eChapters

Date:

Objective: To prepare a projected audio-visual aid (power point presentation).

Description: Audio-visual aids that are magnified and projected on to a screen are called as projected audio-visual aids. There are three methods of projection:

a) Direct projection: In this case, light rays from the source of illumination pass through condenser lens, then hit the object and go through objective lens and fall on the screen. Slide projector is an example of direct projection.

Date:

Objective: To understand basics of photography and practice taking good quality photographs.

Overview: Photograph refers to any image which is created when light falls on a photosensitive surface. With the advent of mobile phones and decreasing cost of technology, many people are taking up photography as a hobby or profession. Photographs are very useful in communication, extension and education, as they arouse interest, simplify complex ideas/ things, can be used to convey messages to illiterate people, and enhance credibility of the information. Apart from technical expertise, it is important to know the basics of composition to take good photographs.

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Objective: To understand communication process and its elements.

Description: Communication is the process by which a person shares knowledge, feelings, ideas, and information, etc. with another person(s) in such a way that each gains a common understanding about the meaning and intent of the message. Major functions of communication include sharing information, issuing instructions, persuasion and motivation. There are several elements in communication process. Anyone who takes the initiative and starts the communication process is called the source or communicator. The intended recipient of the communication content is called as the receiver. Any sign or symbol which has the same meaning for the source and the receiver is called is the message. Receiver is the intended recipient of the message and what the communicator hopes to accomplish is the objective of communication process.

Date:

Objective: To understand gap in communication process.

Description: Communication is never 100 percent efficient. In other words, even an ideal situation does not lead to complete and full understanding between the sender and receiver. Often, the receiver may understand the message differently or receive only a part of the message. This happens as every individual has a different frame of reference. Frame of reference is the set of experiences, beliefs and values which influence a person’s behaviour and acts as a benchmark against which all new stimuli are interpreted. Based on the frame of reference, every individual develops a perception. Perception is the process of receiving and interpreting stimuli.

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Objective: To understand shot sizes in a video production.

Overview: Shot, in video production refers to one continuous recording by the camera. It comprises of a series of frames (still images) and There are 24 frames in one second. A shot includes eeverything recorded between switching on and switching off the record button on the camera. It can contain movement of both camera and talent.

Date:

Objective: To understand the characteristics and limitations of language.

Description: Language is the structured system of symbols, which are called as words. Semantics refers to the study of the relationship between symbols and their meaning. All languages are arbitrary as the word symbol is not the thing it represents (i.e. if all of us agree, we can refer to a “cat” as “donkey”, without turning it into one!). Words can be both abstract (things that cannot be sensed directly) and concrete (things that can be experienced through sensory organs).

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Objective:To understand the concept of perception and its role in communication.

Description: Human body receives stimuli through various sensory organs and the brain processes these stimuli and assigns meanings leading to a reaction. This process of organizing, identifying and interpreting of sensory stimuli leading to an understanding of the environment is called perception.

Date:

Objective: To understand the importance of paralanguage in verbal communication.

Description: Paralanguage is the variation in voice and includes vocal characteristics such as pitch, range, resonance, tempo, etc. Though it is an integral part of verbal communication, it is quite distinct from the actual signs and symbols that are used by the communicator.

Date:

Objective: To understand the significance of non-verbal communication.

Description: Non verbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. It can encompass a wide range of communication behaviour from body language to choice and use of architectural objects. It is used for repeating, substituting, complementing, regulating verbal messages and deceiving. Some of the common non verbal means of communication include: Gestures: Gestures are movement of body parts and kinesics refers to the study of body movement.

Date:

Objective: To visit a newspaper organization to understand its structure and functions.

Description: A newspaper is a periodic publication containing written information about current events and other information that is of interest to the readers. A newspaper organization usually consists of the following departments:

a) Editorial department: The editorial department collects, processes and finalizes all content and images that are published in the newspaper. News/ information collected by the journalist or contributed by various writers is made readable, presentable and attractive to the readers through editing and proof reading by the editorial team.

Date:

Objective: To visit a video production facility to understand the process and set up.

Overview: Video programs are often produced in a studio environment as it is convenient, easy to manage and there are very few disruptions. A typical video production facility comprises of two areas – control room and the studio floor. Director, assistant director, video and audio technicians sit in the control room. The control room has a series of monitors that display the final and camera outputs. It may also have “on air” and “preview” monitors which display images being broadcast and to check the image before recording, respectively. The control room also has a production console, which is used to select the video and audio output.

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Objective: To write a radio script for infotainment program.

Overview: Radio is an electronic audio medium that can broadcast messages to a large number of dispersed audience. Radio has several advantages as a medium of communication, especially in rural areas:

a) Radio can be carried around.

b) Low cost of production and ownership.

c) Usage is not limited by literacy and technical know-how.

d) It can be used by the listener while doing other tasks.

e) Usage is not limited by power supply.

f) Easy to operate.

Date:

Objective: To write a script for a short video production.

Overview: A script is a written document that contains description of the setting, characters, dialogue, and stage directions for an audio-visual production. It is used to communicate information about actors, costumes, sets, and other aspects of production to those who will be involved in program production. While screenplay tells a story, a script (especially shooting script) mainly helps in production. Another difference between a screenplay and a script is that the former conveys what the audience will see on the screen, whereas the script guides the production team. A storyboard refers to pictorial representation of shots in a sequential order. It is very handy during shooting short videos like commercial or public service messages.

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Objective: To write an article for a farm publication.

Description: Print media can be used at the receivers’ convenience and can be preserved for future reference. It can also be used to reach the readers at a relatively low cost and the information can be verified by the reader. Due to these advantages, print media is an important form of communication, especially for development purpose. The term “farm publication” is used to refer to any publication that is prepared by an extension agency/ development department and contains information related to improvement of farming practices. Farm publications can be of various types such as leaflet, folder, magazine, newsletter, etc. Farm publications are very useful for literate farmers and can also be used by illiterate farmers with the help of others.

This chapter focuses on the ergonomic design of tools, machines and equipment used in occupational and domestic activities. It examines the human–tool interface and explains why equipment must reflect users’ anthropometric dimensions, biomechanics, cognitive capabilities and sensory requirements. Important design considerations include handle dimensions, grip comfort, wrist position, operating force, weight, balance, vibration and feedback. Adjustable features and alternative equipment sizes are presented as methods for accommodating user diversity. Examples from industrial, agricultural and domestic work show how ergonomic improvements can reduce fatigue, musculoskeletal strain and operational errors. The chapter also considers lightweight materials, mechanical assistance, automation and other technological innovations that improve safety and efficiency.

ABSTRACT

Documenting the traditional knowledge system for technology development considers as the first step towards a sustainable agriculture. A study was undertaken in some villages of operational area of KVK, Nalanda district to investigate and document the traditional knowledge system of dairy farmers in the area of Breeding, Feeding, Health care and Management. The findings revealed the materials and practices related to animal husbandry from the study area. The majors among them were like use of Eucalyptus leaves in controlling Haemorrhagic septicemia (Gala ghotu), allowing animal to remain stand in mud for few hours, spread out tobacco leaf power on the infected part of FMD disease, applying brine solution on the animal’s buttock for the treatment of mastitis, feeding banana stem juice in order to controlling diarrohea in dairy animals. Papaya fruits fed to the cattle increases fertility in them, spraying of chhoa for controlling termites, incorporation of tobacco leaf, betel leaf and curry leaf enhances the shelf life of ghee at least by 2 months, use of Eucalyptus leaves in controlling Pneumonia in cattle.

In India, for centuries women have been pushed aside from the race of development in the name of customs, traditions and religion. As a result they have been denied the opportunities for their social, economical and political development leading to the lower status in society. The present situation demands active participation of women along with men in all walks of life. Involvement of women in all development activities. Based on the recommendations of National Policy of empowerment of women, Tenth Plan suggests a three fold strategies for empowering women through social empowerment, economic empowerment and gender justice.
 
Women play a significant and crucial role in agriculture and allied fields including crop production, dairy husbandry, horticulture, post harvest operations etc. It has been estimated that about 86% of the total rural women are working for various agricultural operations. They play an important role not only in maintaining their home task but also managing their farms and animals, depending upon the situation, personal and socioeconomic characteristics of the family to which they belong.  Women are also partners in animal husbandry activities management as manager or skilled workers.

The term empowerment has different meaning in different socio-cultural and political context and does not translate easily into all languages. The term include self strength, control, self power, self reliance, own choice, life of dignity in accordance with one’s values, capable of fighting for one’s right, independence, own decision making, being free, awakening and capability of mention only a few.

Though gender is universally one of the key ways in which societies and culture allocate rights and responsibilities, yet the different roles of women and men in agriculture production have frequently been ignored in research and extension activities. Farming is a family enterprise involving both men and women. The role of women and their involvement is more important in production, processing and storage of grains and vegetables. Women in India constitute nearly half of its population and have a strong influence on the growth of the remaining half of population.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted learning through work experience and concerned with technical literacy. Krishi Vigyan Kendra imparted training to practicing farm women. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra of Gandhigram Rural Institute was established in July 1989 specifically to cater the needs of the peasants of the Dindigul district.  Inspite of these efforts, there exist a wide gap-between the availability of production technologies and adoption of those technologies. Evaluation of training programmes organised for farm women would provide an understanding of their effectiveness so as to improve them. Hence, a study was undertaken to assess the training needs, appropriate season, venue, type, frequency, duration and method of training in paddy crop as perceived by the respondents.

INTRODUCTION

Livestock is an integral part of agriculture in our country. In the decade, India’s population has grown drastically by 13% to 1.2 billion people. Meeting the nutritional needs of this swiftly growing is a gargantuan challenge. Researchers and young farmers have an important role to play in the India Government strategy to relieve pressure on food resources. The dairy industry is a large and important sector in India. We are the highest milk producers in world and milk is an integral source of nutrition and household income. But per animal production is very low as compared to developed countries. The challenge is to improve production and reproduction of dairy animals. Indian farmers feed their animals with imbalanced ration. Supplementation of mineral and vitamins in feed not only improves health status but also in turn increase the income of dairy farmers. The economic contribution of dairy sector seems to be quite substantial in the agricultural economy as well as in the national economy. Keeping in view the growing importance of dairy sector in the changing national and global economic scenario, the dairy farming vocational training programs are organized in the Extension Center of LUVAS at Jind. To undertake this work, 856 young dairy farmers of the area who have successfully completed dairy farming vocational training programmes during the year 2010 to 2013 were selected for the collection of data.

A social group is commonly conceptualized as an entity comprising two or more individuals engaged in reciprocal communication, characterized by shared traits and possessing a collective sense of unity. Within the framework of the social identity tradition, researchers delineate groups as entities whose members self-identify as part of the collective. Social groups exhibit diversity in terms of size and typologies. For instance, an individual’s initial social interactions occur within the familial context, where interactions with immediate family members, notably the mother, serve as primary points of contact. Subsequently, as the individual progresses through developmental stages, engagement with peers and neighbors expands the social sphere, constituting another significant social group. Further social group affiliations emerge during formal education, as the individual integrates into student cohorts within educational institutions. Over time, the individual assumes diverse roles within broader societal contexts, contributing to the fabric of community and national citizenship. The diagrammatic representation of an individual’s interaction with his/her social group is as under.