eChapters

Training helps people to become qualified and proficient in doing some jobs (Dahama, 1979). Usually an organization facilitates the employees’ learning through training so that their modified behaviour contributes to the attainment of the organization’s goals and objectives.
 
Training needs refer to the gaps between desired and expected levels of performance. Needs may be numerous. Besides they also need group, affection, recognition and fulfilment of their talents.

Training need may be defined as difference between existing and desired performance of person(s). In other words it is a gap between job requirement and job performance. That means it is gap between the existing and desired level of competency. Thus, the attitude, knowledge and skills of a person are lower than desired if the gap is significant there is a need for training.

In India, for centuries women have been pushed aside from the race of development in the name of customs, traditions and religion. As a result they have been denied the opportunities for their social, economical and political development leading to the lower status in society. The present situation demands active participation of women along with men in all walks of life. Involvement of women in all development activities. Based on the recommendations of National Policy of empowerment of women, Tenth Plan suggests a three fold strategies for empowering women through social empowerment, economic empowerment and gender justice.
 
Women play a significant and crucial role in agriculture and allied fields including crop production, dairy husbandry, horticulture, post harvest operations etc. It has been estimated that about 86% of the total rural women are working for various agricultural operations. They play an important role not only in maintaining their home task but also managing their farms and animals, depending upon the situation, personal and socioeconomic characteristics of the family to which they belong.  Women are also partners in animal husbandry activities management as manager or skilled workers.

The term empowerment has different meaning in different socio-cultural and political context and does not translate easily into all languages. The term include self strength, control, self power, self reliance, own choice, life of dignity in accordance with one’s values, capable of fighting for one’s right, independence, own decision making, being free, awakening and capability of mention only a few.

Introduction

Organic agriculture is defined by Food and Agricultural Organisation / World Health Organisation Codex Alimentarius Commission as “a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off farm inputs. This is accomplished by using, where possible agronomic, biological and mechanical methods as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific function within the system”.

Though gender is universally one of the key ways in which societies and culture allocate rights and responsibilities, yet the different roles of women and men in agriculture production have frequently been ignored in research and extension activities. Farming is a family enterprise involving both men and women. The role of women and their involvement is more important in production, processing and storage of grains and vegetables. Women in India constitute nearly half of its population and have a strong influence on the growth of the remaining half of population.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted learning through work experience and concerned with technical literacy. Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted training to practicing farm women. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra of Gandhigram Rural Institute was established in July 1989 specifically to cater the needs of the peasants of the Dindigul district.  Inspite of these efforts, there exist a wide gap-between the availability of production technologies and adoption of those technologies. Evaluation of training programmes organised for farm women would provide an understanding of their effectiveness so as to improve them. Hence, a study was undertaken to assess the training needs, appropriate season, venue, type, frequency, duration and method of training in paddy crop as perceived by the respondents.

Introduction

Today we are part of a highly complex and dynamic society. The complexity and dynamism are primarily due to the chain of changes induced by the scientific and industrial developments. The impetus provided by the information explosion coupled with scientific and technological developments to human life has triggered several unimaginable developments in the number, structure and functions of formal organizations. Realization of the supremacy of human mind over the tangible and exhaustible organizational resources like money, material and machine has led to the concept of ‘human capital’, which is now being considered as the most critical organizational resource to ensure organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Analogously huge investments are going in towards servicing and developing this critical resource of human capital in organizations. In this context, the concepts of human resource development (HRD) and training assume greater significance. In fact, training has been considered as a potential tool for HRD since ages. However, as a distinct profession, and also as a critical management tool, training is still in its early years. At the same time, there have been significant changes in the way training is conceived, understood and practiced.

1.1 Agricultural technologies and knowledge

Agricultural technologies and knowledge have, until recently, largely been created and disseminated by public institutions. But over the past two decades, biotechnology for agricultural production has developed rapidly, and the world economy has become more globalised and liberalised

Introduction

PTD refers to the creative process of joint experimentation and research by farmers and development agents (such as extension workers) in discovering ways of improving farmers’ livelihoods. Experimentation and innovation are natural and necessary to farmers. Before formal research and extension services existed, farmers’ own experimentation allowed adaptation to new situations, to survive and to improve their livelihoods, where conditions were favorable.This is still the case today, even where farmers have access to external support. Many development projects and extension agencies are appreciating farmers’ informal experimentation as a springboard for developing locally appropriate technologies.

In most countries, extension systems have now been operating for some time and problems within them will often require a refinement of the existing system rather than design of a new system from scratch.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide extension managers with a simple approach in analysing common extension problems. In most cases, suggestions are given for possible actions to consider in investigating the causes of the problem further and ultimately in overcoming it. However the primary purpose of the chapter is not ‘to give solutions to all known problems’ but to assist the extension manager in analysing problems to find their root cause (or causes). The chapter is designed to be simple and easy to use, and thus cannot do justice to the complexity of all the problems and situations faced by extension personnel.

Many different approaches might be used to organise this process and information. The chapter has tried in all cases to begin with noticeable problems and by analysing these through an hierarchy or problem tree, help users to analyse and reach their own conclusions as to the best solution.

Introduction

India is the third largest producer of cotton in the World. The cotton farmers of India are facing many problems. The stories of Vidharba are crucial lessons for the technocrats and policy makers. Most of the cotton growing areas are dry tract hence grown as rain fed crop. An amount of Rs. 12 billion worth of pesticides are used to control the serious pest i-e boll worm. In order to make the farmers to live debt free life and ensure the maximum reach out efforts of extension, it, needs a strategic TOT efforts.

In this juncture introduction of Bt cotton is a phenomenal change in the cotton industry and needs a careful practices to increase the adoption since it has some complex issues like growing refugee crops. TOT of Bt cotton is unique because of its newness attracts positive and negative comments. A study to assess the acceptance, non adoption and constraints related to Bt cotton was carried out and the findings are given below.

The four main projects of the transfer of technology projects of the ICAR.

The projects are:

1. All India Coordinated Project on National Demonstrations
2. Operational Research Project
3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agricultural Science Centre)
4. Lab to Land Programme.

Introduction

The interest in technology transfer traces back to the colonial era, which began by disseminating knowledge about the core industries of mining, plantations, and agriculture, which was seven decades ago. Technology has had a significant impact on human development and life growth throughout history. People’s life are constantly changing due of technology, whether or not they are ready for it. There has been so much change brought about by technology, and it has occurred at such a rapid pace that many times people lose their capacity to handle it successfully and pleasantly. In this scenario, more ideas are being created in the smaller globe, and technology’s residence time is getting much shorter.

4.1 Indian Rural Women Embracing the Changes

Rural areas are chiefly characterized by a strong reliance on primary industries such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining (MacTavish, 2020). When examined by occupation, the agricultural sector frequently acts as the foundation of rural economies, employing a sizable percentage of workers in farming, livestock raising, and crop production (Cagliarini & Rush, 2011). Unlike urban areas, rural regions offer fewer non-agricultural employment opportunities, leading to a greater emphasis on self-employment, small-scale enterprises, and seasonal work patterns. Limited access to formal employment prompts reliance on informal sectors such as casual labour and subsistence farming.

Introduction
In the contemporary digital era, Information Technology (IT) has emerged as a pivotal tool in transforming business and governance processes, enabling greater efficiency, transparency, and innovation. The process transformation facilitate by IT is not merely a technical upgrade but a fundamental rethinking of how organizations operate, deliver services, and interact with stakeholders. This transformation affects every facet of an organization, from internal workflows to customer engagement, and extends to how governments interact with citizens. Integrating IT into processes fosters greater flexibility, scalability, and adaptability, allowing organisations to respond swiftly to changing environments and demands.

INTRODUCTION

Livestock is an integral part of agriculture in our country. In the decade, India’s population has grown drastically by 13% to 1.2 billion people. Meeting the nutritional needs of this swiftly growing is a gargantuan challenge. Researchers and young farmers have an important role to play in the India Government strategy to relieve pressure on food resources. The dairy industry is a large and important sector in India. We are the highest milk producers in world and milk is an integral source of nutrition and household income. But per animal production is very low as compared to developed countries. The challenge is to improve production and reproduction of dairy animals. Indian farmers feed their animals with imbalanced ration. Supplementation of mineral and vitamins in feed not only improves health status but also in turn increase the income of dairy farmers. The economic contribution of dairy sector seems to be quite substantial in the agricultural economy as well as in the national economy. Keeping in view the growing importance of dairy sector in the changing national and global economic scenario, the dairy farming vocational training programs are organized in the Extension Center of LUVAS at Jind. To undertake this work, 856 young dairy farmers of the area who have successfully completed dairy farming vocational training programmes during the year 2010 to 2013 were selected for the collection of data.

Introduction
The raising of silkworms for the purpose of producing silk is known as sericulture; It entails the rearing of silkworms as well as the cultivation of host plants; the cultivation of mulberry plants is referred to as Moriculture. A silkworm goes through five instars and four moults before beginning to spin cocoons. It goes through a full metamorphosis and goes through four life stages: the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The life cycle of a silkworm takes roughly 6-7 weeks to complete. Following the formation of the cocoon, it is reeled by various reeling machines to create raw silk, which is then woven into garments. Transgenes are any foreign genes that are genetically engineered into an organism from another organism. Transgenesis is the term used to describe the entire process of introducing a transgene into an organism. The organism in which the gene is inserted may experience changes to its genome. Unlike plants and bacteria, transgenic silkworms have the ability to produce recombinant proteins on a large scale because of their similarity in post translational modification and protein folding to that of mammalian cells. India has begun conducting multi-location trials using transgenic silkworms that exhibit potent antiviral activity against the BmNPV virus. For the first time, field trials involving any kind of insect or animal have the approval of RCGM. In India, grass disease is responsible for roughly half of crop losses. When compared to other hybrids that farmers use, the transgenic silkworm hybrids that are produced will also have better cocoon quality parameters. Researchers have successfully created transgenic silkworms that produce glowing proteins, collagen proteins, and spider silk. Green, red, and orange silks are spun by genetically modified silkworms that have been created in Japan. While the gene sequences for red and orange proteins were taken from Fungia concinna coral and Discosoma coral, respectively, the gene sequence for green fluorescent protein was obtained from jellyfish. Researchers have verified that these colors created by transgenic silkworms persisted for a few years. Additionally, scientists have worked to create smart bandages that can destroy bacteria and so reduce the spread of infection. The first institute to create transgenic silkworms that produce fluorescent silk for wedding gowns was NIAS in 2000. The institute also produced ultrafine silk and useful proteins like medicinal antibodies. The transgenic silkworms produced by Immuno Biological Laboratories are useful in the production of influenza vaccines.

Introduction

The food processing industry is a sunrise sector and contributes around 14% of Gross Domestic Product, 13% of India’s exports and 6% of total industrial investment. The Indian food retail market is expected to reach Rs 61 lakh crore by 2020 and the food processing industry accounts for 32% of the country’s total food market. This is considered as one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth.

The drift towards urbanisation and busier way of life, pave path to tremendous bounce in the food market. Nowadays consumer’s approach to being fit is not about going to gym, but also consulting dietitians and adopting an adjusted eating routine. Consumer’s behaviour concerning food consumption has undergone significant changes as a result of the increased awareness about different value added food products, brands, and cuisines, and also their greater willingness to experiment and ability to pay. It leads to the concept of food security in to nutritional security. Companies are offering a wider range of products to the consumers as a result of their investments into product innovation, research and development. At present, various value added products with versatile colour, shape, ingredients etc are available in worldwide market. Among this, some food items like processed fruits and vegetables and dairy products have witnessed a momentous growth in export also. Recent surveys indicated that for companies manufacturing processed foods and beverages, rise in the obesity rate is a great challenge. Hence, efforts were made to develop commercially viable, new process protocols to design healthy products from underutilised food commodities.

“Knowledge Management is the process by which an organization identifies, creates, manages and delivers information to enhance workforce performance. The purpose of knowledge management is to provide information collected from employees, best practices, clients, competitors and other sources in a format that employees can use to the productivity and quality of their work”

Before attempting to address the question of knowledge management, it’s probably appropriate to develop some perspective regarding this stuff called knowledge. Consider this observation made by Neil Fleming [1996] as a basis for thought relating to the following points.

Since the beginning of the Planning process, efforts have been made to ensure that the tribal people were included in the growth process. However, the strategy changed with each Five-Year Plan as new lessons were learnt from various developmental efforts. The First Five Year Plan emphasized the provision of additional financial resources through a community development approach to address the problems of tribal people rather than evolving a clear-cut tribal development strategy. Towards the end of the Plan (1954), 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development Projects (MTDPs) were created. These MTDPs could not fully serve the interest of the tribal people since the schemes were numerous and of a general nature. This approach continued during the second Five Year Plan. In the Third Plan, a different strategy for tribal development was evolved by converting the Community Development Blocks, where the concentration of tribal population was 66% and above, into Tribal Development Blocks (TDBs). By the end of the fourth Five Year Plan, the number of Tribal Development Blocks in the country rose to 504. The strategy of development through Tribal Development Blocks had its limitations as well, as it failed to address the cause of the tribal population of the country living outside the Tribal Development Blocks, which comprised more than 60% of the total tribal population. During the th on 5 Five Year Plan period, the exercise of identification of tribal majority blocks was undertaken. These were later constituted into 194 ITDAs/ITDPs in the country.

The present Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) strategy was initially developed by an Expert Committee set up by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare in 1972 under the Chairmanship of Prof. S.C. Dube for the rapid socio-economic development of tribal people and was adopted for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Plan. The TSP strategy, with some modifications, continues till this day and the salient features concerning TSP for States, are given below:

1. Country Profile
 
Trinidad & Tobago comprises two islands with Trinidad being by far the larger of the two. They have a combined land area of 5,130 sq. km with Trinidad being 4,825 square kilometer. Over 95 per cent of the population of 1.3 million lives in Trinidad. Tobago’s affairs are, for the most part, administered separately through the Tobago House of Assembly, and therefore, the description of it’s extension system is reported separately.

The CSO report (CSO, 2004) listed Trinidad as having approximately 18,142 farmers who are mostly male (85 per cent) and average age of 52 years. These farmers farm on 84,900 hectares of arable land. The majority of this land (72.5 per cent) is under crop cultivation. While most of this land is dedicated to Sugarcane production, tree crops and vegetable cultivation are also important commodities. The rest of the farmland is used for Livestock (10.6 per cent), mixed farming (16.3 per cent) and some small amount of fisheries production. The majority of farms (63 per cent) are less than 5 hectare in size with 22  per cent being less than 0.5 hectare. Agriculture is mainly rain- fed but increasing amounts of farmland are being irrigated. Trinidad has six months of dry season (January-June) and an annual rainfall of 2010.9 mm of rain.

1. INTRODUCTION

Agricultural Extension in Trinidad and Tobago is searching for a way to effectively use Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to improve the delivery of services to the farming community. The notion of a demand-driven extension service seems to appeal to the Ministry of Agriculture, and many believe that ICT has the potential to become a primary enabler to improving the extension service.

The country has a population of 1.3 million with one of the highest per capita incomes in Latin American and the Caribbean (US$16,090 in 2007). Oil and gas account for 40 per cent of GDP and 80 per cent of exports. The unemployment rate is 5 per cent, and the labour market is characterized by chronic shortage, high price and low productivity particularly in the agricultural sector (Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2008). One of the government’s objectives is to develop a vibrant agriculture sector to reverse the decline of agriculture. The government’s operational plan 2007-2010 identifies a model for transformation which includes joint ventures with the private sector, investments to develop farms via Government to Government arrangements, and improvements in infrastructure and communication (Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2007).

What is Computer Network?

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources and information. The Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) designed “Advanced Research Projects Agency Network” (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defence. It was the first computer network in the world in late 1960’s and early 1970’s

Introduction

Advertising plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior and brand perception. It serves as a bridge between businesses and potential customers by delivering persuasive messages through various channels. In a rapidly evolving global economy, advertising has taken multiple forms, catering to diverse audiences across different cultural and geographical landscapes. This chapter explores the major types of advertising with a comparative view of global and Indian perspectives, supported by examples and references.

1. Print Advertising: Print advertising has been one of the oldest and most reliable forms of advertising, traditionally appearing in newspapers, magazines, brochures, and pamphlets. Despite the rise of digital media, print advertising continues to thrive in several developed economies where niche magazines and local newspapers still have a dedicated readership.

Example: The “Got Milk?” campaign in the USA effectively used magazine and newspaper ads to promote dairy consumption

In India, print advertising remains relevant due to the high circulation of regional newspapers and magazines. Many companies prefer print media to reach rural and semi-urban populations where digital penetration is still evolving. Example: Amul’s witty and satirical print

The word communication comes from the Latin communis meaning common. This implies that when we communicate, we are trying to establish commonality with someone through a message. Communication then is a conscious attempt to establish commonality over some idea, fact, feelings and the like with others. In essence, it is a process of getting a source and a receiver tuned together for a particular message or a series of messages.

According to Thayer (1968) there are four types of communication. They are:

Intrapersonal Communication

This refers to communicating with one’s self. It refers to organizing and converting sensory data into meaningful messages having some relevance or utility for an individual’s past, present or future behaviour. Because the psychological system of a human being is constantly engaged in making sense of its environment in the service of that orgnaism’s adaptive and goal seeking needs, the question is not whether communication is going to occur, but what communication and with what consequences. Communication is a continuous process and is determined by an individual’s take-into-account abilities and take - into - account susceptibilities. However, these take - into - account abilities are a function of the capacity of an individual’s conceptual system to ascribe meaning or significance to certain patterns and sequences of the events going on in his internal and external environment.

Intrapersonal communication is a co-function of the individual and of what is going on in his environment that has immediate relevance for him. All that we perceive and comprehend, must be perceived and comprehend through ourselves.

Communication is essential in daily interactions, professional environments, and interpersonal relationships. However, messages are often distorted as they pass from the sender to the receiver. Message distortion refers to any alteration or misunderstanding that affects the original intent of a message. Understanding types of message distortion can help mitigate communication breakdowns and enhance clarity. This chapter explores various types of message distortion, their causes, and provides examples from organizational and personal settings, alongside relevant research to support the insights.
1. Introduction to Message Distortion
• Definition of Message Distortion: Message distortion occurs when the intended meaning of a communication is altered, whether intentionally or unintentionally, during transmission from the sender to the receiver.
• Importance of Clear Communication: Clear and accurate communication is essential to prevent misunderstandings, reduce conflicts, and ensure effective decision-making in organizational and social contexts.
2. Types of Message Distortion
A. Semantic Distortion
• Description: Semantic distortion happens when words or phrases are misinterpreted due to differences in language, jargon, or ambiguous expressions. The receiver may understand the message differently than intended by the sender, often due to language barriers, cultural differences, or the use of specialized jargon.

Uncontrolled observation: Uncontrolled observation is the observation when it takes place in the natural setting and the situations cannot be controlled by the research worker.
Unethical: Any professional activity that is not in accordance with the acceptedcode of conduct for that profession is considered unethical.

This chapter has focused on providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of business communication strategies and techniques in the Indian agricultural context. The chapter has highlighted the importance of communication in business, the challenges faced by the agricultural sector in India, and the need for effective communication strategies to overcome these challenges. The chapter has also provided an overview of relevant communication theories and techniques and their application in the Indian agricultural context. Understanding business communication is critical to developing effective marketing, supply chain, and other business-related strategies in the Indian agricultural context, and this chapter has laid a strong foundation for the same.

Importance of Policies for Extension
Policies play an important role in the field of extension, which involves the transfer of knowledge and technology from researcher to farmers, communities and other stakeholders. Following are some specific reasons why policies are vital for extension:
1. Accountability: Policies may provide basis for monitoring and evaluation of extension activities and for holding extension professionals and other stakeholders accountable for their actions.
2. Innovation: Policies can promote innovation in extension by encouraging the adoption of new technology, approaches and practices, encouraging experimentation, collaboration and continuous improvement. By removing barriers to adoption and offering rewards for testing, policies can also aid in the creation of an atmosphere that fosters innovation.
3. Consistency: Policies aid in ensuring that extension activities are consistent with the goals and objectives of organization or program. It offers a framework for decision-making that enables the uniform
handling of similar circumstances.

This practical assignment is conceptualized and operationalized to understand various tools and techniques in conducting a PRA at the village level and help students in understanding their application in village development planning.

PURPOSE

To get students acquainted with the PRA tools and techniques and their application in village development programme

Introduction

Self Help Groups (SHGs) are fast emerging as a powerful tool of socio-economic empowerment of the poor in rural areas. These are based on the principle by the people, for the people and of the people. Such groups are participatory processes to provide opportunities for people to share knowledge, common experiences and problems.

Self Help Groups (SHGs) of women in India have been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas, bringing women together from all spheres of life to light for their rights or a cause. Since the overall empowerment of women is crucially dependent on economic empowerment,  women through these SHGs work on a range of issues such as health, nutrition, agriculture, forestry etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit. “SHG is a small, economically homogeneous and affinity based group of people who have decided to save and contribute to a common fund to be lent to its members as per the groups decisions”. Generally, a ‘Self Help Group’ (SHG) is formed when members of a community, who have the same or similar problem, come together, meet, share experiences, have discussions and thereby arrive at solutions.

A social group is commonly conceptualized as an entity comprising two or more individuals engaged in reciprocal communication, characterized by shared traits and possessing a collective sense of unity. Within the framework of the social identity tradition, researchers delineate groups as entities whose members self-identify as part of the collective. Social groups exhibit diversity in terms of size and typologies. For instance, an individual’s initial social interactions occur within the familial context, where interactions with immediate family members, notably the mother, serve as primary points of contact. Subsequently, as the individual progresses through developmental stages, engagement with peers and neighbors expands the social sphere, constituting another significant social group. Further social group affiliations emerge during formal education, as the individual integrates into student cohorts within educational institutions. Over time, the individual assumes diverse roles within broader societal contexts, contributing to the fabric of community and national citizenship. The diagrammatic representation of an individual’s interaction with his/her social group is as under.

3.1 Language and Principles of Writing: Basic Differences Between the Print, Electronic and Online News

Because each media has a unique readership with different needs, writing for print, electronic, and digital news demands distinct terminology and approaches. Here are the key differences:

Print News: Language

1. Conciseness: Print news requires concise and to-the-point writing due to limited space.
2. Formal Language: Language tends to be more formal and structured.
3. Third Person: Writing is often in the third person.
4. Headlines: Print headlines are shorter and must convey the essence of the story.

This practical assignment is dealt with the appropriate extension strategies and methodologies adopted by various extension institutes in disseminating proven agricultural technologies to various stakeholders under university extension system.

PURPOSE

To get acquainted with the university extension system.

Introduction

Libraries are universally recognized as important social institutions for diffusion of knowledge and information. The modern and highly equipped libraries are found in the universities since they are the centers of higher education, training and research. The universities libraries are essential to achieve the objective of university education and research.

1. Introduction

The aim of social networking sites is to build and maintain social interactions through content creation and communication within networks. However, academic social networks have a different focus. It prioritizes facilitating research and academic importance by connecting research groups and their scholarly outputs more effectively.These platforms typically offer features such as personal academic profiles, connections based on shared academic interests, and tools for managing and monitoring one's research outputs. Additionally, they enable users to utilize the research outputs of others in their f ield to advance their work. This study focus on to evaluate the capabilities of prominent academic social networking sites in meeting the essential requirements of researchers and the academic community(Bankar & Lihitkar, 2021)

Teaching

Extension teaching denotes a structured process aimed at fostering the learning experience. This process encompasses the facilitation of activities, provision of materials, and offering guidance necessary for the learner. In essence, it orchestrates scenarios wherein the subjects to be assimilated are brought to the learners’ attention, fostering their interest, engendering desire, instilling conviction, prompting action, and ensuring satisfaction.

Characteristics of Teaching

1. The quintessential objective of teaching transcends mere dissemination of information; rather, it endeavors to effect transformative changes in behavior.

2. Teaching is deemed efficacious only when learning is effectively acquired by the learner.

3. Teaching, analogously, is akin to illuminating a lamp rather than merely f illing a receptacle.

4. Teaching is a deliberate, purposeful endeavor, not a haphazard undertaking.

5. Effective teaching is methodically executed according to predetermined designs rather than being subject to inadvertent deviations.

6. Proficient teaching necessitates meticulous planning encompassing content, procedures, methods, and techniques.

7. Superlative teaching fundamentally hinges upon adept communication, which, in turn, demands empathetic sharing and lucid exposition.

SYNOPSIS

The availability of food is of paramount importance without which it is hard for human beings to survive. The recognized way of making food available is to produce but it is also equally important that food produced is utilized well without loss of edible food materials. The paper discusses on unused food, under- utilized food within and across countries, and puts emphasis on utilization and handling of food. In perspective, the paper highlights the steps to be taken up to save and utilize the food already produced.

1. Introduction

Academic libraries have traditionally been the cornerstones of academic institutions, serving as repositories of knowledge and centers for learning. In the past, libraries were just regarded as physical repositories of books and other reading material, and their role was to acquire, organize, process, store, and provide access to that physical collection. These traditional libraries were characterized by their emphasis on the preservation of physical collections and the provision of a quiet, contemplative space for study and research. However, the role of libraries has expanded significantly in recent years beyond physical collections to include digital resources such as e-books, online journals, databases, and multimedia content. Modern academic libraries are dynamic and multifaceted, providing not only access to information but also a range of services that support teaching, learning, and research. They have become vibrant hubs of activity, offering collaborative spaces, technology-rich environments, and various programs and workshops that enhance the academic experience. The focus has shifted from merely preserving information to facilitating access, promoting information literacy, and supporting the diverse needs of the academic community.

Social institutions encompass a cohesive array of norms that uphold fundamental societal values. It refers to a structured system of social relationships that encapsulates shared values and protocols, fulfilling specific societal requirements. According to Horton, it embodies common values and procedures, addressing the fundamental needs of a society. These institutions are formal cultural frameworks designed to satisfy essential social needs and establish organized patterns of human behavior in the execution of core societal functions

Social institutions emerge from societal interactions to address fundamental needs such as stability, law enforcement, and the delineation of authority and decision-making roles. Each organization operates within established sets of rules, traditions, and customs, collectively termed as institutions. These institutional frameworks consist of recognized procedures and norms that are accepted by society, regulating interactions and relationships between individuals and groups.

Personality, a term deeply ingrained in our everyday discourse, encapsulates the essence of what makes individuals unique. This multifaceted construct has intrigued scholars, philosophers, and psychologists alike throughout history. Its exploration not only delves into the intricacies of human nature but also seeks to unravel the complexities of individual differences and behavior.

The journey to understand personality spans millennia, with its roots tracing back to ancient civilizations. Early philosophical inquiries by thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle pondered the nature of character and temperament, laying the groundwork for later conceptualizations. However, it was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that personality garnered significant attention within the realm of scientific inquiry. The emergence of psychology as a distinct discipline heralded a new era of systematic study into the intricacies of human behavior and individual differences. Influential figures like Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler pioneered seminal theories that sought to elucidate the dynamics of personality development, the unconscious mind, and the interplay of internal drives and external influences.

Introduction

Rural development focuses on development of rural man, woman and all things. Rural development influences the growth of economy in rural areas. Rural development mainly depends on agriculture. This agriculture reduces hunger in rural areas and increases food security. Bondad-Reantaso et al., (2009) showed for rural development aquaculture act as a indicator. Brummett and Williams (2000) showed rural development of aquaculture in Africa.

Role of poverty alleviation by aquaculture

(a) Aquaculture creates employment in rural area

(b) Aquaculture gives nutrition to infants and women

(c) Vale of aquaculture is comparatively high.

(d) Rural people may income by selling the fish seed.

(e) Landless people can cage culture, mollusks culture in very short place.

SYNOPSIS

This millennium has brought about serious challenges as well as excellent opportunities for the betterment of humanity. The migration of rural population to urban areas is one of the major challenges foreseen. It is expected that much of the population growth is expected to take place in the cities of the developing world. By 2020, about 52 percent of the developing world’s population will be living in urban areas (IFPRI, 1999). The agricultural areas around cities offer great promise to urban and peri-urban agriculture.

The interventions on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) suggested and initiative undertaken by FAO is timely and valuable in the interest of the teeming population demanding for both nutrition and health. The International Conference on Vegetables (ICV-2002) held during 2002 has emphasized the importance of vegetables; FAO International Workshop on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture for Asian Countries organized during 2005 had amply emphasized the important role of horticulture; and the International Conference on Horticulture (ICH-2009) held during 2009, has amply illustrated the importance of horticultural crops particularly vegetables in UPA for the benefit of urban population.

The urbanization process is a reality that drives people to go and live in the cities. It is very pronounced in Latin America where already 85% of the population lives in cities; in Asia the average is reaching 60% whereas in Africa the phenomenon has started later and has now reached 35%. Besides the increased demand for food, there has been a rapid increase of poverty, unemployment, hunger and malnutrition in the Urban and Peri-urban environment around the world that are of great concern to central and municipal authorities.

UPA can contribute to feeding the urban population, generate income and employment and thereby reduce poverty. In reality many countries have already UPA related activities going on in areas of horticulture including vegetables, dairy production, small livestock, aquaculture and forestry. However, it has been realized that very few countries had actually investigated the real opportunities and constraints linked to the urban agriculture sector.

Keywords : Urban Agriculture, Urban Food, Peri-urban Agriculture, UPA.

Introduction 
India’s urban transition is among the most significant in the world, both in scale and complexity. With over 34% of the population residing in urban areas as of 2018 and projections indicating that nearly half the nation will be urban by 2047, the quality of urban governance will decisively shape India’s developmental trajectory (United Nations, 2018). Urban areas are expected to contribute over 70% of the GDP by 2030. However, cities face multifaceted governance challenges ranging from infrastructure deficits and environmental stress to inadequate service delivery and institutional fragmentation (NITI Aayog, 2021). In response, digital urban governance has emerged as a transformative paradigm, leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable responsive, efficient, and inclusive urban administration. Digital technologies are increasingly embedded into urban governance structures and processes, from e-governance portals and grievance redressal apps to real-time traffic monitoring systems and digital financial tools. This shift is reflected in flagship national programmes such as Digital India, Smart Cities Mission, and the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM), which aim to digitise public service delivery, enhance citizen engagement, and enable data-driven decision-making at scale (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs [MoHUA], 2021; MeitY, 2015). At the heart of this transformation is the creation of robust digital infrastructure such as Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), city data platforms, and open APIs combined with evolving institutional frameworks that promote interoperability, decentralisation, and cooperative federalism (Kapur & Joshi, 2021; NIUA, 2023). The chapter explores the evolution and current landscape of digital urban governance in India by first outlining the conceptual underpinnings of urban governance and then transitioning into the digital domain. It analyses the role of urban digital infrastructure and the institutional architecture that supports it, highlighting the coordinated efforts under NUDM to build an open, interoperable, and citizen-centric digital ecosystem across India’s 4,400+ towns and cities (MoHUA & MeitY, 2021). Complementing this are the

Introduction
Urban sustainability has become a critical focus as the global population increasingly concentrates in cities. With over 56% of the world’s population residing in urban areas, cities are significant drivers of economic growth and innovation but also contribute disproportionately to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social inequities. Urban sustainability aims to balance economic, social, and environmental dimensions, ensuring that cities are livable, resilient, and capable of meeting the needs of current and future generations. Information Technology (IT) is pivotal in advancing urban sustainability by enabling smarter resource management, reducing environmental footprints, and fostering inclusive and equitable development.

1. Introduction

Electronic journals are an important source for scientific technical research and development. This resource is widely used by research and development workers and other users of the libraries to carry out qualitative research, education and gain knowledge. In recent years there has been a surge in the number of electronic journals available to libraries for their users to access. More titles are made available by publishers and subscription agents. There is a common view amongst Liberians that libraries are forsaking traditional print resources in favor of electronic resources. With the application of information technology, particularly internet, there has been a shift from traditional print journal to electronic journals. This type of use survey is essential to improve the existing library services, to plan new services, rationalize the use of the limited financial resources in an economic way, evaluate the performance of the library and enhance the user satisfaction.

1. Introduction
 
Today we are living in the Era of Information. Over last decade, electronic resources have become increasingly substantial components of academic library collection. This is due to the continuous development of Information Technology and its impact on library collection development policies due to changing demand of users for the pin pointed and exhaustive information within a short time. With the growing popularity of e-resources, the traditional libraries are gradually migrating from print documents to e- resources where providing access to information is considered more important than owning it. This is further augmented by the advent of Internet. Which has opened up windows of opportunity to different Information sources.

ABSTRACT

The study shows the use of information resources and services by the academia. Aim: study focuses on age, designation, gender, qualification and computer literacy impact all use of information resources and services. Objectives: To know the use of information resources by faculty of fashion institute, to study the awareness of OPAC among faculty of fashion institute, to find out the frequency of using library by faculty and to investigate the level of computer literacy. Methodology: used survey method, collected data through questionnaire method. The questionnaire designed and distributed 380 questionnaires to users of selected fashion design institute and we received 120 filled questionnaires. The outcome shows that they are satisfied with information resources and services of Fashion design institution.

Keywords: Information, Resources, Services, Fashion design, Fashion institution, Fashion technology, Swatch library; South India.

ABSTRACT

Probably since the beginning of agriculture, farmers have recognized the value of rows of trees/ shrubs planted in the farm (called as Agroforestry) which offers environmental protection, crop and livestock production and reduce the soil health hazards. The role of agroforestry is immense in the undulating terrains like North East India, rain fed area like Central India or the problem soils in general. Even though research and extension work is on the way to increase the trees out side the forest, the information and knowledge on best tree + crop combination is either scarce or limited to regions in the form of research articles, books or  journals. The recent scope of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its applicability due to its easy, fast and any where accessibility have opened the window of opportunity towards the scientific agroforestry and farm forestry developments. One such means of ICT is through the availability of useful databases and websites on agroforestry.

Introduction

While tracing the history of veterinary medicine, we come across the Chinese writings about the diseases of horses, oxen and buffalos in the past about 2500 B. C. Similarly we can find about 4000 years old.  Indian art showing the people caring the horses and elephants. Even we can find in the art about ancient Egypt how they cared for their cattle and dogs health. The Ancient Romans had a word for the people that are doctors for animals, which is, veterinarius. In about A.D. 500 a Roman wrote a book on what veterinarians do.  In 1598, Carlo Ruini, an Italian author wrote a book named as, “Anatomy of the Horse”.

Information Technology can play an important role in disseminating agricultural information to the farmers by using various multimedia sources. Farmers are more desirous and anxious to get quick, accurate and authentic information in the changing scenario of agriculture at local and at global levels. Dissemination of the required and recent agricultural information to the farmers in scattered villages at the variegated geographical situation in India is very difficult task. Transfer of technology to farmers is not a one time exercise because new farm technology is being constantly evolved. A continuous flow of technologies in an appropriate manner is vital to provide quick benefit for the development of the farmers. There has been a technological explosion in the field of agriculture. This demands that the farmer has to know all aspects of technology prior to its adoption. Hence Interactive Multimedia Module (IMMM) has potential to reach the unreached.

Policy influence requires credible evidence, a clear understanding of decision-making processes and communication tailored to relevant audiences. This chapter explains how extension research, programme experience and stakeholder knowledge can be converted into evidence for policy change. It discusses identifying policy problems, assessing alternatives, setting advocacy objectives, recognizing policy champions, building coalitions and selecting appropriate routes of influence. Policy briefs, research reports, dialogue platforms, advisory committees, social media and ICT-based communication are examined as practical tools. The chapter also reviews global extension-policy experiences, helping readers understand how institutional, political and socioeconomic contexts shape policy decisions and how evidence-based engagement can support effective agricultural reforms.