eChapters

Previous Year Questions

1. What are the different ‘National Dietary Guidelines’ of India? What is your opinion on balanced diet of Indians? (20M, CSE 2021)

2. Classify foods on the basis of their function. Write down a balanced diet for a sedentary man & woman in India (10M, CS 2023)

National Dietary Guidelines

Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is defined as “the nutrient present in the diet which satisfies the daily requirement of nearly all individuals in a population”.

Introduction

The Wadi project mainly involves development of orchard (locally known as Wadi) on degraded lands. Mango, Cashew, Guava, Custard apple, Aonla, Lemon, Sapota and Drumstick are the major fruit crops that are cultivated by the tribal through Wadi project. Wadi is a comprehensive project for improving living standards and socio-economic condition of tribal families in remote areas. Acceptance of new idea is not a unit act but a complex process which involves a series of thoughts and actions. In other words, it is known as mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovation to final adoption. The components of Wadi project so far developed in recent has been for increasing the agriculture and horticulture production and productivity hence, it requires proper adoption by the tribal beneficiaries for production. Unless the components of Wadi project are properly adopted to larger extent by the tribal beneficiaries, the desired target cannot be achieved. The study was undertaken on following objectives.

Objectives

1. To study extent of adoption of components of Wadi project.

2. To study component wise adoption of Wadi project by the tribal beneficiaries.

3. To study relationship between profile of the tribal beneficiaries and adoption components.

Release agents are used to grease equipment used for manufacturing certain types of sugar confectionery for easy removal of the sweet.

High-viscosity, purified mineral oil is most commonly used material suitable for all sweet manufacturing purposes. Mineral oil is neutral in taste and has little odour. It should be used carefully: there is a legal limit of 0 2% in the United Kingdom.

Acetylated mono-glycerides have excellent release properties. A number of alternatives based on vegetable oil are available, but the development of rancidity on the film surface on the sweets during storage is the major difficulty in the use of vegetable oil

Introduction

Aquaculture has developed quickly over the last three decades to turn into important economic activity world wide. It has been attracting heavy investment due to the availability of sound technologies and limitless potential for export especially shrimp. There are several forecasts on demand for aquatic foods and it is expected that it will be 183 million tonnes by 2030. As the capture fishery production is stagnating at around 90 million tonnes, aquaculture is seen as the only alternative to bridge the widening gap in demand and supply. Globally, Landings from worldwide aquaculture has increased 10-15 % per year in the last two decades and this growth was due to the combined effects of scientific farming, availability of infrastructure facilities, changing consumer preferences and export market potential to developed countries.

Shrimp farming is relatively new and its introduction on a commercial scale can be traced to the early seventies. Despite the recent introduction, one third of the world shrimp production is from farmed shrimp. The shrimp producing countries are found in all regions based on FAO statistics including Europe and Middle East. The major to five shrimp producing countries are China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. The future increase in world aquaculture production will be driven by China with South Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and the Europe providing small increases.

Introduction

What is Remote Sensing?

Remote sensing means sensing the objects that are far away from the reach of our senses. It is a tool to identify the characteristics of an object without having any direct contact over it.

In other words, it can be defined as, science of acquiring information about earth’s surface viz., land cover, oceans & coastal, agriculture, forestry, geographical mapping etc, through sensing, energy emission and processing, analysing and recording reflected images.

How does it Work?

Remote sensing process involves interaction between radiation emitted from the object and the target of focus. This can be explained by the use of imaging system that follows seven elements. However, it should be noted at this point that remote sensing not only uses imaging system but also uses non-imaging sensors and sens- ing of emitted energy.

Introduction

The extension approaches followed in agricultural sector during past decade is reoriented in various occasions and new system of approaches were implemented. The present day orientation is shifting the efforts of extension from production orientation to profit orientation. Under these circumstances, the key factor for success will largely depend upon the extension service provider’s orientation and farmer’s capacity to absorb new knowledge of improved practices and technology. In order to orient officials towards this change HRD is essential. This will help them to impart required competencies in knowledge and skill such as technical, organisational, managerial, communication and business skills.

The present day extension approach i.e. ATMA focusing towards block level planning, farmers participation in planning and implementation of various schemes, group approaches, importance to agri and allied aspects are the major focus of ATMA. The Tamilnadu government in the year 2007 reorganised the extension system in to twotier at district level with the major focus to block level. In each block Agricultural Extension Centres (BAECs) were established which houses for agriculture, horticulture, marketing, agri. engineering departments.

The financial and commercial book keeping that is generally practiced by dairies, the main purpose of which is to ascertain the total results of the business during a given period, does not answer the question whether the costs of processing of milk products and of the various operations involved in manufacturing, are reasonable. For this purpose, dairy plants have to keep detailed records of the expenditure incurred on different components and processes, for planning of production and controlling of costs. In large multi-product dairy plants, production is generally characterized by mixed and joint production and the different operating operations are interrelated. Thus, it becomes difficult to draw a distinction and allocate and apportion the consumption of various services and utilities to arrive at the cost of different operations of various products.
The Bureau of Indian Standards has developed three different sets of records on dairy accounts which may be used to record different information for cost and quality control. These records are:

Abstract

Three-point bend test (three point bend ring-HDP/3PB) for five types (Good day, Butter bite, Marie, Krack Jack and Salted) of commercial biscuit brands (Britannia, Supreme, Parle, Lancer, Priya Gold and Dalmia) was developed using TA-XT2, texture analyzer and probable factors affecting the results were assessed. Maximum force to break the biscuits, number of fracture before break, thickness of biscuits and percent break point penetration were found in the range of 1006.5 to 3456.5g, up to 3, 4.2 to 6.3mm and 5.54 to 22.62%. The rupture of biscuits were observed on the basis of probe penetration into the biscuits and found that maximum resistance for penetration offered by Marie whereas minimum by salted biscuits, which was respectively the hard dough and fermented dough biscuit varieties. The analysis of variance for the results revealed that there is significant difference (P£0.01) in the maximum force of break for the biscuit types and brands individually or in combination. Difference in the thickness of biscuits was also found significant among types and commercial brands. The number of fractures was not consistent among the types as well as biscuit brands before reaching the maximum force of breaking the biscuit.

Results and discussion: concept Result is the outcome, consequences or conclusion of a problem, probe or experiment organized after a period of time. This conclusion can be one result, multiple results or no result as such. The length of time taken to find a result can vary from less than a second to many years. In this chapter, the result of the Research has been elaborated and also discussed later. The purpose of the discussion/revelation is to interpret and describe the significance of our findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, and to explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after we have taken the findings into consideration. The discussion will always connect to the introduction by way of the research questions or hypothesis we posed and the literature we reviewed, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the introduction and the discussion always explain how our study has moved towards the research problem.

Research: The word research is composed of two words “Re” and “Search”.

“Re” - ‘Again or over again or a new’.

“Search” - ‘To examine closely and carefully’ or ‘to test and try’.

Research is a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field

of knowledge undertaken to establish principles / policies.

Science: It is a systematized knowledge derived through observation,

experimentation or any other systematic method or procedure in order to

determine the nature of phenomenon or process being studied or the causes

behind specific events.

Research Methodology: The study of conducting research is research

methodology.

Pure/Basic/Fundamental Research: Gathering, knowledge is termed as

‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research. Just to gather knowledge in order to formulate or

generalize theories or policies. Pure research involves developing and testing

theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but

may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.

A research methodology is the logical and systematic planning and directing of a research process to accomplish research goals. The components of research methods used in the present study are as follows:
5.1 Hypotheses
5.2 Sampling plan 
5.3 Variables and their measurements
5.4 The interview schedule
5.5 Statistical analyses

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

Locale of Research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Radhikapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Kaliyaganj block in Uttar Dinajpur District.

The characters and the factors under study have been well discernible to this area

• The researcher’s close familiarity with respect to area, people, officials and local dialects

• The highly cooperative and responsive respondents

• The profuse scope to get relevant information regarding entrepreneurship communication behavior, economical communication, information seeking & responding behavior, information flow in & flow out etc.

• The locale is located at the terminal point & beside the INDIA BANGLADESH border, so there is some cross border impact also.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

5.1: Locale of research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Mitrapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Haringhata block in Nadia District.

The major focus of the study was to critically analyse the overall performance of Women Dairy Cooperative Societies (WDCS) in two districts of Odisha. The methodology used in carrying out investigation has been outlined in eight sections as mentioned below.

1. Selection of problem
2. Research design
3. Plan of work
4. Locale of the study
5. Sampling procedure

1.1. INTRODUCTION

The word research derives from the French “recherche”, which means to search closely. Research is a process of investigation. It is an examination of a subject from different points of view. It’s not just a trip to the library to pick up a stack of materials, or picking the first five hits from a computer search. Research is a hunt for the truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading up on it, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following up on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose for research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but always not necessary.

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world around us. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines.

The research methodology is a comprehensive plan and guide that outlines the process of conducting a study. The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with a clear understanding of the concepts, approaches, and techniques employed in designing a study, collecting data, analyzing it, and interpreting the findings to establish validity and develop theories. For better comprehension, the entire chapter has been divided into the following subsections:

i. Research location

ii. Sampling strategy

iii. Pilot study

iv. The variables and their measures

v. Data collecting strategies

The research procedures followed in the study are reported under the following sub-heads viz. Selection of Farm Technology and Development of Farmer -Friendly Interactive Multimedia Compact Disc.

3.1. Selection of Farm Technology: Integrated Pest Management Practices for Coconut Eryophid Mite

3.1.1. Importance of Coconut

Coconut is one of the most widely grown plantation crops of the tropics. The palm is recognized as a multiproduct and termed as horticultural, plantation, food and even as an oil seed crop. It has diversified uses such as sources of food, drink and shelter and as a raw material for various industrial uses and thus serves as commercial crop.

The coconut is referred to as man’s most useful tree, synonymously the King of the tropical flora, tree of abundance, tree of heaven Kalpa Vrisha, tree of life and layman’s crop. Millions of people in India and other tropical regions depend upon the coconut plantations for their livelihood. More than 100 products are being made directly or indirectly from coconuts and their export earned India appreciable foreign exchequer.

Several fruits and vegetables are unexploited for proper utilization and product development. Due to lack of utilization, there is a lot of wastage and ultimately the great loss to the people as well as nation. Some unexploited fruits and vegetables have potential for introducing new products. Therefore unexploited fruits and vegetables have to be exploited for new product development especially from underutilized sub-tropical and tropical fruits and vegetables. Research and development should be undertaken to utilize these fruits and vegetables.

Unexploited Fruits

Unripe Green Mango: Although pickles are prepared but droped green mango fruits are not preferred for pickle preparation. They can be dried and utilized for preparation of dried slices or amchur. Amchur is used to develop flavor and taste in Ice cream. These products are used to develop flavor and taste in meal or food. It is also used to prepare chatney. But utilization of Amchur is not known to common people.

Avocado: It is found in tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions having more humidity and rainfall. In Ethiopia it is found throughout the country but not utilized properly by people. They prefer to eat ripe fruits with salt and lime juice. It is very healthy fruit for chronic disease like cardiac and diabeted diseases. This is seasonal use but no product is available for off season. Therefore researches should be carried out for different products development of Avocado products.