eChapters

ABSTRACT

Hydroponics is a plant growth system that provides a more precise control of growth media composition. It offers people the ability to grow food in places where traditional agriculture simply isn’t possible. As Fiji has a warm tropical climate, the development of the tropical fruit and vegetable industry through hydroponics farming to meet local consumption and export market is a lucrative opportunity. The potential for hydroponics farming is enormous and is in demand to sustain production at reliable and consistent level in Fiji. Potential areas for the setting up of hydroponic farms in Fiji include Savusavu, Nadi, Navua, Sigatoka Valley and Labasa. These areas have established theirlogistical status with the market. A wide range of commodities are grown through hydroponics technology which complements the need to harness the “too hot” and “too wet” weather of tropical Fiji. The pristine environment and availability of resources such as water and other hydroponic farming input are added bonus to establishment of such venture. Hydro nut Hydroponic farming system are constructed as simplest form made of bamboo and coconuts using coconut husk as a growing media and worm casting and humus tea are used as fertilizer. It offers some significant benefits over traditional farming, and as word about these benefits spreads, more people will turn to hydroponics for their agricultural needs. As hydroponics allows produce to be grown locally and requires fewer areas to import their crops, there is a reduction in both price and greenhouse gas emissions due to reduced transportation requirements. This saves time and produces healthier, disease and pest free, lusher plants in about half the time as traditional agriculture farming system.

ABSTRACT

Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Dairy Farming Practices (GDFPs) is the need of hours because of the several burgeoning issues like-climate change, low food quality etc. GDFPs concept was introduced in 2004 by International Dairy Federation/Food and Agriculture Organization (IDF/FAO) and it was later updated in 2011. GAPs ensure quality food produce that ultimately leads to better heath. Good Agricultural Practices for dairy farmers is about implementing sound practices on dairy farms – collectively called Good Dairy Farming Practices. These practices need to ensure that the milk and milk products produced are safe and suitable for their intended use, and also that the dairy farm enterprise is viable into the future, from the economic, social and environmental perspectives. Since, dairy farmers are in the practice of producing food for human consumption, they must have confidence in the production of safety and quality of the milk. Since the introduction of the concept in 2004, the importance is growing in various countries, and agencies including private, individual farm house or farmers etc. GAPs and GDFPs underpin the production of food and milk that satisfies the highest expectations of the food industry and consumers. Both of these practices are capable of bring good prices to the farmers at their door steps. But the real issues are that both the practices are labour intensive and requires extra care — so, here the concept of ‘family farming’ may come handy. Today, in Punjab and Haryana due to urbanization the land has become too costly and that’s way these days the whole attention of the farmers including their sons’ are on real estate and that is threat to our sustainable development. So, if we want to attract and retain youth in Agriculture then GAPs and GDFPs are panacea for that- as both have greater scope to fetch fair and remunerative prices of the agricultural produce and product.

17.1. Introduction

Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences that involves the construction of theories through methodical gathering and analysis of data. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT is widely used in qualitative research to generate theories that are grounded in empirical data. Unlike traditional research methods that test hypotheses, GT allows theories are to emerge from the data itself, making it a valuable tool for exploring complex social phenomena.

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of Grounded Theory, including its origins, key principles, methodologies, applications, and criticisms. By the end of this article, readers will have a thorough understanding of GT and its significance in qualitative research.

Group contact method in communication involves engaging with multiple individuals simultaneously to convey information, facilitate discussions, or stimulate collective action. It encompasses various techniques such as group meetings, result demonstrations, method demonstrations, and study tours, among others. The primary aim of group contact methods is to leverage the power of collective engagement to disseminate knowledge, foster collaboration, and promote the adoption of desired behaviors or practices within communities. These methods enable extension workers to reach larger audiences efficiently, promote peer learning, and create supportive environments conducive to positive behavioral change.

Result Demonstration

Result Demonstration involves showcasing the superior outcomes of a new agricultural practice to motivate its adoption within a community. It serves as an effective means of technology transfer, inspiring farmers to experiment with innovations themselves.

Objectives include illustrating the practical advantages of newly recommended practices, motivating community groups to adopt them, bolstering confidence among farmers and extension agents, and fostering innovation leadership.

Techniques

Planning and Preparation • Analyze the local farming context. • Select cooperative farmers with adequate resources and community acceptance. • Choose representative demonstration sites. • Establish a clear schedule of operations.

Guidance and counselling help individuals understand themselves, address difficulties and make informed educational, vocational and personal decisions. This chapter introduces the meaning, principles, objectives, types and processes of guidance and counselling. It examines the qualities and responsibilities of counsellors, counselling relationships, communication skills and techniques used to assist children, adolescents, adults and families. The questions consider individual and group counselling, educational and career guidance, behavioural concerns, adjustment problems, mental well-being, confidentiality and ethical practice. They also assess learners’ understanding of assessment, referral and intervention. The chapter provides a concise revision resource for applying counselling principles within educational, family and community settings.

The major impact of the two important components of the Karnataka Watershed Development Programme (KWDP) viz farming system intensification and watershed treatment will be on land-based enterprises and land owners, although to a certain extent landless families would also benefit from the increased labour demand through intensification of agriculture. To ensure growth with equity among all the stakeholders in the project, it is imperative to have practical, market-driven, complementary and supplementary income generating activities for weaker sections of the community, including SCs, STs, women, landless persons, families below the poverty line and other vulnerable groups in project districts.  Hence, it is imperative to raise the status of landless families above the poverty line.  The SHGs are to be encouraged to take up viable enterprise and to enhance their fund mobilization by regular savings, investment in viable income generating activities and in time repayment of the loan taken.  The IGAs are meant mostly for the landless and asset less stakeholders in the watersheds.

Drone cameras have gained popularity due to advancements in technology and decreasing prices. Today, you can find various types of drones, from beginner models with cameras to those equipped with powerful HD and high-resolution 4K cameras. Despite the diversity of models, most drones share similar controls and functionalities. Thanks to technological advancements, drone cameras have become essential tools for aerial photography and videography. This article will explore the components of a drone camera, its functionality, and its diverse applications across various industries.

A drone camera is a specialized device attached to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), designed to capture high-quality aerial images and videos. These cameras vary in size and design, from compact versions for hobbyists to professional-grade models used in commercial applications.

Composition is a fundamental element of cinematography, essential for creating engaging video content. When designing shots and angles, videographers must consider not only technical aspects like lighting and sound but also creative choices that set the mood. Video composition helps filmmakers craft a narrative, influencing how viewers engage with the story. Effective composition goes beyond just framing; it involves color grading and the strategic placement of elements within the frame, making it vital for captivating the audience.

Video Composition Tutorial

A tutorial from B&H Photo’s YouTube channel outlines five crucial rules of video composition that should not be broken. These rules serve as a foundation, providing structure and consistency to the creative process

A video camera is an optical device designed to capture videos, differing from a movie camera that records images on film. Initially developed for the television industry, video cameras are now widely utilized for various purposes.

Video cameras are primarily operated in two modes. The first mode, prominent in early broadcasting, is live television, where the camera transmits real-time images directly to a screen for immediate viewing. While a few cameras still support live television production, most live feeds are now used for security, military/tactical, and industrial applications requiring covert or remote monitoring. In the second mode, images are recorded onto a storage device for archiving or further processing. For many years, videotape was the primary format, but it has been gradually replaced by optical discs, hard disks, and eventually flash memory. Recorded video is utilized in television production and is increasingly used for surveillance and monitoring tasks, where unattended recording of a situation is necessary for later analysis.

In Individual Contact Method, the extension agent engages with individuals on a one-on-one basis, ensuring personalized interaction with each person. This method is employed when the target audience is limited in number, geographically proximate to the communicator, and ample time is allocated for effective communication.

Farm and Home Visit

This method entails direct, face-to-face interactions between extension agents and farmers, typically conducted either on the farm or at the farmer's residence. Its objectives include providing firsthand information on agricultural and household matters, assisting farmers in problem-solving, and aiding in their livelihood sustainability.

Techniques

• Planning and Preparation:

• Identify target audience and topics of discussion.

• Gather relevant materials and publications.

• Schedule visits efficiently and provide advance notice to farmers.

Anderson defines organizations as structured human relationships wherein individuals purposefully associate in systematically arranged units to advance and achieve common purposes or interests not explicitly articulated within the institution. Each member assumes a formal status and role within this framework. Distinguishing an organization from an institution lies in its focused pursuit of narrowly defined objectives; it constitutes a collective of individuals organized to pursue specific aims. Conversely, an institution encompasses broader and more general objectives, constituting a set of socially endorsed procedures entailing patterned behavior, norms, and regulations. Organizations may function within institutions, thereby contributing to and facilitating the achievement of institutional objectives. The formation and structure of an organization evolve through the delineation of specialized activities, formulation of rules and regulations for operations, establishment of meeting schedules and locations, ultimately rendering the organization a clearly delineated entity with specific objectives, officers, and membership.

In the vast array of terrestrial organisms, the human species is commonly regarded as possessing a distinctive and elevated status owing to its faculty for moral discernment. This faculty encompasses the capacity to adapt to diverse environmental conditions, adeptly navigate complex circumstances, demonstrate comprehension, exercise authoritative control, and effectively tackle arduous tasks through the assimilation and judicious application of prior experiences. Termed intelligence, this quality is observed to manifest across a spectrum of degrees among individuals.

Social psychology, as previously elucidated, endeavors to delineate the nature of social behavior. Social behavior encompasses four fundamental types of interactions

i) When individuals encounter one another, mutual reactions occur. Each individual influences the other, and reciprocally, they are influenced by each other’s presence.

ii) Individuals may elicit responses from groups, such as when an extension worker interacts with a gathering of farmers.

iii) Conversely, groups collectively respond to individual members, as exemplified by a group’s reaction to its leader during a meeting. iv) Interactions extend to intergroup dynamics, where one group of individuals reacts to another group.

Human wellness is the psychological well-being of human beings. The behavioral skills of human beings are concerned with human wellness. The main purpose is to make life more comfortable and to help people be happier, healthier, and effective. So, the concept of human wellness has acquired significance in the field of positive psychology in this current era when people are suffering from strains and stress.

Ever since more attention has been paid to the quality of life, the concept of human wellness has become more popular. However, less importance has been given to the conceptual development of the theory behind it, thus creating confusion between terms like psychological well-being, subjective wellness, quality of life, satisfaction, happiness, and mental health.

Quality of life and life satisfaction are measures of an individual’s perceived level of human wellness and happiness. It is sometimes used as a synonym for subjective or general well-being. Human wellness is related to the psychological well-being of an individual. The latter is concerned with the mental and emotional health of a man. Psychological well-being may be stated as the general feelings of enjoyment, happiness, contentment, job satisfaction, and one’s role in the workplace, a sense of achievement, belongingness, as well as the is no distress, dissatisfaction, or worry, etc.

ABSTRACT

ICT innovations are bringing new information services to rural areas on which, farmers, as users, will have much greater control than ever over current information channels. A greater opportunity to access the services of ICT innovations is crucial requirement for the sustainable development of the farming system, which is the demand of the time. ICT when applied to the rural and agricultural conditions can improve the linkages between research and farmer sub-systems. The variety of new ICT tools for agriculture is impressive, but the tools need to be placed in an overall context of agricultural information and service needs. By looking at the critical information needs of agriculture and farming communities, the focus should be on applicable and relevant ICT tools for the specific purpose to serve the rural community without compromising with their individual applications towards understanding of their overall role in promoting productive, equitable, and sustainable agriculture. Extension workers well equipped with the ICT can prove more efficient in gathering, storage, retrieving, adaptation and dissemination of broad range of information needed by farmers, thus transforming them from extension workers into knowledge workers. Emergence of such knowledge workers will result in the realisation of the much talked about bottom-up, demand driven technology generation, assessment, refinement and transfer.

Objectives
• To understand the critical role of language and communication skills in engineering.
• To explore how communication impacts the effectiveness and efficiency of engineering work.
• To examine the types of communication skills necessary for engineers
• To highlight the significance of these skills in teamwork, leadership, and project management.
• To discuss the challenges engineers face in communication and how to overcome them.
• To encourage students to develop and enhance their communication skills for better academic and professional outcomes.
Introduction
Language and communication skills are integral to the engineering profession, often determining the success or failure of projects. Engineers are required not only to excel in their technical expertise but also to effectively convey their ideas, collaborate with diverse teams, and manage complex projects. This necessitates a high level of proficiency in both language and communication skills.

ABSTRACT

Income generating activities are considered as those initiatives that affect the economic aspects of rural youth’s lives through the use of economic tools such as credit and subsidy. If the youth in farming is not economically free and self-earning, he has to depend on others or migrate to the urban cities in search of jobs. Agriculture, self-employment and wage employment are the basic tools to fulfill the desire of economic independence. In the past, agriculture was placed on the top position as an income generation option and self-employment and wage employment to rural youth was the 2^nd and 3^rd priority respectively. Income generating activities such as dairy activities, goat and sheep rearing, poultry unit, bamboo products making, pickle making, leaf plate making, keeping powertiller, husking mill cum wheat grinding machine, tractor etc. Further, there are various self employment and wage employment opportunities through rural development programmes like Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY), Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), Pradhan Manthri Gram SadakYojana(PMGSY), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM) etc. These are the best programmes especially for the upliftment of the rural youth to enhancing their income level. Some of these programmes are now helping rural youths to become more and more independent and free from economic dependence.

Indexing is the act of describing or classifying a document by index terms or other symbols in order to indicate what the document is about, to summarize its content or to increase its findability. The function of indexing in libraries and information retrieval systems is to indicate the whereabouts or absence of items relevant to a request. It is essentially a time-saving mechanism. Theoretically, we can always find the relevant items by an exhaustive search through the whole collection (assuming that we can recognize what is relevant when we see it). Since this is economically impossible, the size of the store to be examined is reduced by classification, using this term in its very broadest sense, i.e., as the recognition of useful similarities between documents.

Indexing performs an indispensable service to the filing function. Index, is a reference list used for locating a particular document in the filing equipment. Similarly, while filing a document, the index aids tracing out the place where the particular paper should be filed. Particularly when a large number of files are maintained for various purposes, index is very essential.

Indexes are constructed, separately, on three distinct levels: terms in a document such as a book; objects in a collection such as a library; and documents (such as books and articles) within a field of knowledge. Subject indexing is used in information retrieval especially to create bibliographic indexes to retrieve documents on a particular subject. Examples of academic indexing services are Chemical Abstracts and PubMed. The index terms were mostly assigned by experts but author keywords are also common.

Meaning-Steps for individual presentation; Group presentation-Meaning-Stages of group presentation; Impromptu presentation.

A Presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to build good will or to present a new idea or product.

Individual Presentations allow a person to completely control the thoughts, ideas, and methods of presenting without outside influence. Individual presentations allow someone to work at their own leisure and pace.

The practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience or learner is known as presentation. A presentation is a process of offering for consideration or display.

Presentations can also be categorized as expository or persuasive. They can also be impromptu, extemporaneous, written, or memorizes. But it’s more important to focus on their purpose. There are three basic purposes for giving presentations:

ABSTRACT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become one of the basic building blocks of modern society. Young people are the world’s largest resource in development. Forty percent of the world’s population is under 20 years of age while 66 per cent of the total population in the country is below the age of 35 and this youth play very important role in adoption of ICTs. Present study is concerning with Information and Communication Technology, importance of ICTs on youth and rural peoples of our country, the importance of ICTs is not the technology as such, but its enabling function in facilitating enhanced access to information and communication across large distances. It involved development and need of Information and Communication Technology. It also focused on strategies for sustained ICTs growth in India and development ranking of some selected countries. India has been ranked 121^st among 157 countries in terms of progress in the realm of information and communication technology.

ABSTRACT

Information is the data that have been put into a meaningful and useful context and communicated to a recipient who uses it to make decisions. Information is needed because of it affects individuals living activities. The present age has rightly termed as an ‘information age’. Information cannot provide finance, inputs or infrastructure. But, it can help in creating awareness about technologies and mobilise people to use them. It also helps in imparting training to people, organising community and ultimately the development of the whole nation.

The present study was undertaken to assess the information needs of young farm women (18-35 age group) with respect to kharif paddy cultivation. The study was conducted in Bolpur sub-division of Birbhum district, West Bengal. Results of this empirical study indicated that farm women wanted to know more about selling of product, pest control, nursery raising and disease management. The study also revealed that most preferred sources of information for the young farm women personal localite sources.

Key words: Young farm women, information needs, personal localite, personal cosmopolite, kharif paddy