eChapters

The seven basic tools of quality control are practical graphical techniques used to identify, analyse and resolve manufacturing problems systematically. Associated with Japanese quality expert Kaoru Ishikawa, they can be applied by employees at different organizational levels. In textile and apparel production, these tools support defect tracking, process control, waste reduction and buyer compliance. They consist of the cause-and-effect or fishbone diagram, check sheet, control chart, histogram, Pareto chart, scatter diagram and flow chart. Together, they help collect and organize information, reveal patterns, identify major sources of defects, investigate relationships between variables, map processes and determine root causes, thereby supporting evidence-based corrective action and continual improvement.

Introduction

Shaping machine, shaping machine is a heavy commercial machine used for generating flat surfaces on the workpiece as per the requirement. It is specifically designed to give the desired shape to the workpiece which can be flat, horizontal, or vertical as per the requirement.

The shaper machine is a reciprocating type of machine (that is, the machine that converts the rotatory motion into the linear motion) in which the tool reciprocates with the forward and backward stroke removing the metal form of metal chips and turning the Metal workpiece into the desired shape.

This chapter introduces the relationship between sheep breed, production system and the type and quality of wool produced. It classifies sheep into fine-wool, longwool, medium or crossbred, carpet-wool and hair breeds. Particular attention is given to Merino and Indian breeds such as Chokla, Magra, Marwari, Nali, Deccani, Gaddi, Rampur Bushair and Bhakarwal. The chapter also examines extensive, pastoral, mixed and intensive production systems and their influence on wool characteristics and economic value.

Synonyms : Variola ovine, ovine pox

Sheep pox causes a severe and highly contagious disease in sheep which is listed in group A disease of the OIE. It is defined as a malignant pox of sheep characterized by fever and generalized development of pock lesions. Lesions first appear as vesicles which later turn into pustules on the exposed parts of the body. There is high mortality rate in lambs.

Distribution :  The disease is in existence since very long in Asia and Europe. It is prevalent in many areas of middle East countries, Africa, Asia and  Mediterranean countries. There are lot of disease outbreaks in India around the year. European Union with the exception of occasional sporadic outbreak in eastern areas of Greece, U.S.A. and Australia are free from the disease.

Introduction

A sheet metal shop is a kind of workshop where different types of materials are used to make sheet metal and then it is flattened into thin sheets of desired shape and size. Sheet metals are used for the production of automobile bodies, utensils, almirah and cabinet appliances, etc.Sheet metal parts have many advantages, like they are less expensive, lighter in weight and can be modified into versatile shapes. Low-carbon steel is commonly used. The use of casting and machining is being replaced by metal stamping. The stamping press is a kind of machine tool in which most of the operations occur, and the sheet metal products which are obtained by the machine are called stampings.

Shelf life is a critical measure of ice cream quality and depends on formulation, processing, hardening, packaging, storage, and distribution conditions. This chapter explains the concept of shelf life and follows the movement of ice cream through the storage and distribution chain. It identifies temperature fluctuation and thermal abuse as major causes of quality deterioration, particularly through ice recrystallization and structural damage. The chapter examines hardening, formulation stability, cold-chain controls, shelf-life KPIs, and formal shelf-life studies. Common defects and their causes are also discussed. By understanding how temperature and handling influence product stability over time, manufacturers can establish better controls and protect texture, flavour, appearance, packaging integrity, and consumer acceptance.

28.1 Introduction

The majority of eggs produced in the world are sold in-shell for consumers to utilize in the home in traditional ways or for baking. Traditionally, surplus eggs not required for the shell egg market (normally the smaller sizes) and downgraded eggs were turned into egg products. Today, farmers have specific contracts to produce eggs for further processing, and any egg that is damaged cannot be used for this purpose. There are essentially three types of egg products, liquid, dried, and frozen, with small markets for peeled, hard-boiled, and hard-boiled pickled eggs.

In India, majority of the people live in rural areas and are engaged in agriculture, earning a subsistence wage. Development which has been focused on them seems to have just passed by them. In India out of the 147.90 million rural households around 60 per cent are cultivation households. Eighty-eight per cent are headed by small/marginal farmers with holding less than 2 hectares (Throat, 2005). Therefore to finance this category of the poor, there is an obligation to create opportunities where credit can be used in a meaningful way.

The main purpose of this chapter is to summarize the results to draw the conclusions on the basis of the foregoing analyses and to indicate some of the significant implications of the present study.
 
In previous Chapter, the study described a detail account of 12 SHGs, three SHGs from each of four schemes viz. NABARD’s SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) in Chhattisgarh state. However, looking back to this study with the salient findings and implications would be the precursor for looking ahead.

Findings of the present investigation on effectiveness of self-help groups (SHGs) in improving livelihood and empowerment of rural poor in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh are presented under the following headings:
    6.1 Features of SHGs formed under different programmes 
    6.2 Socio-personal, socio-economic and communicational profile of the members of SHGs
    6.3 Dynamics and effectiveness of SHGs  
    6.4 Impact of SHGs on livelihood of the members 
    6.5 Influence of SHGs on empowerment of rural poor
    6.6 Overall impact of SHG approach 
    6.7 Constraints faced by SHGs 

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Food Preservation 1782 ó Canning of vinegar was introduced by a Swedish chemist.

1810 ó Preservation of food by canning was patented by Appert in France. ó Peter Durand was issued a British patent to preserve food in ìglass, pottery, tin or other metals or fit materials.î The patent was later acquired by Hall, Gamble, and Donkin, possibly from Appert.

Abstract

This review assesses the nutritional attributes of Amaranth grains and its utilization as food and as formulated foods. Amaranth is a pseudo-cereal and one of the most ancient cultural food plants with excellent source of superior quality protein (rich source of lysine) which is deficient in wheat and other cereals. Amino acid composition of amaranth protein is close to ideal and, as a result, has high food value. Amaranth grain is loaded with phytochemicals including phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, and phytosterols. Amaranth is potentially a good dietary source of the pro-vitamin A carotenoid (f-carotene), antioxidants (nutraceuticals) and canthaxanthin (which has also been reported to be an antitumor agent) and lutein, which is reported to slow down the development of age-related eye diseases. There are also some anti-nutritional factors (Phytic acid, Tannin and Trypsin inhibitor etc.) that may be reduced by certain processing treatments. Several epidemiological studies show Amaranth grains are helpful in reducing several kinds of chronic diseases like cancers, cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and various gastrointestinal disorders. Grain amaranth has been tested and recognised by many authorities as a gluten-free foodstuff appropriate for incorporation into the diet for celiac disease patients. Amaranth grain or young leaves could completely or partially substitute common ingredients, so the crop could be potentially exploited as an ingredient in foodformulation in form of flour, flakes, sprouts, grain undergoing fermentation, popping, malting, extrusion cooking, nixtimisation, and special compounds isolation. The interest in this crop is developing due to its several advantageous properties. The nutritionists find that the grain has higher nutritional value than conventional cereals.

Introduction

Our traditional knowledge of medicine has been one of the strongest areas of research because of our rich heritage in herbal plants & great biodiversity in our fauna & flora. Consumption of plant foods and the structurally diverse natural products provided by them have long been associated with health-protective and therapeutic effects. Natural products in plant foods have been shown to have pleiotropic therapeutic and chemopreventive properties. These bioactive products are known to potentiate the efficacy of other drugs and have synergistic effects too. Most of the prescription drugs discovered so far is from plant sources and 75% drugs had been claimed in folklore claims and traditional medicinal system (Reynold, 1991; Benowitz, 1996). The traditional Indian medicinal system utilizes multicomponent formulations of plant extracts which may either act synergistically or avoid many side effects and might have added up trace element through combination of different plant extracts which could have additive effects. However the effort to utilize traditional knowledge in the light of modern scientific findings is lacking in India. Accumulating evidences as well as in-vitro studies implicates inverse relationship between regular consumption of fruits vegetable and the risk of specific cancer. Diet derived nutritional compound mediated interventions in the process of tumorigenesis may be promising chemopreventive strategy with minimal toxicities to the physiological system.

Introduction

India is known to possess a significant demographic dividend due to its large and growing population where the female population is estimated to be 586.5 million or above currently. This population is characterized by vast regional and cultural differences that create difference in terms of region and culture due to which any kind of generalization is not possible. Women play a crucial role in the growth of the economy and over the years, they had made a substantial impact and achieved status across different sectors both within the country and overseas. Women is a part of workforce but still there is a large population of women both in rural and urban areas that has dreams, but lack the opportunities to realize those dreams and take up their roles other than the household ones. In this regard, it is essential for to promote skill development and women empowerment. In order to upgrade employability and other skills among women, there is need to reduce the unemployment, demographic dividend, cultural and regional barriers and bridge the gap between talent and industry by various innovative methods.

Proactive involvement of society is essential to attain the sustainable development and bring the desired change in the society. Women in economically disadvantaged areas lack opportunities for employment and for self-employment due to various causes and sometimes women in need are on the look-out for affordable vocational courses that is not only of interest to them but also enables them to enhance their employability. Women from these areas can be equipped with the skills they need to increase their employability so that they can access meaningful and sustainable employment, and self employment through entrepreneurship. UNICEF is also assisting women to build stronger links with the private sectors so that they have sustainable market access for their artisanal goods including those who are running home based business.

Introduction

The 21st century has witnessed unprecedented changes in the global job mar ket, driven by technological innovation, globalization, and evolving industry needs. As traditional job roles become obsolete and new ones emerge, skill development has become paramount for both individuals and organizations. This paper explores the concept, importance, key elements, methodologied and challenges in skill development.

Objectives of the study

This study carried on the basis of following objectives

1. To study the concept of Skill Development.

2. To know the Importance of Skill Development.

3. To know Key elements of Skill Development.

4. To know Methodologies of Skill Development.

5. To know Challenges in Skill Development.

A sample is said to be small sample if the sample size(n) is less than 30. Various small sample tests are: (i) t-test (ii) F-test

t-test performs the following tests for small sample(s).

1. To test the equality between a single sample mean and the assumed population mean.
2. To test the equality of two independent sample means.
3. To test the equality of two paired sample means.
4. To test the equality between sample correlation coefficient and the assumed population correlation coefficient

Introduction

Smart farming focuses on retrieving data and using it in developing farming systems in a smart way that will yield better results. Such real time data can be readily accessed by the farmers through smart phones or tablets which will help them to take wise decisions at the right time. It helps in managing farms using technologies like IoT, robotics, drones and AI to increase the quantity and quality of products while optimizing the human labor required by production. Digital farming goes a step further and creates value from data. Integrating the concept of precision and smart farming, digital farming can be explained as “consistent application of the methods of precision farming and smart farming, internal and external networking of the farm and use of web-based data platforms together with Big Data analysis” (A paper on Digital Agriculture, 2018). Though such technologies are highly attractive and worth investing, they are also accompanied by uncertainty and trade – offs. Education, training, dissemination of information, finance and marketing are some of the major factors that would drive the farmers towards adoption of sustainable farming technologies (Grand View Research, 2019).

Cloud-based software is used for the management of financial and field activities of farms. Prior to computers, farmers maintained data manually by keeping lengthy records on papers. This method was prone to human calculation errors. After the computer boom in the 1980s, it was not long before finance software such as Money Counts came to market. 

Introduction

Industry 4.0 is essentially the digital revolution of artificial intelligence and subsequent production processes utilizing contemporary smart technology. Cyber-physical systems, or intelligent machines, are the cornerstone of this revolution (Scoop, 2018). The key features of Industry 4.0 include the integration of IoT, increasing automation technology, and enhanced communication and self-counseling techniques (Tay et al., 2018). According to Schwab (2017), new developments in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, the Internet of Things (IoT), decentralized systems, 3D printing, fifth-generation communication technologies, quantum computing, and autonomous cars will all be part of this revolution. Early in the 2010s, Germany saw the emergence of Industry 4.0 as a result of government initiatives to advance manufacturing computerization as part of its high-tech strategy project. The concept of Industry 4.0 has been implemented in a variety of contexts and rebranded by various industries or businesses as needed.