onwards as a means of diversification to agriculture. Horticulture today, is not merely a means of diversification as envisaged during 80s, but forms an integral part of food, nutrition, economic and employment security. As a result of proper policy initiatives, India is the second largest producer of the fruits and vegetables in the world contributing about 10 per cent to world fruits and 13.8 per cent to vegetable production. Adoption of horticulture crops in production, both by small and marginal farmers, has brought nutritional security and livelihood security in many regions of the country, e.g. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala and improved overall socioeconomic conditions of the people e.g. Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Plasma Activated Water (PAW) is an emerging technology that combines the reactive properties of plasma with water to create an effective medium for food preservation and decontamination. This chapter explains the principles of PAW generation and examines different generation systems, including atmospheric pressure plasma jets, corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge. It explores applications of PAW in reducing post-harvest losses, extending the shelf life of highly perishable foods, supporting edible-coating formation, controlling undesirable enzyme activity and improving food safety. The chapter emphasizes the potential of PAW as a sustainable processing approach while discussing treatment conditions, food-matrix interactions, technological limitations and opportunities for future development in food preservation.

2.1. Introduction

The word ‘plastic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘plastikos’, which means easily shaped or molded. Plastics is defined as a random set of materials based on synthetic or modified natural polymers which can be formed by thermal and pressure treatment. It comprises of wide range of macromolecular organic compounds obtained either from alteration of natural macromolecules or polymerization of molecules of lower molecular weight.